亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结定位在结直肠癌中的意义

目的探讨亚甲蓝存结直肠癌前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）新鲜离体标本定位方法的可行性及临床意义。方法以1％业甲蓝对49例新鲜结直肠癌离体标本作SLN定位,标本染色后10分钟内先蓝染的第1—4个淋巴结视为SLN.所有标本均行常规石蜡切片．阴性的SI。N冉行多层切片,观察SLN对区域淋巴结转移的预测价值。结果49例病人中有47例检出SLN,检出率是95．92％,共获得SLN98枚,平均每例2．09枚（1～4枚）。SLN预测区域淋巴结转移的准确率为97．87％;特异性为95．83％;敏感性为94．45％;假阴性率为3．70％.结论以1％亚甲蓝作结直肠癌新鲜离体标本SLN定位简单、易行、可靠。SLN转移与否,可基本能反映区域淋巴结的转移状况。多层切片可降抵SLN的假阴性率。     

结直肠癌前哨淋巴结定位检测及其临床意义

目的探讨定位结直肠癌（CRC）前哨淋巴结（SLN）方法以及临床应用价值。方法运用体内或体外注射亚甲蓝定位105例SLN，采用多层面HE染色检测SLN中转移癌，探讨对CRC分期的影响。结果体内定位SLN44例，成功41例，SLN平均数目为1．37枚，例，体外定位61例，成功58例，SLN平均数目为1．59枚，冽（P=0．1710）；SLN位置分布无差别（P=0．3450）。105例病人总淋巴结数目为1944枚，平均为18．51枚／例，总SLN定位成功率为95．24％，平均SLN为1．49枚／例。常规病理检测SLN转移阴性55例，其中行多层面HE染色发现微转移6例，提高7．40％淋巴结转移阴性病人的病理分期。结论结直肠癌体内、体外SLN定位均可获得成功，SLN多层面HE染色检测有助于提高早期结直肠癌的病理分期。     

结直肠癌前哨淋巴结体外标本定位及其微转移免疫组化研究

目的探讨结直肠癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）体外定位技术方法及其可行性、准确性和临床价值。方法选择2003年3月至2003年10月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心腹科住院行根治手术的结直肠癌患者60例,62个肿瘤（2例患者为多原发）,进行体外SLN定位。标本离体后尽早进行异硫蓝SLN定位,传统病理检查阴性的SLN进行细胞角蛋白免疫组化检查。结果62例肿瘤成功检出SLN的59例,检出率95．2％。59例患者总共获得并检测1114枚淋巴结,平均每人18．9（4～46）枚。其中SLN157枚（14．9％）,平均每人2．7（1～9）枚。SLN敏感性39．1％（9／23）,假阴性率23．7％（14／59）,准确率76．3％（45／59）。50例SLN阴性的中有12例（24％）细胞角蛋白免疫组化检测阳性。36例HE和细胞角蛋白免疫组化检查全阴性者中4例（11．1％）SLN发现微转移灶。14例仅非SLN阳性中8例SLN发现微转移灶。结论结直肠癌异硫蓝SLN体外定位活检技术是可行的,结合免疫组化检测微转移可以提高术后分期,可以提高送检淋巴结个数,结合免疫组化技术,可以减少淋巴结转移漏诊发生率。但该方法假阴性率较高,不能完全取代常规淋巴结病理检查。     

腹腔镜下胃癌前哨淋巴结标示的临床应用及意义

目的：探讨腹腔镜下胃癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）检测的可行性及SLN活检预测胃周淋巴结转移状况的准确性,评价SLN活检在指导胃癌手术治疗中的应用价值。方法：2010年3—11月诊断明确的126例胃癌,在腹腔镜胃癌切除术中向肿瘤边缘正常胃壁浆膜下肌层、黏膜下层注射亚甲蓝标示SLN,腔镜下识别和切取蓝染淋巴结活检。以术后所有切除的胃周淋巴结常规病理检查结果为诊断金标准,观察SLN活检对预测胃周淋巴结有无肿瘤转移的准确性。结果：116例成功检测出SLN,检出率92．1％（116／126）。62例有淋巴结转移,其中前哨淋巴结与非前哨淋巴结（nSLN）均有转移47例,仅前哨淋巴结有转移10例,仅非前哨淋巴结有转移5例。前哨淋巴结预测胃周淋巴结转移的敏感性为91．9％（57／62）,准确率为94．0％（109／116）,假阴性率为8．1％（5／62）。结论：腹腔镜下胃癌SLN检测可行。通过SLN,术中能准确预测胃癌淋巴结转移状况,淋巴结转移阴性的胃癌患者,有望免除常规淋巴清扫。     

前哨淋巴结定位检测在直肠癌外科中的应用研究

目的探讨定位直肠癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）方法以及临床应用价值。方法运用体内或体外注射亚甲蓝定位47例SLN,采用术中冰冻切片检查、HE染色病理检查、CK-20免疫组化染色（S—P法）检查检测SLN中转移癌。结果体内定位SLN成功32例,体外定位15例,成功14例。47例患者总淋巴结数目为849枚,平均为18．86枚／例,总SLN定位成功率为97．87％,平均SLN为1．87枚／例。常规病理检测SLN转移阴性26例,其中免疫组织化学方法检测CK-20发现微转移6例,上调23．08％（6／26）淋巴结转移阴性患者的病理分期。结论直肠癌体内、体外SIN定位均可获得成功;SLN CK-20免疫组化染色（S-P法）检查有助于提高早期直肠癌的病理分期准确率;SLN术中冰冻切片检查有助于术中指导切除范围。     

注射亚甲蓝可以提高早期结直肠癌手术标本中淋巴结的检出率

为探讨亚甲蓝是否可以增加早期（T1和T2期）结直肠癌患者手术中淋巴结的检出率以利于结直肠癌的分期,回顾性分析2011-2012年间共234例使用亚甲蓝注射的结直肠癌手术切除标本（亚甲蓝组）,以此前的194例结直肠癌手术标本为对照组。对照组和亚甲蓝组获取淋巴结数目分别为（22±5）枚／例和（38±10）枚／例,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。亚甲蓝组切除标本中获得阳性淋巴结的数目26．7％（62／234）明显多于对照组9．4％（18／194,P=O．04）。亚甲蓝注射容易实施并有较高的成功率86％（201／234）。结论：亚甲蓝技术可以明显提高结直肠癌手术标本中的淋巴结检出率,有助于明确肿瘤分期。     

前哨淋巴结活检在结直肠癌根治术中的应用研究

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）在结直肠癌根治术中临床应用的可行性及其价值。方法应用美蓝对67例结直肠癌患者行前哨淋巴结（SLN）定位活检,分体内、体外组,采用HE染色病理检查法、CK-20免疫组化染色（SP法）检测SLN中转移癌。结果共检出淋巴结660枚,其中SLN130枚,检出率19．7％。腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术和开腹结直肠癌根治术对SLN的检出差异无统计学意义（P=0．742）;体内、体外两种SLN的标记方法差异无统计学意义（P=0．564）;SP法检测SLN癌转移的敏感性明显高于HE染色,而假阴性率明显低于后者;肿瘤细胞在SLN的转移率明显高于区域淋巴结的转移率（P〈0．01）。结论结直肠癌根治术中体内、体外SLN定位方法均可以获得成功,均具有切实的可行性,与手术方式无关,并能够预测区域淋巴结的转移状况;通过SP法检查有助于明确结直肠癌的病理分期,有利于判断预后和个体化治疗方案的制定。     

结直肠癌前哨淋巴结体外亚甲蓝染色的临床研究

目的探讨用体外亚甲蓝作为染色剂寻找前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)的方法在结直肠癌SLN定位中的临床价值。方法将根治性切除大肠癌标本,在肿块四周浆膜下注射亚甲蓝后常规固定送病理检查。蓝染的淋巴结视为SLN。结果67例患者中找到SLN的有63例(91.3%),SLN镜下转移14例(22.22%)。结肠的SLN转移阳性的诊断价值与非SLN相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.0005),但在直肠癌中SLN转移阳性的诊断价值与非SLN相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.60),且SLN转移阳性在结肠癌病例中假阴性率为11.11%,而在直肠癌病例中则高达42.86%。结论体外亚甲蓝染色寻找SLN的方法在结肠癌中的应用是有效、可靠的,但在直肠癌中的应用其可靠性值得进一步的研究。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中前哨淋巴结定位方法的探讨

目的：比较、评价纳米碳混悬液与亚甲蓝应用于腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术前哨淋巴结标记的差异、优劣及其临床应用价值。方法：将50例结直肠癌患者随机分为两组,分别于腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中采用纳米碳、亚甲蓝进行前哨淋巴结定位活检,记录两种方法检出前哨淋巴结的数量及分布情况,比较两组检出总淋巴结数及前哨淋巴结检测的成功率、准确性、敏感性、特异性、假阴性率。结果：两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。纳米碳组平均检出淋巴结（16.1±1.02）枚,明显多于亚甲蓝组（12.7±1.10,P=0.025）。纳米碳组23例检出前哨淋巴结,共43枚,平均（1.87±0.18）枚;亚甲蓝组20例检出前哨淋巴结,共23枚,平均（1.15±0.11）枚,两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）。纳米碳组前哨淋巴结检出成功率、准确性、敏感性、特异性、假阴性率等均优于亚甲蓝组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中使用纳米碳混悬液进行前哨淋巴结活检效果明显优于亚甲蓝,且有助于淋巴结的清扫,并指导病理分期。     

单光子发射型计算机断层扫描-同机CT融合技术联合纳米炭混悬液注射法在直肠癌前哨淋巴结示踪中的应用

目的探讨单光子发射型计算机断层扫描-同机CT融合技术（SPECT—CT）联合纳米炭混悬液注射法对直肠癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）进行示踪的临床价值。方法2010年1-12月间共12例临床分期为cT1-2N0M0直肠癌患者纳入本研究,术前1d通过肠镜于直肠癌周围黏膜下注射1ml纳米炭混悬注射液与1ml^99m锝标记的硫胶体（^99m—Sc）混合而成的示踪剂,注射后1、3、5h分别行SPECT—CT扫描。明确SLN数量并分析SLN区域。术后将术前SPECT—CT显示的SLN区域中所有淋巴结进行放射性测量．取放射性计数值最高的1枚或几枚淋巴结确定为SLN（数量已由术前SPECT—cT确定）。所有的SLN区域淋巴结行CK免疫组织化学（免疫组化）检测。结果SLN示踪成功率为91．7％（11／12）,SLN数目为1-3枚／例。SLNCK免疫组化检测阴性的10例患者其他区域淋巴结亦为阴性;1例SLNCK免疫组化检测阳性的患者其他区域淋巴结亦为阳性（4／20）：前哨淋巴结对区域淋巴结转移情况的预测准确率达100％。结论SPECT—CT联合纳米炭混悬注射液可有效明确早期直肠癌患者SLN的解剖位置及数目,准确预测区域淋巴结转移情况．值得进一步研究。     

Validation of Ex Vivo Lymphatic Mapping in Hematoxylin-Eosin Node-Negative Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum

Background: Substantial evidence supports that detailed analysis of the regional lymphatics will identify previously unrecognized micrometastatic disease in colorectal cancer. In order to determine whether the sentinel lymph node(s) (SLNs) harvested by ex vivo lymphatic mapping in node-negative colorectal cancer (CRC) are the most likely node(s) to harbor micrometastatic disease, we examined all nodes in CRC specimens in an identical fashion.Methods: One hundred twenty-four specimens from patients with colorectal cancer were delivered to pathology in the fresh state and underwent ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping. If negative by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) analysis, the SLNs and non-SLNs were subjected to further analysis by level section H&E and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis.Results: A mean of 30 nodes were harvested (range, 5–111). Fifty-one patients (41%) were found to be node-positive by routine H&E analysis. SLNs were identified in all but three specimens. A total of 2177 nodes were analyzed from the 66 H&E node-negative specimens (1883 non-SLNs and 294 SLNs). Overall, metastases were identified in 13 of 278 SLNs and in only 5 of 1829 non-SLNs (P < .001). Only 5 of 66 patients (7.5%) had evidence of metastatic disease in non-SLNs when the SLNs were negative. Thirteen apparently node-negative patients (19.3%) were upstaged by IHC analysis of the SLNs (P = .04).Conclusions: If the SLN is negative by both H&E and IHC analysis, the probability of finding metastases in a non-SLN is remote. If microstaging is demonstrated to be prognostically relevant, focused examination should be of the SLN(s).     

可切除胃癌的前哨淋巴结示踪研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检在胃癌中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年6月46例行D2根治术的胃癌患者进行亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结活检的临床资料.结果 38例成功识别前哨淋巴结.前哨淋巴结敏感性、假阴性、准确性、特异性、阴性预测值及阳性预测值分别为69%(18/26)、31%(8/26)、79%(30/38)、100%(12/12)、60%(12/20)、100%(12/12).pT1期、TNM Ⅰ期和肿瘤直径<4 cm的患者,敏感性、准确性和阴性预测值均高达100%.肿瘤部位和淋巴结转移程度影响活检成功率,而肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期、淋巴结转移程度影响活检的敏感性、准确性和阴性预测值.结论 亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结活检在胃癌中的应用是可行的,早期患者的敏感性、准确性和可靠性高.     

Technical Details of Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Colorectal Cancer and Its Impact on Staging

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping for melanoma and breast cancer has greatly enhanced the identification of micrometastases in many patients, thereby upstaging a subset of these patients. The purpose of this study was to see if SLN mapping technique could be used to identify SLNs in colorectal cancer and to assess its impact on pathological staging and treatment.Methods: At the time of surgery, 1 ml of Lymphazurin 1% was injected subserosally around the tumor without injecting into the lumen. The first to fourth blue nodes identified were considered the SLNs, which have the highest probability to contain metastases. A standard oncological resection of the bowel was then performed. Multilevel microsections of the SLNs, including a detailed pathological examination of the entire specimen, was performed.Results: SLN was successfully identified in 85 (98.8%) of 86 patients. In 85 patients, there were 1367 (16 per patient) lymph nodes examined, of which 140 (1.6 per patient) were identified as SLNs. In 53 (95%) of 56, of whom the SLNs were without metastases (negative), all other non-SLNs also were negative. In 29 (34% of 85) patients, SLNs were positive for metastases; in 14 of the 29 patients, other non-SLNs also were positive in addition to the SLNs. In the other 15 of the 29 patients (18% of 85 patients), SLNs were the only site of metastases, and all other non-SLNs were negative. In 7 patients (8.2% of 85 patients), micrometastases were identified only in 1 or 2 of the 10 sections of a single SLN. In five of seven patients, such micrometastases were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry; in the other two patients, it was detected only by immunohistochemistry. In patients with negative SLNs, the rate of occurrence of micrometastases in non-SLNs was 5 (0.4%) of 1184 lymph nodes.Conclusions: SLN mapping can be performed easily in colorectal cancer patients, with an accuracy of more than 95%. The identification of submicroscopic lymph node metastases by this technique may have upstaged these patients (18%) from stage I/II to stage III disease, who may then benefit from further adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Detection of Lymph Node Micrometastases and Isolated Tumor Cells in Sentinel and Nonsentinel Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients

About 20% to 30% of colon cancer patients classified as node negative by routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining are found to have micrometastases (MM) or isolated tumor cells (ITC) in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) if analyzed by step sections and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Whether SLNs are in this respect representative for all lymph nodes was addressed in this study. SLNs were identified using the intraoperative blue dye detection technique. If all lymph nodes (SLNs and non-SLNs) of a patient were negative by routine H&E staining, they were step-sectioned and analyzed by IHC using pancytokeratin antibodies. We identified at least one SLN in 47 of the 55 patients (85%) and examined a median of 26 lymph nodes per patient (range 10–59). By routine H&E staining, 14 of the 47 patients showed lymph node metastases (30%); the remaining 33 were classified as node-negative. In this group (33 patients), 1011 lymph nodes were analyzed by step sections and IHC: 14 of 70 SLNs. (20%) but only 37 of 941 non-SLNs (4%) had MM/ITC (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 13 of the 33 H&E-negative patients were found to have MM/ITC (39%). In 11 of the 13 patients, MM/ITC were identified in both SLNs and non-SLNs in 1 patient in the SLN only, and in 1 patient in a non-SLN only (sensitivity for the identification of MM/ITC: 92%; negative predictive value: 95%). The SLN biopsy is a valid tool to detect, as well as exclude, the presence of MM/ITC in colon cancer patients. Our results may be of prognostic relevance and influence patient stratification for adjuvant therapy trials.     

Intraoperative methylene blue sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer

Background: Isosulfan blue is not available for clinical use in Malaysia. This study describes the use of methylene blue as an alternative to isosulfan blue in colorectal sentinel node mapping. Methods: Methylene blue dye was injected around colonic and rectal tumours and the first blue‐stained nodes were suture tagged and harvested after standard colorectal resection. Standard histopathological examination was then carried out to detect nodal metastasis. All negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) were subjected to 10 further step sectioning and immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin 20 to detect tumour deposits. Results: Thirty‐one patients were enrolled from August 2005 to July 2006. Twenty‐five attempts at identifying the SLN were successful (80.7%). Of the 18 (58.1%) who had nodal metastases (stage III), 3 had negative SLN but positive other lymph nodes (false‐negative rate of 21.4%). In one (4%), the SLN was the exclusive site of metastasis. Conclusion: Methylene blue can be used as an alternative sentinel node marker for rectal cancer (above the peritoneal reflection) and colonic cancer.     

前哨淋巴结绘图在子宫内膜癌手术中的应用

目的探讨亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结(SLN)绘图在子宫内膜癌手术中的应用价值。 方法67例子宫内膜癌患者行(广泛)全子宫 ＋ 双附件切除 ＋ 盆腔 ± 腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术,术前2 h于宫颈3、6、9、12点钟位置注射亚甲蓝,术中识别并记录蓝染SLN的部位、数量。术后所有淋巴结经苏木精-伊红染色及免疫组化病理学检查。 结果67例患者中腹腔镜手术53例,机器人手术14例。总体及双侧盆腔SLN检出率分别为82.0% (55/67)及71.6% (48/67),灵敏度87.5% (7/8),假阴性率12.5% (1/8)。切除SLN、盆腔淋巴结、腹主动脉旁淋巴结的中位数分别为2、7、0枚。SLN集中分布于闭孔窝及髂外血管周围。 结论亚甲蓝示踪SLN绘图具有灵敏度高、操作简便的优点,可作为子宫内膜癌手术中预测盆腔淋巴结转移情况的常规方法。     

亚甲蓝染色法检测甲状腺乳头状癌前哨淋巴结的临床研究

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌前哨淋巴结（SN）的检测方法及其对颈淋巴结转移的预测价值。方法术中使用亚甲蓝对24例甲状腺乳头状癌患者进行SN示踪，观察冷冻快速切片检查SN转移与常规病理淋巴结转移的符合率，及SN对颈淋巴结转移的预测价值。结果24例中成功检出21例SN，成功率为87．5％，SN平均每例3枚；1例假阴性，假阴性率为4．8％（1／21）；无假阳性。SN对颈淋巴结转移阳性预测值为83．3％。结论亚甲蓝染色法检测SN可较准确地预测甲状腺乳头状癌的颈淋巴结转移状况。