高级别星形细胞瘤扩散张量成像应用研究

目的 :研究平均扩散系数 (ADC)和各向异性分数 (FA)在鉴别高级别星形细胞瘤肿瘤组织、水肿及正常脑组织中的价值。方法 :16例高级别星形细胞瘤在治疗前行常规MRI及扩散张量成像 (DTI)。在T1WI增强、T2 WI及FA图上确定肿瘤、水肿及邻近正常白质区 ,测量并分析这些区域FA值及ADC值的差异。结果 :在ADC图上 ,肿瘤实体区与正常脑实质相比 ,几乎呈等信号 ;水肿区呈稍高信号 ;肿瘤囊变坏死区呈高信号。在FA图上 ,囊变坏死区呈低信号 ;肿瘤区呈等信号及低信号 ;水肿区呈等信号及稍高信号。肿瘤囊变坏死区ADC值 (2 .16± 0 .14 7)× 10 -3 mm2 /s ,水肿区 (1.5 5± 0 .0 66)× 10 -3 mm2 /s ,肿瘤实体区 (1.3 3± 0 .0 8)× 10 -3 mm2 /s ,邻近正常白质区 (0 .76± 0 .0 5 7)× 10 -3 mm2 /s。邻近正常白质区FA值最高 (0 .45± 0 .0 3 7) ,肿瘤囊变坏死区最低 (0 .0 5± 0 .0 12 )。所有患者肿瘤实体区与水肿区、正常白质区ADC值的差别均具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。所有患者肿瘤实体区、水肿区与正常白质区FA值差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肿瘤实体区与水肿区FA值差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :ADC值可用于区分正常脑白质、水肿和肿瘤实体区 ,FA值对于组织学鉴别无明显意义。ADC值、FA值能否确定     

DTI多参数值及DTT技术在颅内肿瘤中的应用研究

目的 探讨MR扩散张量成像(DTI)多参数值在脑肿瘤中的诊断和鉴别诊断价值;评价扩散张量纤维柬成像(DTT)在显示脑肿瘤与周围脑白质纤维束关系中的应用.资料与方法 搜集经手术病理证实的星形细胞瘤(低级别、高级别)、脑膜瘤、转移瘤患者资料(低级别星形细胞瘤15例,高级别星形细胞瘤18例,脑膜瘤16例,转移瘤10例)共59例.行常规T_1WI、T_2WI、增强T_1WI及DTI.测量病灶肿瘤实质区、瘤周水肿区、囊变坏死区、水肿邻近正常白质区及对侧正常白质区的平均扩散系数(DCavg)值、部分各向异性分数(FA)值、1-容积比(1-VR)值及相对各向异性(RA)值,分析各测量值在肿瘤的诊断及良恶性鉴别诊断中的作用.利用DTI数据进行DTT重组病变周围脑白质纤维束,观察肿瘤与脑白质纤维束的关系.结果 低级别星形细胞瘤、高级别星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤及转移瘤的肿瘤实体、瘤周水肿区的FA值、1-VR值及RA值差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对侧正常白质区DCavg值、FA值、1-VR值及RA值差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.5).FA图、FA彩色编码图、DTT图均能显示脑白质纤维受累情况,而常规MRI难以显示;脑白质纤维束与脑肿瘤的位置关系可分为四型,即推挤型、水肿型、浸润型和破坏型.低级别星形细胞瘤及脑膜瘤良性肿瘤周围的白质纤维束多呈推挤水肿改变,而高级别星形细胞瘤及转移瘤恶性肿瘤周围的白质纤维束多表现为以浸润破坏为主.结论 DTI较常规MRI能更确切、直观地显示脑内肿瘤与周围脑白质的关系,结合FA值、1-VR值及RA值能为肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断提供更多的依据;DTT可以为临床提供更多的肿瘤及其周围白质纤维束的信息,指导术前计划的制定和术后的评估.     

3．0T弥散张量成像FA值和ADC值在颅脑恶性星形细胞瘤中的运用

目的：探讨磁共振弥散张量成像FA值和ADC值在颅脑恶性星形细胞瘤中的应用价值。方法：收集经手术及组织病理学证实的恶性星形细胞瘤患者14例,术前行常规MRI平扫、DTI检查、增强扫描及1H-MRS检查,工作站自动生成各向异性指数图（FA图）及表观弥散系数图（ADC图）,定义肿瘤实质区为最高Cho／Cr和Cho／NAA比值、异常强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义瘤体边缘为Cho／Cr和Cho／NAA比值异常、无强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义瘤周水肿区为正常MRS表现、无强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义正常白质区为正常MRS表现、无强化、T2WI信号正常区（肿瘤同侧或对侧）;分别测量上述区域的FA1—4值、ADC1—4值,分析比较上述4个区FA值、ADC值有无统计学差异。结果：肿瘤实质区、瘤体边缘、瘤周水肿区及正常白质区平均FA值为FA1：0．1822±0．0583,FA2：0．2947±0．0786,FA3：0．1769±0．0942,FA4：0．6668±0．0817。肿瘤实质区、瘤体边缘、瘤周水肿区与正常自质区比较差异有高度显著性（P=0．000）,瘤体边缘与肿瘤实质区、瘤周水肿区之间差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）,肿瘤实质区与瘤周水肿区差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;平均ADC值为ADC1：11．132±4．101,ADC2：11．175±2．983,ADCB：14．939±2．857,ADCA：7．265±0．914（单位10^-3mm^2／s）。瘤体实质部、肿瘤边缘及瘤周水肿区与正常脑白质区ADC值差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）;瘤体实质部、肿瘤边缘与瘤周水肿区差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）;而瘤体实质部与肿瘤边缘差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：FA值和ADC值对高级别星形细胞瘤浸润范围的划定有重要价值。     

MRI DTI联合血氧水平依赖功能成像在星形细胞瘤术前的研究

目的探讨3.0T磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)技术联合功能磁共振成像(fMRI)在星形细胞瘤与邻近脑白质纤维束解剖关系术前计划中的作用。方法对22例星形细胞瘤患者术前行常规MRI平扫,增强扫描及DTI技术fMRI检查,原始数据采集后进行图像分析处理,分别获得各项异性图(FA图),彩色编码张量图及脑白质纤维束图,并测定肿瘤的病灶区表观弥散系数(ADC值)及灶周水肿区各项异性分数(FA值)。分析肿瘤与相邻脑白质解剖关系,并对患者手术前后的临床症状进行评价。结果不同级别星形细胞瘤的肿瘤病灶区和灶周水肿区与正常白质区的ADC值和FA值存在差异,有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。白质纤维束可见受压、移位、浸润及破坏三种改变。4例Ⅰ~Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤推移相邻脑白质纤维束;8例Ⅱ~Ⅲ级星形细胞瘤侵润脑白质;10例Ⅲ~Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤破坏相邻脑白质纤维束。DTI图可以清晰显示运动区锥体束形态变化及与肿瘤之间的关系,在此基础上指导手术,效果满意。结论磁共振DTI技术联合fMRI是目前唯一在活体无创、三维清晰星形细胞瘤与周围白质纤维束的关系,由于二者的联合应用不仅能够显示大脑重要功能激活区在病理情况下的移位和改变,同时还能显示肿瘤与重要功能区和白质纤维束结构的关系,具有重要意义。     

DTI对急性脑梗死白质纤维各向异性特征的初步研究

目的:利用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究健康成人和急性缺血性脑梗死患者大脑白质纤维束各向异性特征。方法:对16例健康志愿者和17例急性脑梗死患者进行T1WI、T2WI、DWI及DTI检查;对DTI数据离线后处理,采用Volume-one 1.64和dTVII-R1软件处理,获得部分各向异性(FA)图及方向编码彩色(DEC)图。对健康志愿者分别在内囊、胼胝体以及半卵圆中心选择兴趣区测量主要白质纤维束的FA值。测量脑梗死患者的梗死区及健侧对应白质区的FA值。结果:FA图和DEC图可显示脑内主要的白质纤维束。正常组不同部位脑白质的FA值不同;大脑半球两侧白质的FA值差异无统计学意义。超急性期脑梗死区白质FA值与对侧相比,可轻度升高或降低;急性期梗死区白质FA值显著低于健侧,差异有统计学意义(t=10.987,P<0.01);急性期梗死区白质FA值下降率与发病时间存在相关关系(相关系数r=0.841,P<0.05)。结论:DTI可显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布。FA图及DEC图可以显示梗死区白质纤维束的方向与各向异性的改变程度。急性期脑梗死区FA值下降率随病程延长而增大,该指标可用于反映脑梗死的病程。     

DTI在急性缺血性脑卒中所致皮质脊髓束损伤中的应用研究

目的:利用DTI探讨急性缺血性脑卒中病人大脑白质纤维束各向异性特征和皮质脊髓束受损与肌力的关系。方法:对9例正常被试和9例急性期缺血性脑卒中病人进行常规MR T1WI、T2WI和DTI检查,对数据进行离线后处理,采用dTV.II软件处理,获得FA图及方向编码彩色(DEC)图,并重建双侧皮质脊髓束3D纤维束图。结果:在正常组双侧白质纤维束FA值无明显差异,重建FA值图与方向编码彩色图可显示大部分主要的白质纤维束。在脑卒中病人组梗死区FA值显著低于健侧,两侧相比差异有显著性意义(t=4.570,P<0.001)。病变侧皮质脊髓束受压、变形、移位、部分断裂,皮质脊髓束受累情况与肌力有相关性(rs=0.888,P<0.05)。结论:DTI可显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为大脑白质纤维束的研究开辟了新的广阔领域。DTI FA值图及DEC图可以显示卒中病人梗死区白质纤维的方向与各向异性程度。3D纤维束图可以更立体直观的显示锥体束状况,有利于探讨皮质脊髓束损伤程度与肌力的关系,对临床及判断预后有重要价值。     

磁共振扩散张量成像在星形细胞瘤分级中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）技术在星形细胞瘤分级中的应用价值。资料与方法对15例1-2级星形细胞瘤及22例3～4级星形细胞瘤进行了MR检查,扫描序列包括T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）、DTI及增强后T1WI。结果脑部分各向异性指数（FA）图、FA彩色编码图、纤维束追踪图均能显示脑白质纤维受累情况,而常规MRI难以显示。1—2级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区表观扩散系数（ADC）值（1．33±0．17）与3—4级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区ADC值（1.17±0．21）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组瘤周白质FA值与ADC值比较差异均有统计学意义。结论DTI可无创性显示脑自质纤维,且肿瘤区ADC值对星形细胞瘤良恶性分级有重要价值。     

3.0T磁共振DTI和DTT技术对病毒性脑炎的应用研究

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)及白质纤维束成像(DTT)技术对病毒性脑炎的临床应用价值. 方法 对25例临床确诊为病毒性脑炎患者(脑炎组)和25例常规MRI检查显示正常的检查者(对照组)行DTI扫描.将DTI扫描数据后处理获得扩散系数(ADC)图、各向异性(FA)图和DTT图,采用ROI测量脑炎组病变区与对照组正常脑组织的ADC值、FA值并对测值进行统计学分析.结果 在病程早期,脑炎组病变区的平均ADC值较对照组明显减低且差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),而平均FA值较对照组略升高但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在病程中期及晚期,脑炎组病变区平均ADC值较对照组明显升高且差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),平均FA值较对照组明显降低且差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).DTT白质纤维示踪成像显示白质纤维主呈浸润性改变,部分纤维中断、缺失,而无推压移位等改变. 结论 DTI与DTT技术能够为病毒性脑炎的诊断及鉴别诊断提供有价值信息.     

病毒性脑炎扩散张量成像的初步研究

目的:比较病毒性脑炎脑内病灶和对照侧镜像区的扩散特性的差异,探讨扩散张量成像(DTI)在诊断病毒性脑炎中的应用价值。方法:分别对13例病毒性脑炎患者行常规MRI和DTI检查,经处理后分别获得每个层面的表观扩散系数(ADC)图、各向异性(FA)图、1-VR(VR)图和纤维束成像(DTT)图,并对DTI各输出参数ADC、FA、1-VR进行统计分析。结果:13例患者共计20个病灶,病灶区的FA值及1-VR值减低,病灶区与对照侧的FA值及1-VR值间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),病灶区与对照侧的ADC值间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.2026,P>0.05)。FA图显示病灶的范围比常规T2WI大。DTT图显示受累白质纤维束是浸润性改变,部分纤维中断。结论:DTI指标可以反映病毒性脑炎病变组织的微观结构变化信息,为常规MRI检查提供补充信息,对其临床诊疗和评估也有一定的价值。     

急性兔脑缺血模型MR扩散张量成像的实验研究

目的探讨实验性急性兔脑缺血磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)改变。材料与方法建立兔急性脑缺血模型,常规行T2WI、DWI、DTI检查,测量比较缺血灶和正常对照侧的平均扩散系数(ADC)值、各向异性分数(FA)值,分析彩色FA图和脑白质纤维束示踪图。结果通过比较缺血灶与正常对照侧ADC值和FA值,两者的差别有统计学意义,且病灶侧明显减低。脑白质纤维束示踪图显示病灶白质束表现为缺失、断离、稀疏,邻近白质纤维束受压。结论DTI不仅可以准确评价急性期脑缺血的灰质、白质内水分子扩散各向异性改变的特点,并且脑白质纤维束示踪图可以清楚地显示出病灶远端神经束走向改变及其完整性。本实验通过研究兔急性脑缺血模型的DTI特点,为脑缺血性疾病的研究提供了可靠的动物模型和实验理论依据。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.