恶性梗阻性黄疸的ERC写CT对照分析

本文对比分析了８２例恶性梗阻性黄疸（包括胆管癌４５例，转移性癌２６例，胰头癌６例及壶腹周围癌５例）的ＥＲＣＰ与ＣＴ表现，主要发现：恶怀胆管梗阻部位多位于肝外胆管近侧段；肝外胆管近侧段梗阻所致的肝内胆管重度扩张的发生率，远多于远侧段阻塞，在反映肝内胆管扩张程度、扩张范围方面ＣＴ优于ＥＲＣＰ，而显示病灶肿块直接征象方面ＥＲＣＰ优于ＣＴ。     

肝外胆管梗阻病变CT诊断的评价

目的：通过分析良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变的ＣＴ表现，总结出有鉴别诊断意义的征象。材料与方法：复查分析经手术和病理证实、术前均做了ＣＴ检查的肝外胆管梗阻病变１１７例，良性３８例，恶性７９例。结果：肝外胆管远段梗阻，梗阻部胆管呈漏斗样改变，肝外胆管壁呈环形弥漫型增厚，肝内胆管呈竹节状或小囊状轻、中度扩张，梗阻部肿块内钙化，边界清楚对良性病变诊断有重要意义；肝外胆管中、近段梗阻或肝外胆管未显影者，梗阻部胆管呈截断型或突然狭窄型并伴肿块，肝外胆管壁呈环形局限型增厚，肝内胆管呈藤状或蟹足状中度或重度扩张，梗阻部肿块边界不清，其内可见坏死等征象，高度提示恶性病变。结论：良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有其特征性的ＣＴ征象，注意观察胆管的形态改变，以及与周围组织结构关系，并紧密结合临床综合分析，有助于提高诊断准确性。     

继发于肝细胞癌的胆管梗阻影像表现

本文分析１７例继发于肝细胞癌的胆管梗阻ＥＲＣＰ表现，并与ＵＳ和ＣＴ对照。ＥＲＣＰ特点：（１）胆管不规则受压伸展移位和偏心性狭窄；（２）胆管腔内膨胀性充盈缺损；（３）胆管呈跳跃式狭窄。而ＣＴ和ＵＳ表现缺乏特征性。     

肝外胆管梗阻的磁共振胆胰管造影诊断

目的 评价磁共振胆胰管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的临床诊断价值。方法 对５４例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病（肝外胆管结石３０例,恶性胆管梗阻２４例）进行ＭＲＣＰ检查,并与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。ＭＲＣＰ采用不屏气快速自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）序列重工Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描,结合呼吸触发及脂护抑制技术,原始图像以最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）法进行三维重建。结果 全部５４例ＭＲＣＰ检查均一次成功,５２例胆胰管显     

肝细胞癌胆管内生长的影像表现

目的：分析肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）胆管内生长（癌栓）的影像学表现。材料与方法：患者１４例，男１３例，女１例，年龄３１～６３岁。内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ）检查１４例，超声（ＵＳ）检查１３例，ＣＴ检查１１例，ＭＲＩ检查７例；影像检查时４例原ＨＣＣ已切除３～７个月，２例影像上未能检出肝内肿瘤，８例ＨＣＣ尚未切除。结果：ＥＲＣＰ上共同表现为腔内充盈缺损，但各有其特点，可呈卵圆形、“蚕蛹”形、“烧杯”形、“土豆”形、“高脚酒杯”形和偏心移位形充盈缺损；ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ上肝内原发肝癌和胆管内癌栓有相同的密度和信号；病理学检查证实为ＨＣＣ性癌栓。结论：显示胆管内癌栓的形态特点以ＥＲＣＰ检查最佳，综合应用各种影像检查方法，结合临床可作出正确的诊断     

恶性胆管梗阻的磁共振胰胆管造影与手术病理对照研究

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）诊断恶性胆管梗阻的价值。方法３２例临床怀疑梗阻性黄疸的病人进行了ＭＲＣＰ检查，并全部经手术病理证实。结果ＭＲＣＰ对恶性胆管梗阻部位诊断的准确率为９６．９％，而ＣＴ为８８．５％，超声为７６．０％。ＭＲＣＰ的定性诊断准确率为９６．９％。结论ＭＲＣＰ在恶性胆管梗阻的定位诊断上明显高于超声     

原发性硬化性胆管炎的诊断:磁共振胆道成像与内镜逆行性胆道造影的比较

目的　检验磁共振胆道成像作为诊断原发性硬化性胆管炎的可选择性方法的价值。病例和方法　20例原发性硬化性胆管炎行内镜逆行性胆道造影和磁共振胆道成像。评价肝内外胆道显示率和病理性改变。结果　胆管和肝管壁不规则(6/7),所有病例均存在胆道狭长或扩张,磁共振胆道成像(ＭＲＣＰ)显示肝外胆管多段狭长和扩张较好,而ＥＲＣＰ因受图像分辨率的限制,仅可显示胆管周围分支的中断。ＭＲＣＰ显示早期原发性硬化性胆管炎的胆道系统壁不规则改变亦较ＥＲＣＰ稍好。结论　原发性硬化性胆管炎早期诊断,ＭＲＣＰ可以作为ＥＲＣＰ的补充,而就晚期原…     

胆管梗阻介入治疗的体会

目的：探讨ＰＴＣＤ及金属内支架对胆管梗阻的治疗作用。材料和方法：利用ＣＴ片作为导向方式，结合透视，２１例胆管梗阻患者作经皮肝穿刺胆管放置外、内外引流（ＰＴＣＤ）。其中８例放置金属内支架，包括胰头癌２例、肝门原发性癌肿２例、左肝管癌１例、胆囊癌１例、肝门淋巴结转移性病变２例。结果：ＰＴＣＤ外、内外引流能使患者血清胆红素下降、临床症状得到控制和改善。在此基础上，胆管内放置金属内支架缓解梗阻效果更为显著     

肝门部胆管癌影像学诊断

本文对５６例经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌进行了影像学回顾性分析，直接法胆道造影（ＤＣ）表现征象可分为胆道梗阻、狭窄、息肉样变和右肝管狭窄伴左肝管梗阻。ＵＳ显示肝内胆管的扩张，肝门区低回声占位，胆管内低回声肿块，门静脉癌栓。ＣＴ可表现，肝内胆管扩张，肝门区软组织密度肿块，肝门区肿块有增强，胆囊变小或萎缩，左肝萎缩和右肝增大，作者认为：ＤＣ加上ＵＳ或ＣＴ是诊断肝门区胆管癌的首选方法。     

磁共振胆道造影在胆道梗阻定位和定性诊断中的价值

目的：通过ＭＲＩ胆道造影（ＭＲｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＭＲＣ）与ＣＴ、ＵＳ、经皮穿刺胆道造影术（ＰＴＣ）或内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ）及手术、病理的对照研究，评价ＭＲＣ显示胆道梗阻部位，确定梗阻原因的能力。材料与方法：３０例梗阻性黄疸的患者在ＧＥＳｉｇｎａ１．５Ｔ超导系统上进行了ＭＲＣ检查，并与ＰＴＣ或ＥＲＣＰ、ＣＴ、ＵＳ、手术及病理对照。结果：本组资料中，ＭＲＣ显示胆道梗阻的部位准确性达１００％，优于有损伤性的ＰＴＣ或ＥＲＣＰ。ＭＲＣ确定梗阻原因的准确性达７０％，类似于ＰＴＣ或ＥＲＣＰ、ＣＴ、ＵＳ。结论：初步研究结果表明，无损伤性的ＭＲ胆道造影在梗阻性黄疸的定位和定性上具有很高的敏感性、准确性，对于梗阻性黄疸，特别是行ＥＲＣＰ失败和不宜行ＰＴＣ或ＥＲＣＰ的病人是最有效的替代方法。     

肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现与误诊分析

目的：探讨肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现特点及误诊原因。方法：本组48例临床表现急性胆管炎的肝吸虫病例行螺旋CT检查,并对照逆行性胰胆管造影加内镜下奥狄括约肌切开术和胆总管探查术结果进行回顾性分析。结果：肝内胆管扩张48例,末梢胆管囊状扩张38例;肝外胆管扩张32例和胆总管壁增厚12例,胆总管内高密度影6例;胆囊增大20例,胆囊内団状软组织影2例。本组15例术前CT误诊,其中误诊为胆管结石8例,因胆总管壁增厚并有强化而误诊胆总管下端癌4例和壶腹癌1例,误诊为肝内周围型胆管癌2例。结论：在肝吸虫疫区,当CT表现为胆管炎征象并伴有肝包膜下小胆管囊状扩张时,需要考虑吸虫所致。     

胆管癌的CT诊断

目的探讨胆管癌的CT诊断价值,分析CT误诊、漏诊的常见原因.方法收集23例经手术病理证实的胆管癌CT资料进行分析.结果周围型2例,肝门型10例,肝外胆管型7例,壶腹型4例.CT显示胆道肿块16例,梗阻部位18例呈截断型,5例呈突然狭窄型.肝内胆管21例呈中-重度扩张,扩张胆管17例呈树藤状,6例呈蟹足状,肝外胆管扩张11例,胆囊扩大7例,术前胆管癌误诊4例,漏诊1例.结论CT在胆管癌的诊断中有重要价值,但也存在一定的局限性.     

Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis. How specific is it?

Previous results from tests on a limited number of patients suggested that the combination of relatively normal hepatocyte clearance, prolonged parenchymal transit time, and eventual passage of radiotracer into the intestine or gallbladder without evidence of biliary tract dilatation were relatively specific for intrahepatic cholestasis. We reevaluated the specificity of cholescintigraphy for the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis in an unselected group of patients from a general hospital. Sixteen patients had the cholescintigraphic findings of intrahepatic cholestasis and an established diagnosis of biliary tract dilatation or nondilatation by ultrasound, ERCP, or intraoperative cholangiography. Using 6 mm as the upper limits of normal for the diameter of the common hepatic duct by ultrasonography resulted in a specificity of 63% (10 correct out of 16); using 6 mm plus 1 mm for for every decade over 60 years of age gave a specificity of 75% (12 correct out of 16); and using the more liberal criterion of 8 mm as the upper limits of normal increased the specificity to 81% (13 out of 16). The data suggest that cholescintigraphy alone is unreliable in differentiating intrahepatic cholestasis from extrahepatic obstruction, even when the obstruction is partial and radiotracer eventually passes through the extrahepatic biliary tract.     

The effect of time and cholecystectomy on experimental biliary tree dilatation. A multi-imaging evaluation

The changes of the biliary tree following distal bile duct obstruction and its release were confirmed by biliary scintigraphy and monitored by serial ultrasonography, computed tomography, and values of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in 14 mongrel dogs. The degree and rate of biliary dilatation were independent of cholecystectomy. The most rapid rate of extrahepatic dilatation occurred within the first 48 hours, while dilated intrahepatic ducts were first recognized three to six days after obstruction. Following release of the obstruction, the degree and rate of resolution of the biliary dilatation were independent of the duration of ligation (one vs. two weeks) and cholecystectomy. The dilatation resolved slowly. Dilated intrahepatic ducts were recognized for as long as eight to 13 days, while extrahepatic biliary dilatation was still present for 13 weeks, at which time the experiment was terminated. It is postulated that the extrahepatic biliary dilatation will approach a plateau approximately one month after total biliary obstruction. It appears that if the obstruction lasts more than one week, it results in irreversible damage to the elasticity of the extrahepatic ducts. Thus, after release of the obstruction, serial biliary imaging is indicated until a new baseline of the biliary tree diameter has been established.     

肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法:收集23例经手术、病理证实的肝内外胆管癌,回顾性分析其螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现。结果:肝内胆管癌5例,CT平扫为边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有高密度钙化影,增强扫描随时间延长病灶由边缘向中央逐步强化,最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质,病灶周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。肝门胆管癌6例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄、充盈缺损、轻中度强化的肝门软组织肿块。中下段胆管癌12例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张、病变以上胆总管扩张、病变处胆总管狭窄、中断,梗阻近端胆管壁不均匀增厚、腔内见软组织结节影或周围软组织肿块。结论:肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据CT动态增强表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析CT薄层放大增强表现鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现及胆道内支架治疗

目的:评价ERCP在恶性胆道梗阻诊断及胆道内支架治疗的价值。方法:回顾性分析19例恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现和内支架植入情况。结果:19例恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现直接征象:胆管截断征9例、不规则偏心性或向心性狭窄9例、不规则充盈缺损1例。间接征象:梗阻近端胆总管中、重度扩张,肝内胆管扩张,呈软藤征;胆囊增大;胰管扩张等。19例共植入支架22个,一次操作成功率95.65%,低位梗阻减黄有效率达92.85%,高位梗阻减黄有效率达80.00%。结论:ERCP对于胆道梗阻定位、定性诊断有很大价值,胆道内支架引流术可以作为恶性胆道梗阻姑息性治疗的首选方法。     

胆道阻塞的CT诊断—与直接胆管造影的比较研究

本文对８２例手术病理证实的阻塞性黄疸作前瞻性ＣＴ诊断，并与直接胆道造影比较研究。发现胆管逐渐尖削，明显的肝外胆管壁环状增厚是良性阻塞可靠且特异的ＣＴ征象。肝内外胆管不一致扩张（内轻外重），扩张胆管腔内ＣＴ值大于２０ＨＵ对良性阻塞的判断有一定帮助。管突断伴或不伴肿块，胆管壁局根不规则增厚是恶性阻塞相对可靠且特异的ＣＴ征象。ＣＴ能清楚显示肝内胆管扩张及它们汇合处解部剖及变异。比较直接胆管造影，ＣＴ对肝     

超声对华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻的诊断价值

目的 探讨华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻的超声影像特点及其诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析43例华支睾吸虫感染患者的胆道梗阻声像图表现,并与胆总管病变引起的胆道梗阻作比较.结果 43例华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻患者均表现为肝内胆管轻至中度扩张,以次级胆管明显,胆管壁增厚,回声增强,胆囊肿大,胆总管轻度扩张,扩张程度与肝内胆管不成正比.胆总管病变引起的胆道梗阻其肝内胆管扩张程度与胆总管成正比.结论 华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻超声表现具有特征性,超声可作为该病的有效诊断方法.     

Computed tomography of primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy

Fifteen patients with primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy (cholangiocarcinoma in 13, biliary cystadenocarcinoma in two) were examined by computed tomography (CT). The CT features were classified into three types: (A) a well-defined round cystic mass with internal papillary projections, (B) a localized intrahepatic biliary dilatation without a definite mass lesion, and (C) miscellaneous low-density masses. Intrahepatic biliary dilatation was noted in all cases of Types A and B and half of those of Type C; dilatation of extrahepatic bile ducts occurred in 4/4, 1/3, and 0/8, respectively. CT patterns, such as a well-defined round cystic mass with papillary projections or dilatation of intra- and extrahepatic ducts, give important clues leading to a correct diagnosis of primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy.