利用免疫磁珠法分离环境及食品中产生TDH副溶血性弧菌的研究

采用免疫磁珠法分别从 1份海水、 1份海泥和 3份蛤肉中检出了神奈川现象阳性 ,并产生耐热直接溶血毒素 (TDH )的副溶血性弧菌 ,血清型为O3 :K6。该方法与一般的细菌培养分离法相比 ,极大地提高了环境样品及食品中病原性副溶血性弧菌的检出率 ,也为研究TDH阳性副溶血性弧菌在环境中的分布及预防由其引起的食物中毒提供了依据     

副溶血性弧菌及其引起的食物中毒检验研究进展

在沿海地区 ,副溶血性弧菌是引起食物中毒的重要病原菌。近年来 ,由副溶血性弧菌与其它细菌混合感染引起食物中毒屡见报道 ,主要是生食或加热不彻底的熟食。 1995年以前检出频率最高的副溶血性弧菌血清型为O4 :K8,1996年以后由产生耐热的直接溶血毒素 (TDH)的O3:K6取而代之。用于副溶血性弧菌的快速检验法有噬菌体裂解法、PCR法、PFGE法。采用免疫磁株法可有效地收集、浓缩神奈川现象阳性的副溶血性弧菌 ,可显著提高环境样品及食品中病原性副溶血性弧菌的检出率     

一起两种血清型副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的毒力基因及分子分型研究

目的:对一起两种血清型副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒病原菌进行毒力基因及分子分型研究。方法:参照WS271-2007等标准对10名病人的肛拭进行致病菌的检测,对分离的副溶血性弧菌进行血清学试验;运用荧光定量PCR检测分离菌株的毒力基因,并用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型。结果:10份样本均检出O4:K8血清型副溶血性弧菌,其中5份样本同时检出O3:K6血清型副溶血性弧菌。两种血清型的副溶血性弧菌毒力基因检测均为tdh阳性、trh阴性。PFGE分型显示,同一血清型的菌株为高度相似克隆,相似度在92.9%～100%之间,同一样本不同血清型的菌株为不同克隆。结论:这是一起由O4:K8和O3:K6两种血清型副溶血性弧菌混合感染引起的食物中毒。     

1起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的菌型鉴定及同源性分析

目的对1起副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒进行菌型鉴定及同源性分析,为食物中毒疫情处置提供参考。方法采集病例和食物、外环境标本进行菌株型别的分离鉴定,并对菌株同源性进行分析。结果共采集标本17份,其中3份外环境标本和5份病例标本检出副溶血性弧菌,病例菌株血清型均为O3:K6,环境菌株血清型为O4:KUT和O1:KUT。所有菌株trh基因阴性,病例菌株tdh阳性,环境菌株tdh阴性。脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)指纹图谱显示所有病例菌株具有相同的PFGE图谱,与环境菌株的PFGE图谱的相似性为64.1%。结论该起食源性疾病暴发疫情是由O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒事件。     

一起O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒实验室分析

目的:通过流行病学调查和实验室检测结果分析食物中毒原因。方法:参照GB/T4789-2004方法[1]对病人粪便或肛拭、剩余食物、食物加工环节涂抹物进行病原菌检测,对检出的副溶血性弧菌作血清分型及神奈川溶血试验。结果:19份病人标本中检出14株副溶血性弧菌,并从海虾和加工环节涂抹物中各检出1株副溶血性弧菌,血清型均为O3:K6型,神奈川溶血阳性(KP)。结论:本次食物中毒是由具较强毒力的O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌污染引起的。     

海水产品副溶血性弧菌污染定量检测分析

目的:为了掌握副溶血性弧菌在海水产品中污染情况,以不同季节,定量检测副溶血性弧菌在海水产品中污染程度的动态变化,提出有效的控制措施,减少食物中毒的发生。方法:根据不同季节,从不同的农贸市场采取鱼类、虾类标本;采用MPN法进行副溶血性弧菌定量检测;并完成分离菌株血清型和毒力基因的检测。结果:副溶血性弧菌在海水产品中的污染有明显的季节性,并且与我省的细菌性食物中毒的发生季节基本一致;副溶血性弧菌的血清型分布以O4/O5/O1/O11血清型为主;海产品分离株,其携带TDH基因明显低于食物中毒标本中分离株。结论:通过检测分析,得出副溶菌在鱼虾等海产品中的污染具有明显的季节性,虾和鱼的污染密度也有差别(2χ=12.40;P<0.05)。而且检测的两类海产品中,高污染量的副溶菌对食品安全存在高风险。加强对TDH阳性副溶菌的检测,是控制副溶菌食物中毒发生的重要方面。     

301份海水产品副溶血性弧菌定量检测分析

目的：了解副溶血性弧菌在浙江省部分海水产品中的污染情况。方法：按3个季节，分别从不同的农贸市场采取鱼、虾、贝类标本，采用MPN法定量检测副溶血性弧菌，参照GB／T4789．7方法分离、鉴定副溶血性弧菌，采用血清凝集试验对菌株进行血清型分析。结果：301份海水产品共检出副溶血性弧菌133份，阳性率为44．19％，其中副溶血性弧菌检出率虾类和贝类样品显著高于鱼类样品（P〈0．01），副溶血性弧菌平均浓度虾类样品显著高于其它两类样品（P〈0．01）；夏季采集的海水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率显著高于其它季节（P〈0．01）；分离的副溶血性弧菌血清型主要为05、01和04，占分离菌株的62％。结论：我省零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染十分严重，夏季尤其突出，因此我省应重点防止由海产品引起的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒或食源性疾病。     

深圳市龙岗区副溶血性弧菌检出情况及血清型分析

目的了解深圳市龙岗区水产品、外环境水体及食物中毒样品中副溶血性弧菌的污染状况、血清型分布及携带耐热直接溶血素(tdh)毒力基因情况。方法于2009年6—10月间采集深圳市龙岗区水产品、外环境水体及期间发生的5起食物中毒病人粪便样品共548份,通过实时荧光PCR法对副溶血性弧菌初筛后进行常规分离培养,并对分离株进行血清学分型及携带tdh产毒基因情况进行分析。结果 548份样品分离到223株副溶血性弧菌,其中42份食物中毒样品中分离到35株且均携有tdh产毒基因,21株血清型为O3∶K6,其余14株为O4∶K8。506份水产品和外环境水体中分离到副溶血性弧菌188株,其血清群呈多样化,最主要的为O2(25.0%),其次为O3(10.1%)、O1(6.4%)、O10(6.4%)。结论在深圳市龙岗区引起食物中毒的主要病原体是带有tdh基因的O3∶K6或O4∶K8血清型的副溶血性弧菌。该区水产品和外环境水体中副溶血性弧菌的带菌率较高且血清型呈现多样性,并与食物中毒分离株血清型存在差异。     

PFGE法分析多血清型副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒

目的:对从食物中毒样品中分离到的7株副溶血性弧菌作常规鉴定及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)同源性分析,以明确致病因子。方法:按GB/T4789.7-2008进行副溶血性弧菌分离、生化鉴定、神奈川试验、血清分型;Pulse-Net PFGE分子分型标准实验室操作方法作同源性分析。结果:7株副溶血性弧菌分成三个血清型,即O3∶K6型5株,O4∶K8型和O1∶K56型各1株,分别属于三种不同的PFGE条带型,其中6株菌神奈川试验阳性。结论:这次食物中毒可能为以O3∶K6型为主的不同克隆群副溶血性弧菌混合感染所致。     

一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的实验室研究

[目的]确认2008年10月南昌市一起食物中毒的病原体. [方法]根据现场流行病学调查提示,从采集样品中选取6份可疑食品、4份病人肛拭子、1份粪便和1份呕吐物,运用荧光PCR技术进行检测;同时按GB/T4798.7-2003对所有采集样品进行病原菌分离培养;采用普通PCR技术对所分离的可疑菌株进行耐热溶血素(TDH)和不耐热溶血素(TLH)毒力基因检测. [结果]荧光PCR结果显示:1份食品和4份病人肛拭子中存在副溶血性弧菌;病原菌分离培养及生化反应显示:4份食品、4份病人肛拭子、1份粪便中分离到副溶血性弧菌,其中1份食品和4份病人肛拭子、1份粪便分离到的菌株,神奈川溶血试验阳性;95份相关从业人员肛拭子未发现副溶血性弧菌;普通PCR检测发现:1份食品和4份病人肛拭子、1份粪便TDH阳性,4份食品和4份病人肛拭子、1份粪便TLH阳性.[结论]本次食物中毒是由带有耐热直接溶血素(TDH)毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌引起的.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.