无创双相气道正压通气用于全麻苏醒延迟患者呼吸支持

双相气道正压通气(BiPAP)应用口趋广泛,尤其在呼吸内科的尢创治疗效果越来越被临床认可.我科在保留自主呼吸下对气管插管全身麻醉后苏醒延迟患者拔管后行无创BiPAP辅助呼吸支持21例,报道如下.     

无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭患者的护理体会

目的:分析无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭的护理策略.方法:对住院的60例患者在采用呼吸机通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性发作发生Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭或合并有Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的同时进行心理护理,气道管理,密切观察病情变化及并发症.结果:60例患者,经治疗后40例好转出院,20例由于病情恶化而行气管插管治疗,其中13例拔管后好转出院,7例需行气管切开.结论:使用无创呼吸机治疗时,心理关怀,气道管理,确保有效通气,可避免或减少气管插管、气管切开,从而有效减少其相关并发症发生.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗老年慢性肺心病并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人的护理

目的:观察无创双向气道正压(Bipap)通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭中的治疗价值及护理效果.方法:将90例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者分为三组:对照组、BiPAP组和气管插管组,每组30例;分别予相应治疗措施治疗3天后比较三组病人在治疗前后的血气分析指标.结果:治疗前三组病人血气分析指标(PaO2,PaCO2,pH)无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗后各组间差异相比较均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),气管插管组优于BiPAP组(P＜0.05),但两组与空白组相比较均具有统计学意义.(P＜0.05)结论双水平气道正压无创通气可有效治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭.     

术前无创正压通气治疗对脊柱侧凸患者围手术期肺功能的影响

目的:研究术前使用呼吸机无创正压通气治疗对脊柱侧凸患者围手术期肺功能的影响。方法:将40例Cobb角≥60°、肺功能存在中度以上限制性通气功能障碍、行脊柱侧凸矫形术的脊柱侧凸患者,随机分成A组和B组,每组20例。A组在术前采用BiPAP呼吸机,经用面罩无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗1个月;B组常规术前准备。观察A组患者治疗前后肺功能的改善及两组患者围手术期肺功能的差异。结果:两组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、Cobb角度、手术时间、手术径路、融合椎体数等基本情况比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);A组患者经NIPPV治疗后肺活量(VC)、肺活量占预计值的百分比(VC%)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒最大呼气量(FEV1.0)、最大通气量(MVV)和最大通气量占预计值的百分比(MVV%)较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01);两组患者术中氧合指数、术后拔管时间、拔管后15min动脉血气PO2、PCO2比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:术前无创正压通气治疗可改善脊柱侧凸患者围手术期的肺功能,可缩短手术后气管插管的拔管时间,改善术后通气功能,有助于脊柱侧凸患者手术后早期恢复。     

有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗在心脏外科术后的应用

目的 探讨有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗在心脏外科术后ICU中的应用效果.方法 选取44例接受心脏外科手术的患者,术后均存在一定程度的脱机困难,将其分为两组:序贯治疗组,23例患者,常规治疗的基础上,以同步间歇指令通气方式行机械通气,待患者呼吸循环状态稳定后拔除气管插管,改双水平气道正压(BiPAP)支持通气方式并撤机;对照组,21例患者,以同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气方式撤机.对照分析两组病例的通气、氧合指标、有创机械通气时间和总的机械通气时间,并发症发生率.结果 序贯治疗组和对照组患者有创机械通气时间分别是(2.3±0.8)d和(7.3±0.5)d,总机械通气时间分别是(4.2±0.5)d和(7.3±0.5)d,住ICU时间分别为(6.5±0.9)d和(10.3±0.4)d,呼吸机相关肺炎分别为6例(26.1%)和12例(57.1%),两组患者中,治疗组有2例患者二次插管(8.7%),而对照组有3例患者二次插管(14.3%).结论 心脏外科术后患者,如果存在脱机困难,可采用早期拔管,改用经鼻面罩呼吸机正压通气以缩短机械通气时间,减少呼吸机相关肺炎的发生.     

鼻面罩无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病患者的疗效

目的：评价鼻面罩无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病患者的疗效。方法将68例慢阻肺呼吸竭合并肺性脑病患者随机分为对照组和观察组,分别给予鼻面罩无创正压通气治疗和鼻面罩无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗,评价联合治疗方法的临床疗效。结果两组患者通气3h 后和治疗结束时的 pH、PaO2和 PaCO2较治疗前均明显好转,观察组患者的恢复情况优于对照组（P ＜0.05）。经过治疗后,观察组患者通气有效率85.29%,明显高于对照组（P ＜0.05）,气管插管率和胃胀气发生率分别为14.71%和32.35%,低于对照组（P＜0.05）,两组患者的住院病死率均为2.94%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论鼻面罩无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸竭合并肺性脑病的临床效果优于单纯鼻面罩无创正压通气,是一种较好的治疗方法。     

全身麻醉中应用小潮气量联合低水平呼气末正压通气对老年患者呼吸功能的影响

目的 观察全身麻醉中应用小潮气量(VT)联合低水平呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对老年患者呼吸功能的影响.方法 20例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级上腹部手术老年患者,随机均分为A组和B组.A组,机械通气模式为间歇正压通气(IPPV)加5cm H2O PEEP,VT=6ml/kg,f=15次/分;B组,机械通气模式为IPPV,VT=9ml/kg,f=12次/分.观察术前(T1)、麻醉插管后30min(T2)、拔管后15min(T3)的动脉氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、肺泡-动脉氧分压差(A-aDO2)、MAP、CVP及术中的气道峰(Ppeak).结果 T3时,A PaO2较B组明显升高(P<0.05),A组A-aDO2较B组明显降低(P<0.05).其他各时点A、B两组PaO2、PaCO2、A-aDO2、MAP、CVP、Ppeak组间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 小潮气量联合低水平PEEP通气能够有效改善老年患者术后低氧血症,减少肺部并发症,更有利于老年患者呼吸功能的恢复,对老年患者血流动力学无明显影响.     

BiPAP无创机械通气治疗COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的:探讨鼻(面)罩无创双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗作用.方法:入选病例23例,采用BiPAP 无创呼吸机治疗,同时使用常规治疗,对治疗前后病人心率、呼吸频率、血气分析比较.结果:治疗后患者心率、呼吸频率、血气分析的明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:无创双水平气道正压机械通气辅助治疗COPD合并慢性呼衰具有肯定的疗效.     

无创通气序贯治疗在慢性阻塞性肺部疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的探讨无创通气序贯(NIPPV)治疗结合自主呼吸试验(SBT)和肺部感染控制窗(PIC-W)作为NIPPV切换点在慢性阻塞性肺部疾病急性加重(AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择本院自2009年1月~2014年1月AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭患者200例按随机数字表分为研究组和对照组。研究组待患者出现肺部感染控制窗(PIC)后立即给予无间隙无创(NIPPV)序贯通气,肺部感染控制窗后过渡撤机。对照组予常规有创机械通气治疗。观察两组患者有创通气和总机械通气时间、动脉血气变化、住院时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、再插管率及死亡率等。结果研究组在动脉血气变化、有创和总机械通气时间、住院时间、VAP发生率、再插管率及死亡率等方面优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭中以PIC窗为转折点结合SBT试验,予无创序贯机械通气治疗安全有效,优于常规有创机械通气治疗,值得临床推广。     

急诊无创通气治疗呼吸衰竭效果及失败因素分析

目的 探讨急诊无创通气的治疗呼吸衰竭效果,分析其失败的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2021年12月经急诊无创通气治疗的200例呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料,根据结果分为成功组（n=143）和失败组（n=57）。比较两组患者一般资料以及实验室检查数据,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析治疗失败的危险因素。结果 治疗成功143例（71.5%）,失败57例（28.5%）。分析提示年龄、性别、体质指数、总蛋白水平、血红蛋白水平、肌酐水平与治疗结果无关（P>0.05）,首次无创通气、高APACHE-Ⅱ评分、低GCS评分、肺部感染、高PaCO2水平是治疗失败的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 在急诊经无创通气治疗呼吸衰竭患者具有较好临床疗效,但仍存在一定失败风险。首次无创通气治疗、高APACHE-Ⅱ评分、低GCS评分、肺部感染、高PaCO2水平是影响急诊无创通气患者治疗失败的独立危险因素。     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in burns

Objective: Acute respiratory failure is a common complication of the severely burn-injured patient. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation is associated with a high rate of complications. Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) has been shown to be as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange and is associated with fewer complications with patients in acute hypercapnic and hypoxaemic respiratory failure. We report our experience with NIPPV in 30 burn patients.

Method: The records of all burn patients from 1998 to 2000, where NIPPV was used as part of their management at the St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, were reviewed.

Results: Mean age was 47.56 years (range 12–81). Nine patients were female. Mean burn size was 24.4% total body surface area (TBSA) (range 3–54). Inhalation injury was confirmed in eight cases. A positive diagnosis of pneumonia was made in 29 patients. The mean PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio prior to institution of NIPPV was 28.98 Kpa (range 8.75–52). Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing (IPPB) was the most common ventilatory mode employed (25 patients) and the face mask was the most used interface (18 cases). Twenty-two patients (74%) avoided endotracheal intubation and their respiratory function continued to improve after NIPPV was discontinued. One patient (3%) died and seven patients (23%) were reintubated. Three out of the seven were electively reintubated for burns surgery.

Conclusion: In burn-injured patients with acute respiratory failure, NIPPV appears to be effective in supporting respiratory function such that endotracheal intubation can be avoided in most cases.     

Postoperative use of nasal intermittent positive pressure in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy type II

We report the successful use of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the perioperative period of a 51 yr-old woman with a type II spinal muscular atrophy (SMA II). The patient was treated chronically with nocturnal NIPPV at home and scheduled for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under general anesthesia. Some criteria of difficult intubation were present (forced mouth opening of 1.5 cm, short neck and thyromental distance of 5 cm). Nasal endotracheal fiberoptic intubation during spontaneous breathing under sedation with propofol was performed. The ERCP procedure was conducted without complications. At the end of the procedure, IPPV was maintained until recovery of respiratory function. After extubation, NIPPV was continued in the recovery room. The patient was discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit 4 hours after the procedure. Management of patients with SMA remains a challenge and clinicians must be aware that the use of NIPPV may be a useful and life-saving tool in the perioperative period for these patients.     

Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Care of Lung Transplant Recipients

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), which provides consolidated treatment of both acute and chronic respiratory failure, is increasingly being used in the postoperative care of lung transplant patients. Graft- and patient-related respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation are common features in the postoperative period; they may persist for hours to days. Prolonged intubation, particularly in these immunocompromised patients, has been considered one of the main predisposing factors for developing nosocomial pneumonia. It has been associated with increased length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay as well. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation is nowadays an attractive choice to shorten weaning time and avoid reintubation following lung transplantation.Rapid extubation plus prompt NIPPV application is a useful strategy for lung recipients who do not completely fulfill the criteria for safe extubation. Unloading respiratory muscles, decreasing respiratory rate and sensation of dyspnea, improving ventilation/perfusion abnormalities, decreasing the heart rate, and improving hemodynamics are among the recognized benefits. Adding a noninvasive inspiratory support plus positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to lung transplant recipients has been helpful to prevent airway injury and infections, avoiding the need for reintubation in cases of extubation failure, facilitating nocturnal sedation, treating the post-reimplantation syndrome and postoperative phrenic nerve dysfunction, and preventing reintubation in cases of readmission to the ICU. In our practice, the helmet system has emerged as the preferred interface; in cases of dyshomogeneous dorsobasal lung infiltrates, it allows effective ventilatory support in the prone position as well.     

地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼复合麻醉患者术后痛觉过敏的效果

目的 评价地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼复合麻醉患者术后痛觉过敏的效果.方法 择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者100例,年龄20～64岁,体重45～65 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数学表法,将其随机分为4组(n=25):芬太尼组(F组)、低剂量地佐辛组(D1组)、中剂量地佐辛组(D2组)和高剂量地佐辛组(D3组).静脉注射咪达唑仑、异丙酚、瑞芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵麻醉诱导,气管内插管后机械通气.麻醉维持:靶控输注瑞芬太尼,效应室靶浓度4 μg/L,静脉输注异丙酚4～6 mg·kg-1·h-1,间断静脉注射顺阿曲库铵0.03 mg/kg.手术结束前30 min时D1组、D2组和D3组分别肌肉注射地佐辛0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/kg,F组手术结束前15 min静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg.记录苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间,记录苏醒后即刻、1h、2 h(T0 ～ T2)时视觉模拟评分(VAS)、布氏舒适评分(BCS)和镇静和躁动评分(SAS),记录拔除气管导管后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐及尿潴留的发生情况.结果 与F组比较,D1组、D2组和D3组苏醒时间和拔除气管导管时间缩短,呼吸抑制和恶心呕吐发生率降低;D1组各时点VAS评分升高,BCS评分降低,D2组和D3组T0时VAS评分升高,T1,2时VAS评分降低,T0～2时SAS评分降低(P＜0.05);与D2组比较,D3组T0～2时SAS评分降低,呼吸抑制发生率升高(P＜0.05);4组无一例患者发生尿潴留.结论 手术结束前30 min肌肉注射地佐辛0.2 mg/kg可减轻瑞芬太尼复合麻醉患者麻醉恢复期痛觉过敏,且副作用小.     

肥胖患者围手术期通气策略Meta分析

目的 系统评价围手术期不同通气策略对肥胖患者通气和肺功能的影响,选择最佳通气策略. 方法 网上检索EBSCO、PubMed、Spring、Ovid、Wiley、中国知网、维普网、万方数据等数据库,选择全身麻醉诱导期和拔管后的给氧模式以及术中不同潮气量对肥胖患者通气和肺功能影响的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),应用RevMan 5.3软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析. 结果 共纳入24篇RCT,946例患者.①麻醉诱导期头高位吸氧较平卧位吸氧无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),而自主呼吸时加用持续正压通气(continues positive airway pressure,CPAP)PaO2水平更高(P=0.005),转为机械通气后间歇正压通气(intermittent positive pressure ventilation,IPPV)+呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)较单用IPPV无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),PaO2更高(P＜0.001).②术中大潮气量比小潮气量通气联合PEEP获得更高的氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)(P=0.02),但同时大潮气量通气可引起更高的气道压(P＜0.001).③拔管后采用无创正压通气(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)较鼻导管吸氧PaO2更高(P=0.004). 结论 肥胖患者诱导期宜采用头高位CPAP以及IPPV+PEEP通气,术中采用大潮气量+高PEEP,术后拔管后采用NIPPV.     

Phrenic nerve palsy after open heart surgery--problems in post-operative respiratory management]

We clarified the problems in respiratory management in patients with phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) after open heart surgery. From December 1988 to March 1991, 248 adult patients underwent open heart surgery with topical myocardial cooling. In these patients PNP was diagnosed in 17 patients (6.9%). Age of these patients at operation ranged from 25 to 76 years with a mean age of 57 years. 9 patients were valvular heart disease (7 were reoperation), 7 were coronary artery disease, and one patient was aortic aneurysm. PNP was diagnosed by chest roentgenogram or percutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation test (PNST). Frequency of long-term intubation (> 14 days) was higher in complete PNP patients than incomplete PNP patients. 2 patients, who were observed effort dyspnea at the time of respiratory weaning, were extubated followed by respiratory and circulatory deterioration, and were reintubated. PNP were confirmed after reintubation by PNST. These patients died of pneumonia. Another 2 patients were observed effort dyspnea during respiratory weaning, and were doubted of PNP. PNP were confirmed by PNST before extubation. After hemodynamic stabilization and respiratory physiotherapy, these patients were extubated without any trouble. One patient, who required repeated intubation, was diagnosed PNP by PNST. This patient was extubated after confirmation of improvement of PNP by follow-up PNST. The incidence of PNP was higher in patients with previous open heart surgery than without previous operation. We supposed that the dissection around the heart might be one of major cause of postoperative PNP. So, in recent 4 cases of mitral reoperation, we attempted to reach mitral valve through atrial septum with minimum dissection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Paediatric cardiac anaesthesia in a developing country

During the week of October 15–24, 1995 a team of 65 medical, anaesthesiology, surgical, nursing and paramedical personnel travelled to Guatemala City, Guatemala to perform cardiac surgery on children with complex congenital and acquired valvular heart disease. During this mission 42 patients had their lesions surgically repaired. Cardiopulmonary bypass was required in 36 cases. There were no anaesthetic or surgical deaths. All six patients who did not require cardiopulmonary bypass were extubated in the operating room. Of the patients who required cardiopulmonary bypass,23 were extubated in the operating room (64%). There was no intraoperative anaesthetic morbidity nor postoperative respiratory complications. No patient was reintubated after planned extubation. Cardiac surgery in paediatric age patients can safely be performed in developing countries if close attention is paid to proper patient selection and one maintains the standards of care practised in developed countries.     

肺部手术后急性呼吸衰竭的高危因素分析

目的　采用 L ogistic回归分析肺手术后急性呼吸衰竭的高危因素 ,以利于临床应用。　方法　选取我院胸外科 1991年 3月～ 1998年 12月肺手术后发生急性呼吸衰竭的 5 9例患者 (呼吸衰竭组 )和未发生呼吸衰竭的 2 79例患者 (对照组 )资料 ,相关因素数值化后 ,以 L ogistic回归得到最主要的高危因素。　结果　危险因素包括年龄、性别、肺功能、营养状况、吸烟指数、手术难易程度分级、合并症 (慢性阻塞性肺病年数、功能障碍器官数、哮喘和毁损肺 )。结论　肺外科临床上必须针对以上因素 ,强调术前禁止吸烟、积极处理合并症、控制哮喘、加强围术期营养支持、呼吸锻炼和减少手术创伤 ,以减少急性呼吸衰竭的发生。     

Initial and delayed onset of acute respiratory failure: factors associated with development and outcome

In a prospective observational study of 1038 adult admissions to a 31-bed medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU), acute respiratory failure (ARF, defined as a Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio 48 h after ICU admission) in 49 (16%). On admission, the cardiovascular sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was higher in initial than in delayed onset ARF (1.1 +/- 1.5 vs 0.6 +/- 1.2, P < 0.05). High admission serum C-reactive protein concentrations (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12, P = 0.0001) and SOFA scores (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.33, P = 0.0007) were the factors independently associated with initial ARF, and a low Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.21, P = 0.0018) was associated with delayed onset ARF. In initial ARF, a high SOFA score (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12-1.38, P = 0.0001) and a low GCS score (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.96, P = 0.0013) on admission, and in delayed onset ARF, a low GCS score at 48 h (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.84, P = 0.0011) were independently associated with death. The mortality rate was similar for initial and delayed onset ARF.     

瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚复合七氟醚在小儿腹股沟斜疝腹腔镜手术中的麻醉效果

目的探讨瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚分别复合七氟醚在小儿腹股沟斜疝腹腔镜手术中的麻醉效果。 方法选取2020年6月至2021年6月在宣城市中心医院进行腹腔镜腹股沟斜疝择期手术的患儿60例作为研究对象。将所有患儿按随机数字表法分为2组,瑞芬太尼组采用瑞芬太尼联合七氟醚麻醉（30例）;丙泊酚组患者采用丙泊酚联合七氟醚麻醉（30例）。记录2组患儿术毕拔管时间、苏醒时间、定向恢复时间,麻醉前（T₀）、诱导后（T₁）、气腹5 min（T₂）、拔管后（T₃）各时间段内的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率、血氧饱和度（SpO₂）等应激指标,术后儿童麻醉苏醒期躁动评分量表（PAED）和儿童疼痛行为量表（FLACC）,以及患儿术后不良反应发生情况。 结果瑞芬太尼组患儿拔管时间、苏醒时间、定向恢复时间均小于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）;与T₀相比,2组患儿T₂、T₃的MAP、心率、SpO₂均逐渐降低（P<0.05）。在相同阶段对比中,瑞芬太尼组T₁、T₂、T₃的MAP、心率波动均小于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）,SpO₂高于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）;瑞芬太尼组术后PAED评分低于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）;苏醒6 h（t₂）、苏醒12 h（t₃）时刻较苏醒时（t₀）时刻2组疼痛评分均明显降低（P<0.05）;且瑞芬太尼组t₀~t₃的FLACC评分均低于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）;瑞芬太尼组总不良反应低于丙泊酚组（P<0.05）。 结论七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼在小儿股沟斜疝腹腔镜术中麻醉效果和血流动力学优于丙泊酚组,缩短患儿术后苏醒时间,有效缓解患儿术后疼痛和躁动程度,减轻对患儿呼吸抑制等不良反应的影响。