双气囊小肠镜诊断不明原因消化道出血的临床研究

背景:双气囊小肠镜(DBE)是诊断不明原因消化道出血(OGIB)的常用方法,不同地区OGIB病因有所差异。目的:评价DBE诊断OGIB的有效性和安全性,分析湖北地区OGIB患者的病因特点。方法:收集2006年12月～2012年1月武汉大学人民医院诊断为OGIB的216例患者,并接受DBE检查,对诊断结果、治疗、随访、并发症等进行回顾性分析。结果:DBE的诊断率为80.6%(174/216),并发症发生率为1.9%(4/216),DBE对76.8%(166/216)患者的治疗策略产生影响。湖北地区常见的OGIB病因依次为憩室/重复畸形(23.1%)、肿瘤(21.8%)、溃疡/糜烂(21.8%)、息肉(5.6%)等。结论:DBE是一种安全、有效的OGIB诊断方法。湖北地区OGIB病因以憩室/重复畸形、肿瘤、溃疡/糜烂较为常见。     

气囊辅助小肠镜对不明原因消化道出血的诊断与治疗

不明原因消化道出血（OGIB）定义为常规内镜检查（胃镜和结肠镜检查）和X线小肠钡剂检查（口服钡剂或钡剂灌肠造影）未能查明出血原因的反复性或持续性消化道出血。由于解剖特点和检测手段的限制，OGIB的诊断（尤其是小肠病变）和处理一直是消化界临床医师面临的挑战之一。近年来随着胶囊内镜和双气囊小肠镜等新一代小肠镜的问世和应用，其诊治水平有了很大提高。     

胶囊内镜在不明原因消化道出血患者诊断中的应用价值

不明原因消化道出血（obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB）是指结肠镜和上消化道内镜未发现明确病因的持续或反复发作的消化道出血,在消化道出血中约占5％。由于OGIB的出血部位多位于小肠,常规内镜和传统检查方法对其诊断价值有限。而诊断率较高的双气囊小肠镜,不仅操作费时、患者耐受性差、并发症多,而且全小肠检查成功率也仅62．5％。胶囊内镜作为一种无创的小肠检查方式,患者无痛苦,亦无明显不良反应和并发症。本研究通过分析我院OGIB患者的胶囊内镜检查及随访结果,探讨其在OGIB诊断中的价值。     

胶囊内镜联合双气囊小肠镜对不明原因消化道出血诊断价值的研究

目的评价胶囊内镜(capsule endoscopy,CE)联合双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscopy,DBE)对不明原因消化道出血(obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB)的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析85例行CE检查及部分联合DBE检查OGIB患者的临床资料。结果 85例OGIB患者的病因明确诊断率为96.5%(82/85),以血管病变、小肠肿瘤、肠黏膜糜烂及溃疡性病变最常见,分别为23.5%(20/85)、21.2%(18/85)、24.7%(21/85);行CE和DBE检查的病变检出率分别为88.2%(75/85)和95.1%(39/41),DBE检查病因诊断率(92.7%,38/41)显著高于CE检查(51.8%,44/85),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CE和DBE检查发现血管肿瘤病变及憩室分别为21.2%(18/85)、1.2%(1/85)和48.8%(20/41)、14.6%(6/41),DBE检查对血管肿瘤病变及憩室病因的诊断率高于CE检查,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在OGIB患者中CE检查对血管病变、小肠肿瘤、憩室病因诊断低于DBE检查;CE与DBE联合应用能提高OGIB疾病的病因诊断率。     

胶囊内镜与CT小肠造影在不明原因消化道出血中的诊断价值

目的探讨胶囊内镜(capsule endoscopy,CE)及CT小肠造影(computed tomography enteroclysis,C T E)在不明原因消化道出血(o b s c u r e gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB)中的诊断价值.方法回顾性分析2011-01/2016-06在南京医科大学第一附属医院诊断为OGIB且先后接受CE和CTE两项检查的70例患者,比较CE和CTE在OGIB患者病变检出率、病因诊断率及两者诊断符合率.结果(1)C E病变检出率、病因诊断率显著高于CTE(90.00%vs 22.86%,P=0.000;61.43%v s 10.00%,P=0.000),两者病变检出符合率仅为27.14%;(2)CE联合CTE病变检出率及病因诊断率均略高于CE,但无显著差异(P0.05);(3)在显性出血中CE病变检出率高于隐性出血(94.83%vs 66.67%,P=0.015);(4)CE对血管性病变、糜烂/溃疡、憩室的诊断高于CTE(P0.05),然而,CTE对肠道肿瘤的检出高于CE(4例CTE提示肿瘤后经手术证实者,通过CE仅发现其中2例).结论CE和CTE均是安全、有效的用于OGIB检查方法,CE在OGIB中的诊断率明显优于CTE,两者联合应用价值并不明显优于CE,但对于OGIB患者CE检查无阳性发现者,行CTE检查可成为有益补充,尤其对于小肠肿瘤的发现.     

胶囊内镜在不明原因消化道出血诊治中的价值

不明原因消化道出血(obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB)是指常规的消化内镜(包括检查食管至十二指肠降段的胃镜与肛直肠至回盲部的结肠镜)检查不能明确病因的持续或反复发作的出血,以小肠处最常见[1].胶囊内镜作为无创、可视的全小肠检查手段,为该病的诊断、治疗带来了新的契机.现总结我院近年来采用胶囊内镜检查的OGIB患者的临床资料,探讨其在OGIB诊治中的价值.     

急诊双气囊小肠镜用于不明原因消化道出血中的临床观察

目的 评价急诊双气囊小肠镜（DBE）在不明原因消化道出血（OGIB）中的诊断价值。 方法 2011年7月至2018年6月,武汉大学人民医院诊断为OGIB并行急诊DBE检查的18例患者纳入回顾性研究,主要观察检查完成情况以及并发症发生情况。 结果 18例OGIB患者共接受急诊DBE检查23次。仅经口进镜9例（50.0%,9/18）;仅经肛进镜4例（22.2%,4/18）;双向进镜5例（27.8%,5/18）,对接成功率40.0%（2/5）。病灶检出率为83.3%（15/18）,并发症发生率为5.6%（1/18）。 结论 急诊DBE在明确OGIB病因中具有重要意义,可作为其一线检查手段。     

不明原因消化道出血临床诊治进展

不明原因消化道出血(obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB)的诊断与治疗一直是困扰临床医师的难题。近年来,内镜技术及临床影像学的发展,对OGIB的诊疗带来很大的帮助。本文就各种内镜技术及临床影像学在OGIB的诊断方面研究进展作一概述。     

胶囊内镜在老年人不明原因消化道出血中的应用价值

目的 通过分析老年不明原因消化道出血(PGIB)患者的临床资料和胶囊内镜检查结果,探讨胶囊内镜在老年OGIB患者中的应用价值. 方法 分析比较2002年5月至2007年2月,因OGIB在我院行胶囊内镜检查的老年患者及非老年患者的一般资料、出血类型及检查结果.老年组97例,男性40例、女性57例,平均年龄(70.8±6.8)岁;非老年组99例,男性61例、女性38例,平均年龄(44.4±10.3)岁. 结果 老年组显性出血89例,隐性出血8例;非老年组分别为91例和8例.两组胃排空时间、全小肠检查完成率及胶囊延迟率,差异均无统计学意义,老年组小肠转运时间较非老年组显著延长(P<0.05).老年组2例因胶囊内镜滞留于食管未纳入诊断统计,老年组获阳性诊断62例(65.3%),血管病变为最常见病因;非老年组获阳性诊断67例(67.7%).小肠克罗恩病为最常见病因.两组获得阳性诊断率差异无统计学意义,阳性诊断构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).老年组未发现并发症. 结论 胶囊内镜检查对老年OGIB患者是一项安全有效的检查手段,血管病变为老年OGIB患者最常见的病因.     

不明原因消化道出血45例分析

目的探讨不明原因消化道出血(obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB)的病因及胶囊内镜在其诊断方面的应用价值。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2004年1月-2013年8月45例经胃镜、结肠镜检查未发现出血灶并进一步行胶囊内镜的OGIB患者的临床资料。结果入选的45例OGIB患者中共有42例检出小肠病变,其中单纯小肠血管畸形29例,小肠炎症2例,小肠蛔虫病1例,小肠溃疡1例,小肠息肉1例,十二指肠血管畸形1例,小肠血管畸形伴小肠黏膜下病变2例,小肠血管畸形伴蛔虫病2例,小肠血管畸形伴小肠溃疡、小肠淋巴管扩张1例,小肠血管畸形伴小肠糜烂1例,小肠血管畸形伴小肠憩室、小肠淋巴管扩张1例。OGIB最常见的病因为小肠血管畸形(83.33%,35/42)。结论胶囊内镜在OGIB的病因分析中能提供较直接的线索,对探索其病因及指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

Capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding--an Indian experience.

BACKGROUND: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is a common indication for capsule endoscopy (CE). Reports on diagnostic yield of CE in this situation show a wide variation. We evaluated the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of CE in patients with OGIB. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients with OGIB who underwent CE at our institution between June 2002 and October 2005. RESULTS: 154 patients (mean age 47 [SD 17] years; 117 men), including 74 with overt OGIB and 80 with occult OGIB, underwent CE. CE yielded positive findings in 57 of 74 patients (77%) with overt OGIB and 22 of 80 (27%) of those with occult OGIB (p < 0.0001); the overall positive diagnostic yield was 52%. NSAID-induced lesions (15%), angiodysplasias (14%) and aphthous ulcers (12%) were the most frequent findings. CE helped in planning further management in 79% of patients with overt OGIB and 26% of those with occult OGIB. CONCLUSION: CE is a useful diagnostic technique in patients with OGIB, especially those with overt OGIB.     

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: single centre experience of capsule endoscopy

The advent of capsule endoscopy (CE) has resulted in a paradigm shift in the approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). With increasing global availability of this diagnostic tool, it has now become an integral part of the diagnostic algorithm for OGIB in most parts of the world. However, there is scant data on optimum timing of CE for maximizing diagnostic yield. OGIB continues to be a challenge because of delay in diagnosis and consequent morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of CE in identifying the source of bleeding in patients with OGIB. We identified patients who underwent CE at our institution from May 2006 to May 2011. The patients’ medical records were reviewed to determine the type of OGIB (occult, overt), CE results and complications, and timing of CE with respect to onset of bleeding. Out of 346 patients investigated for OGIB, 246 (71.1%) had some lesion detected by CE. In 206 patients (59.5%), definite lesions were detected that could unequivocally explain the OGIB. Small bowel angiodysplasia, ulcer/erosions secondary to Crohn’s disease, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent use, and neoplasms were the commonest lesions detected. Visualization of the entire small bowel was achieved in 311 (89.9%) of cases. Capsule retention was noted in five patients (1.4%). In this study, CE was proven to be a safe, comfortable, and effective, with a high rate of accuracy for diagnosing OGIB.     

Continuing challenges in the diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

The diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) have changed dramatically since the introduction of video capsule endoscopy(VCE) followed by deep enteroscopy and other imaging technologies in the last decade. Significant advances have been made, yet there remains room for improvement in our diagnostic yield and treatment capabilities for recurrent OGIB. In this review, we will summarize the latest technologies for the diagnosis of OGIB, limitations of VCE, technological enhancement in VCE, and different management options for OGIB.     

The role of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Background and study aimObscure gastrointestinal bleeding is mostly recurrent and originates in the small bowel, which can be only partially examined by conventional endoscopy. Capsule endoscopy has revolutionized the evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in OGIB was a main concern of many studies. The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in cases of OGIB. Capsule-related complications and degree of inter-observer variation will be recorded as well.Patients and methods54 consecutive patients suffering from OGIB, whether occult or overt, were subjected to capsule examination and data analysis.ResultsThe majority (74.1%) presented with obscure overt bleeding. Examination was complete in 68.4%. The commonest lesions were angiodysplasias (17.5%). Examinations were negative for lesions in 35.1% and hampered by limitations in 19.3%. The capsule diagnostic yield was 56.1%, while capsule retention occurred in 3.5%. The inter-observer agreement for the cause of bleeding was 91.2%.ConclusionsCapsule endoscopy proved helpful in solving the mystery of OGIB. It succeeded in diagnosing the cause of bleeding and directing further management with good compliance, high proportion of inter-observer agreement and low incidence of complications.     

Evaluation and outcomes of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) is defined as recurrent or persistent bleeding or presence of iron deficiency anaemia after evaluation with a negative bidirectional endoscopy. OGIB accounts for 5% of gastrointestinal bleeding and presents a diagnostic challenge. Current modalities available for the investigation of OGIB include capsule endoscopy, balloon assisted enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy and computed tomography enterography. These modalities overcome the limitations of previous techniques. Following a negative bidirectional endoscopy, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy remain the cornerstone of investigation in OGIB given their high diagnostic yield. Longterm outcome data in patients with OGIB is limited, but is most promising for capsule endoscopy. This article reviews the current literature and provides an overview of the clinical evaluation of patients with OGIB, available diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and longterm clinical outcomes.     

Diagnostic yield and therapeutic impact of double-balloon enteroscopy in a large cohort of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

OBJECTIVES: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is a novel endoscopic technique developed to investigate small bowel disease. There are limited available data on its impact in the diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield and therapeutic impact of DBE in the management of patients with OGIB. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients referred to our hospital from December 2003 to January 2005 for the investigation of overt or occult OGIB who underwent DBE after negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Demographic, clinical, procedural, and outcome data were collected for analysis. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two patients (73 women and 79 men) were studied, with a mean age of 48.2 yr. Seventeen patients presented with occult OGIB while 135 patients had overt OGIB. A total of 191 DBEs was performed. Antegrade and retrograde approaches were performed in 60 and 53 patients, respectively, and 39 patients had a combination of both routes. DBE demonstrated a potential bleeding site in 115 (75.7%) patients (102 overt, 13 occult). The more common abnormalities detected were small bowel tumors (39.1%) and angioectasia (30.4%). DBE altered management in 83.5% of patients with positive findings. Follow-up was obtained on 119 patients (mean 16 months, range 8-23 months). Of the 95 patients with follow-up and a positive DBE finding, 85 (89%) had no further rebleeding. The procedure was well tolerated with 23 patients (15.1%) experiencing mild self-limited bleeding during the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: DBE appears to have a high diagnostic yield and therapeutic impact in patients with OGIB with previously negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy.     

Occult and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: Causes and diagnostic approach in 2009

Gastrointestinal bleeding can be obscure or occult (OGIB), the causes and diagnostic approach will be discussed in this editorial. The evaluation of OGIB consists on a judicious search of the cause of bleeding, which should be guided by the clinical history and physical findings. The standard approach to patients with OGIB is to directly evaluate the gastrointestinal tract by endoscopy, abdominal computed tomography, angiography, radionuclide scanning, capsule endoscopy. The source of OGIB can be identified in 85%-90%, no bleeding sites will be found in about 5%-10% of cases. Even if the bleedings originating from the small bowel are not frequent in clinical practice (7.6% of all digestive haemorrhages, in our casuistry), they are notoriously difficult to diagnose. In spite of progress, however, a number of OGIB still remain problematic to deal with at present in the clinical context due to both the difficulty in exactly identifying the site and nature of the underlying source and the difficulty in applying affective and durable diagnostic approaches so no single technique has emerged as the most efficient way to evaluate OGIB.     

Yield of repeat wireless video capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

PURPOSE: Capsule endoscopy (CE) has been shown to have a high diagnostic yield in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). It is not known if repeating CE improves diagnostic yield or changes patient management when the initial CE is negative or nondiagnostic. The aims of this study are (1) to understand the reasons for repeat CE, (2) to determine the diagnostic yield of repeat CE, and (3) to establish if findings on repeat CE resulted in a change in patient management. METHODS: Between August 2001 and October 2003, we performed 391 capsule studies. Of these, 24 were repeat studies in patients with OGIB. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of these 24 patients. RESULTS: The reasons for repeat CE were: recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding (13), limited visualization on first exam due to poor prep or blood (10), complication (1) (capsule impaction at cricopharyngeus). Eighteen of 24 (75%) repeat capsule studies revealed additional findings (7 arteriovenous malformations, 2 gastropathy, 2 erosions, 2 masses, 1 ulcer, 2 red spots, 1 linear streak, 1 erythema). These findings led to changes in patient management in 15 of the 24 (62.5%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Indications for repeat CE most commonly include recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and limited visualization on initial study. Repeat CE results in a high yield of new findings that lead to changes in patient management. Repeat CE should be considered in patients with persistent OGIB when the initial study is negative or inconclusive.     

Clinical impact of multidetector computed tomography before double-balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM: To evaluate the clinical impact of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) before double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) for patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cases with DBE and MDCT for overt OGIB was conducted from April 2004 to April 2010 at Changhua Christian Hospital. We evaluated the clinical impact of MDCT on the subsequent DBE examinations and the diagnostic yields of both MDCT and DBE respectively.RESULTS: From April 2004 to April 2010, a total of 75 patients underwent DBE for overt OGIB. Thirty one cases received MDCT followed by DBE for OGIB. The overall diagnostic yields of DBE and MDCT was 93.5% and 45.2%. The MDCT had a high diagnostic yield of tumor vs non-tumor etiology of OGIB (85.7% vs 33.3%, P = 0.014). Additionally, the choice of initial route of DBE was correct in those with a positive MDCT vs negative MDCT (100% vs 52.9%, P = 0.003).CONCLUSION: This study suggests MDCT as a triage tool may identify patients who will benefit from DBE and aid the endoscopist in choosing the most efficient route.     

A comparison between capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy using propensity score-matching analysis in patients with previous obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Background: Recently, diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) has improved greatly due to introduction of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double balloon enteroscopy (DBE). However, the efficacy of CE over DBE in patients with previous OGIB remains unclear. This study aimed to compare, in terms of diagnostic yield, the efficacy of DBE with that of CE in patients with previous OGIB.

Patients and methods: We enrolled 223 consecutive patients with previous OGIB who were treated between May 2007 and March 2012. We retrospectively evaluated the respective diagnostic yields of CE and DBE in patients with previous OGIB using propensity score-matching analysis. We compared the diagnostic yield of CE with that of DBE.

Results: The diagnostic yields were 41.9% in DBE group and 11.6% in CE group, respectively (p?<?.01). On logistic regression analysis, DBE was significantly superior to CE after matching (Odds ratio [OR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43–12.6; p?<?.01), even after adjustment for propensity score (OR, 5.65; 95% CI, 1.56?20.5; p?<?.01).

Conclusions: Our results indicate that DBE might be more useful and perhaps safer than CE in achieving a positive diagnosis in patients with previous OGIB.