胆囊切除与Mirizzi综合征

目的 探讨胆囊切除术中Mirizzi综合征的诊断、外科治疗,以及预防胆管损伤的经验.方法 :对1800例胆囊切除术中30例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征进行回顾分析.结果 :30例Mirizzi综合征患者均行外科手术治疗.包括:胆囊切除术、胆囊切除及胆管瘘口修补术、胆囊切除及肝总管Roux-Y吻合术等.术后均未出现胆瘘及胆道狭窄.结论 :Mir-izzi综合征术前诊断困难,应根椐其病理分型行相应的外科手术治疗.     

Mirizzi综合征47例临床特点分析

目的 探索Mirizzi综合征的临床特点及诊治方法,提高诊治效果。方法 回顾性分析我院自2011年7月至2015年12月间经手术证实的47例Mirizzi综合征患者的临床资料。结果 47例Mirizzi综合征按Csendes分型,I型23例,II型11例,III型11例,IV型2例。本组患者均经手术治疗,其中行胆囊切除术20例,行胆囊切除术+胆管成形术3例,行胆囊切除+瘘口修补术21例,行胆肠吻合术2例,行胆囊切除术+肝门胆管成形术1例。术后无死亡病例,均痊愈出院。结论 Mirizzi综合征术前诊断仍较困难,术中需根据患者具体情况选择个性化手术方案,以减少术后并发症的发生。     

Mirizzi综合征的诊治探讨

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析了24例Mirizzi综合征患者的临床资料.结果 24例Mirizzi综合征患者(Csendes Ⅰ型15例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型3例,Ⅳ型1例)均经胆囊切除术或加胆囊肝总管瘘修补术及T管胆管引流术后治愈:其中1例Ⅲ型和1例Ⅳ型患者行胆总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,术后并发胆漏,经充分引流加肠外营养后痊愈.结论 Mirizzi综合征很难在术前确诊,超声检查是一重要检查手段,时不同分型选用不同的术式是治愈本病的关键.但不推荐应用腹腔镜治疗本病.     

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目的探讨对Mirizzi综合征实施临床合理有效的手术方法。方法自1996年9月至2004年2月采用带蒂胆囊瓣转移修复Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胆管缺损16例,术后T管支撑3～6个月,胆道造影通畅。结果所有病人恢复良好,随访4～96个月,无并发症发生。结论带蒂胆囊瓣转移修复Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胆管缺损,是保持胆道生理功能完整的有效方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外发现胆囊内瘘的处理

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外发现胆囊内瘘的处理.方法 回顾性分析2004年5月~2010年5月我院LC术中意外发现胆囊内瘘28例的临床资料.结果 胆囊消化道内瘘16例和胆囊胆总管瘘12例.腹腔镜下处理胆囊胃瘘2例、胆囊十二指肠瘘2例、胆囊空肠瘘1例、胆囊结肠瘘1例.其余消化道内瘘中转开腹,切除胆囊和瘘道,内翻缝合修补消化道瘘口.Mirizzi综合征全部中转开腹处理.手术效果满意,无胆管狭窄和感染并发症.结论 提高对胆囊内瘘的认识,腹腔镜术中处理困难的应果断中转开腹处理.     

胆道修复手术在Mirizzi综合征大范围胆管缺损中的应用

目的 探讨修复手术在伴有大范围胆管缺损Mirizzi综合征中的应用.方法 回顾分析2008年7月至2011年11月作者所在单位采用带血管蒂胃瓣修补治疗的3例伴有大范围胆管缺损者的Mirizzi综合征患者的临床资料.检索国内2001年1月至2011年1月,10年间有关修复方法治疗Mirizzi综合征的报道5篇,对检出的159例病例资料按Csendes分类,对其外科治疗方法进行统计分析.结果 3例胃瓣修复病例中,CsendesⅢ型2例,Ⅳ型1例.手术过程顺利.术后分别随访2年、3年、1年,平均随访2.5年,无胆管狭窄及胆管炎症等并发症发生.国内文献检索159例中,CsendesⅠ型93例,采用单纯胆囊切除58例,胆囊大部切除+剩余黏膜电凝消融35例;Ⅱ型40例,瘘口直接修补29例,带血管蒂胆囊瓣修补9例,脐静脉瓣修补2例;Ⅲ型20例,带血管蒂胆囊瓣修补9例,脐静脉瓣修补1例,带血管蒂胃瓣修补3例,胆管空肠Roux -en-Y吻合7例:Ⅳ型5例,均采用胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,术后胆瘘1例,消化道出血1例,胆管狭窄1例,均治愈.结论 对于存在胆囊胆管内瘘的Mirizzi综合征患者,应根据瘘口大小及修复材料,进行个体化的修复治疗.对于伴有较大缺损的胆管损伤,采用带血管蒂胃瓣修复胆道疗效确切,宜作为首选.     

Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断及规范性处理

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断及术中处理.方法 回顾性分析27例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征诊断和治疗情况.结果 27例Mirizzi综合征患者中9例(33.33%)术前确诊;27例中行胆囊切除术9例(33.33%);胆囊大部分切除术13例(48.15%),Roux-Y胆肠吻合术5例(18.52%).结论 Mirizzi综合征术前确诊相对困难,但随着影像学的发展,诊断水平有所提高;术中易损伤胆管,如采用规范性处理,可降低胆管损伤和狭窄的发生.     

Mirizzi综合征术前诊断和腹腔镜手术的疗效观察

目的 评价Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断和腹腔镜手术治疗效果.方法 对1996年1月至2005年3月间经手术证实为Mirizzi综合征的24例患者进行回顾分析(同期胆囊切除术共2012例).结果 24例Mirizzi综合征患者中, Ⅰ型14例(58.3%), Ⅱ型10例(41.7%).Ⅱ型或术前怀疑胆囊癌的患者行开腹手术.14例Ⅰ型患者中的10例成功采用经腹腔镜胆囊切除术, 其余4例中转开腹.Ⅰ型患者中的3例术前行内镜逆行胆管造影检查, 11例在静脉注射时比造影剂后行螺旋CT检查.4例中转开腹手术患者中有3例术前胆囊管不显影.10例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中有9例胆囊管显影.结论 胆囊管显影的Ⅰ型Mirizzi综合征是腹腔镜手术的适应证.对Ⅰ型Mirizzi综合征患者, 正确的术前诊断以及术前判断腹腔镜手术是否可行, 静脉注射对比造影剂后螺旋CT检查是有价值的检查方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏4例诊治体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后胆漏的诊断及处理方式.方法 对我院诊治的4例LC术后并发胆漏患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 4例患者术后第1~9天发现胆漏,并且经过开腹手术证实.依发生胆漏原因及部位不同选择不同的处理方式,其中2例行胆囊管重新结扎,1例行单纯引流+胆总管T管引流,1例行带血管蒂胃浆肌瓣缺损胆管修补+胆总管T管引流,术后均恢复良好.结论 LC术后如疑胆漏发生,应及时确诊并依具体情况决定合理的处理方式.     

腹腔镜中转小切口处理Mirizzi综合征5例

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征(MS)在术前及腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)时的诊断及术中中转开腹小切口处理方式.方法 我院2007年1月至2010年12月行LC手术中发现MS 5例,因Calot三角区粘连致密,在腹腔镜下无法解剖,将剑突下原横行10 mm trocar戳孔,沿肋缘向右延长切开4.0~6.0 cm,应用小切口胆囊切除术(MC)手术相关的器械,成功完成了5例 Mirizzi综合征的手术.结果 本组5例均痊愈出院.2例术后带T管6个月后拔除,2例因胆管无结构性破坏,只行胆囊切除,前4例术后至今无腹痛、发热、皮肤巩膜黄染等症状的发生,术后多次行B超、CT检查未见有胆管狭窄.1例术后至今带T管已5个月,仍未拔除T管.结论 在LC手术时,若Calot三角区粘连致密,解剖困难,并高度怀疑Mirizzi综合征时,应及时中转改MC手术.在MC手术下行胆道修复是安全可行的,必要时改开腹胆囊切除术(OC).     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.