青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者髁突在关节窝内间隙变化与骨质破坏位置的相关性

背景：国内外对于青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者的相关研究甚少,以往采用传统X射线平片检查方法,近年来通过口腔锥形束CT手段获取图像资料分析优势显著,不仅可以了解髁突影像学变化特征,而且可为青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者在临床诊断及治疗中提供参考。目的：对青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者进行锥形束CT测量分析,评价在影像学成像方面的异常形态及影响因素。方法：选择80例颞下颌关节骨关节病的青少年（试验组）和80例无症状青少年（对照组）,均于牙尖交错位进行锥形束CT扫描,使用Invivo 5.2软件对两组患者进行颞下颌关节三维重建影像测量研究：（1）矢状位测量：包括颞下颌关节上间隙、前间隙、后间隙;（2）轴位测量：包括颞下颌关节髁突前后径、内外径;（3）三维立体成像：下颌升支的高度;（4）试验组颞下颌关节骨关节病各病理改变类型的百分比。结果与结论（1）据统计试验组中男27例,女53例,男、女比例约为1∶2;（2）组内比较：试验组双侧颞下颌关节关节上间隙、后间隙差异有显著性意义（P <0.05）;对照组双侧颞下颌关节的关节测量值相比差异均无显著性意义（P> 0.05）;（3）组间比较：试验...     

止鼾器矢向/垂直向比例对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者髁状突应力影响

目的：构建颞下颌关节三维有限元模型，探究下颌骨矢向/垂直向不同比例对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者髁状突应力的影响，寻找适合患者的下颌前伸止鼾器矢向/垂直向比例。方法：通过构建OSAHS患者颌面部系统的三维有限元模型，模拟下颌骨不同的前伸量和垂直量，分析髁突的应力分布情况。结果：患者的下颌骨左侧髁突在下颌前伸最大量的64%(7.68 mm)，开口垂向距离为7 mm时所受最大主应力最小；右侧髁突在下颌前伸最大量的66%(7.92 mm)，开口垂向距离为6 mm时所受最大主应力最小。结论：通过对两侧髁突的仿真分析，考虑到左右髁突受力均衡，建议该患者在佩戴下颌前伸止鼾器时下颌矢向位移为最大前伸量的66%，开口垂直距离为6 mm。     

上颌扩弓对颞下颌关节应力影响的有限元分析

目的 通过三维有限元法对比扩弓前和放置扩弓器时颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint, TMJ)内部各组织应力分布情况。方法 根据1名上颌牙弓狭窄患者CBCT影像资料,构建扩弓前和包含扩弓器的TMJ三维有限元模型,对模型加载相同的肌力和边界约束,观察TMJ髁突、关节盘、关节窝的等效应力、最大主应力和最小主应力。结果 扩弓前TMJ等效应力主要分布在下颌支前缘、髁突前斜面、关节盘中间带和后带以及关节窝顶部。放置扩弓器时,TMJ应力分布特征与扩弓前基本一致,应力虽然明显增加,但应力分布区域更加均匀;髁突和关节盘应力向前、向外侧移动,髁突后斜面表现出更加均匀的最大主应力分布范围。结论 上颌扩弓器产生的矫形力能够使TMJ应力增加,诱导髁突发生组织改建,协调髁突和关节盘的关系。临床上对于牙弓狭窄的患者应该采用合适的手段进行扩弓矫治。     

下颌骨角部受力时应力分布的三维有限元分析

背景：关于下颌骨撞击后,下颌骨不同部位的骨折危险性的相关研究比较薄弱。 目的：应用有限元方法分析下颌骨角部受瞬间外力作用下应力分布的情况和特点。 方法：采用薄层CT扫描技术、医学影像三维重建软件Amira联合Unigraphics NX造型软件建立下颌骨三维模型。在Ansys软件中,于左侧下颌角区分别施以与矢状面垂直,平行的两个不同方向的1 000 N压力,获取受力后下颌骨应力分布状况和薄弱区域受力大小。 结果与结论：建立了下颌骨有限元模型,当左侧下颌角受到水平向右垂直于矢状面的外力时,左右两侧的下颌角及髁状突颈部极易造成骨折,正中联合区域内侧面,左侧颏孔区可能会出现骨裂,而右侧颏孔区仅会造成轻微损伤。当左侧下颌角下缘受到垂直向上平行于矢状面的外力时,左右两侧的下颌角及髁状突颈部极易造成骨折,正中联合区域内侧面和左侧颏孔区可能会出现骨裂,而右侧颏孔区仅会轻微损伤。提示当下颌骨角部受到瞬间外力时,应力主要集中在下颌骨的薄弱区域,应力较大部位与骨折易发部位密切相关。且在薄弱区域中,两侧下颌角及髁状突颈部的损害最为严重。     

广东地区人群颞下颌关节解剖参数的三维分析

目的 对广东地区不同人群的下颌骨及髁突解剖参数进行三维分析。 方法 选取就诊于南方医科大学口腔医院的患者265名,利用CBCT分别测量男性和女性的髁突长度、髁突高度、下颌升支高度、下颌体高度以及下颌神经进入下颌升支的位置。 结果 所有患者髁突的平均长度（内极-外极）二维测量为19.2 mm、三维测量为20.3 mm,男性比女性长3.6 mm,两者之间无统计学差异。下颌骨高度、髁突高度和下颌升支高度分别为59.6 mm,22.8 mm和38.3 mm,其中下颌骨高度男性比女性长6.4 mm,两性之间有统计学差异。下颌升支的宽度、下颌小舌到升支前缘的距离和下颌小舌到升支后缘的距离分别为：29.4 mm,14.8 mm及14.6 mm,男女之间均无统计学差异。 结论 CBCT测量颞下颌关节有着更显著的准确性,本实验结果丰富了中国人群下颌骨解剖数据,有助于开发适合广东地区的人工颞下颌关节。 【关键词】 下颌骨; 髁突; CBCT; 人工颞下颌关节     

建立包含颞下颌关节下颌骨双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后的有限元模型

背景：双侧升支矢状劈开截骨已经成为矫正面部畸形的常规方法,运用有限元方法研究双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后颞下颌关节及下颌骨的生物力学是一种重要途径。 目的：建立精确、高仿真的双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后包含颞下颌关节的下颌骨模型,为研究双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后下颌骨及颞下颌关节生物力学提供基础。 方法：螺旋CT扫描后得到DICOM格式数据导入MIMICS软件建立下颌骨三维模型。将三维模型包裹成单一的封闭壳,在ANSYS中进行网格划分及转换,再将模型写入ANSYS软件进行颞下颌关节相应部分的重建并模拟双侧下颌支矢状劈开及术后固定。 结果与结论：运用MIMICS及ANSYS软件建立双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后的带有颞下颌关节及下颌骨的三维有限元模型。此模型和人体组织相比,具有生物相似性及几何相似性。双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后的模型,可以通过前移、后移、旋转移动远心端,再行各种方式的内固定。所建立的三维有限元模型可以根据实验目的不同,对各个部位施加载荷,用来研究双侧下颌支矢状劈开内固定后不同组织应力及位移的改变,也可以研究不同固定材料对固定后稳定性的影响。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

锥形束CT研究正畸治疗前后的单侧后牙正锁的髁突变化

目的应用锥形束CT(CBCT)研究分析单侧后牙正锁患者的双侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内位置的差异,以及正锁解除后,患者髁突形态及位置的代偿性改建情况,以期为正畸临床诊疗提供早期依据。方法选择单侧后牙正锁18~28岁患者20例为实验组,同期选择安氏Ⅰ类轻度拥挤错颌18~30岁患者25例为对照组,进行面部锥形束CT拍摄,利用3D Examvision成像系统软件进行三维重建,描记测量髁突形态及位置的点和线,对7个不同的测量值进行统计学分析。结果正畸治疗前,对照组左右两侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内的位置差异无统计学意义(P0.05),实验组正锁侧关节窝深度及髁突高度高于非锁侧,差异具有统计学意义(t=13.271,t=15.278,P0.01)。正畸治疗正锁并稳定保持3个月后,实验组正锁侧关节前间隙、关节后间隙变化与治疗前相比差异具有统计学意义(t=5.524,t=-5.119,P0.01),关节前间隙治疗前大于治疗后;关节后间隙治疗前小于治疗后。实验组非锁侧治疗前后髁突形态及其位置变化的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单侧后牙正锁患者双侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内的位置存在差异,矫治正锁并稳定保持3个月后,锁侧关节有向前下移动的趋势,而髁突形态并无明显变化。     

髁突骨折术中颞下颌关节盘复位有限元模型的建立与初步分析

目的：建立正常的颞下颌关节有限元模型和髁突骨折切复内固定手术模型,为颞下颌关节系统的生物力学研究提供数字平台。方法获取正常颞下颌关节CT和MRI扫描图像数据,使用Mimics、Geomagic、ANSYS等软件建立颞下颌关节三维有限元模型和髁突骨折外科手术模型并进行初步的生物力学分析,以验证模型的有效性。结果建立了颞下颌关节系统的三维有限元模型和髁突骨折外科模型具有良好的生物形态。结论根据CT、MRI影像和解剖参数,利用医学影像三维建模软件Mimics以及逆向工程软件Geomagic Stadio可以精确、可行地构建颞下颌关节系统的表面网格模型,并在有限元分析软件Ansys中构建颞下颌关节系统的三维有限元模型。该模型还原了TMJ的生物力学环境。     

正畸减数患者后牙前移对颞下颌关节应力影响的三维有限元分析

背景：颞下颌关节紊乱病与颞下颌关节内有高应力密切相关。减数拔牙后伴随着磨牙位置的改变,建立新的咬合关系往往会导致颞下颌关节内应力环境发生改变。目的：在牙尖交错位时,利用三维有限元模型分析正畸减数拔牙后不同程度磨牙前移下颞下颌关节的应力分布。方法：选择在山东青岛市市立医院口腔正畸科就诊的正常牙合患者1例,收集其锥形束CT和MRI数据,分别建立减数前、减数后上下磨牙前移1/3拔牙间隙(拔除4颗第二前磨牙)及减数后上下磨牙前移2/3拔牙间隙(拔除4颗第二前磨牙)的有限元模型,通过建模软件分析牙尖交错位时颞下颌关节各部位的应力分布。结果与结论：(1)减数前后模型中髁突、关节盘、骨关节窝的受力分布基本一致,髁突的应力主要分布于髁突的前部及顶部,关节盘的应力主要分布于关节盘的中带及外侧,颞骨关节窝的应力主要集中分布在关节窝的前部及顶部。与减数前相比,减数后模型中髁突、关节盘及关节窝的等效应力值减小;正畸减数拔牙后,上下磨牙前移1/3拔牙间隙模型中髁突及关节盘的等效应力值小于上下磨牙前移2/3拔牙间隙模型。(2)从生物力学角度上讲,正畸减数拔牙可以降低颞下颌关节的应力,进而提供良好的生物力学环境。     

锥形束CT研究正畸治疗前后的单侧后牙正锁合的髁突变化

目的 应用锥形束CT(CBCT)研究分析单侧后牙正锁合患者的双侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内位置的差异,以及正锁合解除后,患者髁突形态及位置的代偿性改建情况,以期为正畸临床诊疗提供早期依据。方法 选择单侧后牙正锁合18～28岁患者20例为实验组,同期选择安氏Ⅰ类轻度拥挤错颌18~30岁患者25例为对照组,进行面部锥形束CT拍摄,利用3D Examvision成像系统软件进行三维重建,描记测量髁突形态及位置的点和线,对7个不同的测量值进行统计学分析。结果 正畸治疗前,对照组左右两侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内的位置差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,实验组正锁合侧关节窝深度及髁突高度高于非锁合侧,差异具有统计学意义（t=13.271,t=15.278, P＜0.01）。正畸治疗正锁合并稳定保持3个月后,实验组正锁合侧关节前间隙、关节后间隙变化与治疗前相比差异具有统计学意义（t=5.524,t=-5.119,P＜0.01）,关节前间隙治疗前大于治疗后; 关节后间隙治疗前小于治疗后。实验组非锁合侧治疗前后髁突形态及其位置变化的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 单侧后牙正锁合患者双侧髁突形态及其在关节窝内的位置存在差异,矫治正锁合并稳定保持3个月后,锁合侧关节有向前下移动的趋势,而髁突形态并无明显变化。     

Temporomandibular joint model: anatomic and radiologic comparison between rat and human

Purpose

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex anatomic structure with various pathologies as fractures, ankylosis or degenerative diseases. Few animal models already exist and the current study aims at demonstrating that rats’ TMJ could be considered as a model, using anatomic dissection and radiology.

Methods

Five adult Wistar rats were dissected to explore the soft and bone anatomy of the TMJ. Five more adult Wistar rats underwent a CT scan to measure size and angles of the condyle.

Results

The angles between the condyle and the mandible corpus were observed to be different both in the sagittal plane (150° vs. 125° in human) and the transversal plane (140° vs. 180°). The condyle axis is sagittal and drop-shaped and there is no anterior eminence in rats’ temporal fossa. However, the other anatomic structures proved to be quite similar.

Conclusions

The temporomandibular joints in human and rat are close and only few anatomic differences have been reported. Rats thus appear as an interesting and cheap alternative to model TMJ.     

Distal end locus of the load axis of femora for two different periods in Japan

The loci of the load axis at the femoral distal end were compared for specimens of Neolithic Jomon and modern periods, in which mean oblique length of the femur has been shown to differ significantly. In the present study, mean oblique length of the Neolithic Jomon exceeded that for the modern Japanese. However, mean distal end locus in either period was near the median of the lateral condyle within the bi-epicondylar width for both males and females. Differences in other morphological features of the femur were noted at the site of the condylo-diaphyseal angle. Mean condylo-diaphyseal angle for the modern Japanese was greater than for the Neolithic Jomon. For the same period specimens, mean oblique length of males was significantly longer than in females but mean condylo-diaphyseal angles and distal end loci were essentially the same. Distal end locus of the load axis within the width of the lateral condyle may be determined by the condylo-diaphyseal angle, regardless of oblique length.     

Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the clinical diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) abnormalities cannot be reliably assessed by a clinical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may depict joint abnormalities not seen with any other imaging method and thus is the best method to make a diagnostic assessment of the TMJ status. In patients with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) referred for diagnostic imaging the predominant TMJ finding is internal derangement related to disc displacement. This finding is significantly more frequent than in asymptomatic volunteers, and occurs in up to 80% of patients consecutively referred for TMJ imaging. Moreover, certain types of disc displacement seem to occur almost exclusively in TMD patients, namely complete disc displacements that do not reduce on mouth opening. Other intra-articular abnormalities may additionally be associated with the disc displacement, predominantly joint effusion (which means more fluid than seen in any asymptomatic volunteer) and mandibular condyle marrow abnormalities (which are not seen in volunteers). These conditions seem to be closely related. Nearly 15% of TMD patients consecutively referred for TMJ MRI will have joint effusion, of whom about 30% will show bone marrow abnormalities. In a surgically selected material of joints with histologically documented bone marrow abnormalities nearly 40% showed joint effusion. Disc displacement is mostly bilateral, but joint effusion seems to be unilateral or with a lesser amount of fluid in the contralateral joint. Abnormal bone marrow is also mostly unilateral. Many patients have unilateral pain or more pain on one side. In a regression analysis the self-reported in-patient TMJ pain side difference was positively dependent on TMJ effusion and condyle marrow abnormalities, but negatively dependent on cortical bone abnormalities. Of the joints with effusion only one fourth showed osteoarthritis. Thus, there seems to be a subgroup of TMD patients showing more severe intra-articular pathology than disc displacement alone, and mostly without osteoarthritis. It should, however, be emphasized that patients with TMJ effusion and/or abnormal bone marrow in the mandibular condyle seem to constitute only a minor portion (less than one fourth) of consecutive TMD patients referred for diagnostic TMJ imaging. The majority of patients have internal derangement related to disc displacement, but without accompanying joint abnormalities. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides TMJ involvement may mimick the more common TMDs. Using MRI it is possible, in most cases, to distinguish these patients from those without synovial proliferation.     

Response properties of trigeminal ganglion mechanosensitive neurons innervating the temporomandibular joint of the rabbit

The primary mechanosensitive neurons innervating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ neurons) may play an important role in controlling mandibular movement and position. The purpose of the study was to investigate the neurophysiological properties of TMJ neurons during passive movement of the isolated condyle in 55 rabbits and the intact condyle in 29 rabbits. Discharges of TMJ neurons from the trigeminal ganglion were recorded with a microelectrode as the isolated condyle was moved manually and by a computer-regulated mechanostimulator and as the intact condyle was manually stimulated. A total of 237 TMJ neurons were recorded rostrocaudally from the mandibular nerve area lateral to the maxillary region in the dorsal half of the trigeminal ganglion. Of the recorded TMJ units, 97% were slowly adapting (SA) and 67% of the SA units had an accompanying ongoing discharge. The proportion of adaptation types and appearance of ongoing discharges for the isolated condyle did not differ significantly from those for the intact condyle. Most of the TMJ units (89%) responded multidirectionally to the rostral and ventral movements of the isolated condyle. The discharge frequencies of the TMJ units increased as the condylar displacement and velocity increased within a 5-mm anterior displacement of the isolated condyle. Displacement of the isolated condyle influenced the discharge frequency of the units to a greater extent than the velocity of the condyle movement. No responses of TMJ units were observed during the descending ramp. Based on these results, we conclude that sensory information is transmitted by TMJ neurons encoding joint position, displacement and velocity in a physiological range of mandibular displacement.     

锥束CT测量安氏Ⅰ类错牙合人群下颌髁突的体积和表面积

背景：髁突是下颌骨的生长中心,髁突的体积大小对下颌骨的形态有着密切的关系,同时各种关节疾病都会导致髁突形态的变化。 目的：通过锥束CT测量年轻安氏Ⅰ类错牙合人群髁突体积和表面积,为中国人髁突体积和表面积提供正常参考值。 方法：从重庆医科大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊患者中选取年龄在18~28岁之间的年轻安氏Ⅰ类错牙合患者70例,男34例,女36例。所取患者脸型左右对称,“↓”开口型,开口度正常,无关节弹响,疼痛等症状。所有患者接受锥束CT检查,通过Mimics 10.0对CT片髁突进行三维重建,计算髁突的体积,表面积以及形态指数(体积和表面积之比)。 结果与结论：男性髁突体积和表面积均显著大于女性(P < 0.01)。左右髁突体积和表面积差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。左右两侧髁突形态指数和男女髁突形态学指数差异无显著性意义。结果提示脸型对称,无关节症状的安氏Ⅰ类错牙合人群左右髁突基本对称。     

Temporomandibular Joint: Disorders,Treatments, and Biomechanics

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, sensitive, and highly mobile joint. Millions of people suffer from temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in USA alone. The TMD treatment options need to be looked at more fully to assess possible improvement of the available options and introduction of novel techniques. As reconstruction with either partial or total joint prosthesis is the potential treatment option in certain TMD conditions, it is essential to study outcomes of the FDA approved TMJ implants in a controlled comparative manner. Evaluating the kinetics and kinematics of the TMJ enables the understanding of structure and function of normal and diseased TMJ to predict changes due to alterations, and to propose more efficient methods of treatment. Although many researchers have conducted biomechanical analysis of the TMJ, many of the methods have certain limitations. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis is necessary for better understanding of different movements and resulting forces and stresses in the joint components. This article provides the results of a state-of-the-art investigation of the TMJ anatomy, TMD, treatment options, a review of the FDA approved TMJ prosthetic devices, and the TMJ biomechanics.     

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis: Is hypercoagulable state of blood a predisposing factor?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a significant problem in Asian countries and the most common etiology is trauma to the mandibular condyle. Other less common etiologies are infection, forceps delivery trauma and rheumatoid arthritis. Many hypotheses are given to explain the pathogenesis. All the proposed hypotheses revolve around trauma to the joint and subsequent healing causing ankylosis. This is however true for only few patients, most of the others do not progress to ankylosis after trauma to TMJ irrespective of seeking treatment or not. In this paper, we try to answer the question that why only a minor subset of condylar injuries progress to ankylosis and why others do not? The hypothesis follows a report of 4 cases that had bilateral TMJ ankylosis with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) secondary to protein C deficiency. It is postulated that hypercoagulability/reduced fibrinolytic activity in these as well as non-EHPVO patients with TMJ ankylosis cases may have predisposed them to the development of joint ankylosis. The possible mechanism is explained and correlated with other causes of TMJ ankylosis and known facts of protein C deficiency/activated protein C resistance.     

Functional states of mandibular movements and synovial pumps of the temporomandibular joint. Is it possible to provide a biomechanically correct replacement for the TMJ?

Due to its complexity, there is currently an incomplete understanding of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function, especially in relation to the morphological interplay of the condyle and the disc as well as the disc, the Os temporale and the lateral pterygoid muscle. This also holds true for synovial flow and synovial pumps, the existence of which we postulate and for which we present a theory of their mechanism. In view of the complexity of mandibular movements and the morphology and function of the TMJ, we need to know how precisely a reconstruction of the TMJ, if necessary, must be adapted to nature. An analysis of the morphology of the functional states of the mandible, as well as the synovial pump system, should at least provide a basis for moulding reconstructions.     

Elekta Infinity直线加速器治疗床对放疗剂量的影响

目的:研究Elekta Infinity直线加速器治疗床在常用X射线能量下对放疗剂量的影响。方法:将圆柱体模体分别置于碳纤维主治疗床、延长板以及治疗床与延长板衔接处正中,旋转机架,分别让6和10 MV高能X射线穿过治疗床,利用指形电离室测量固体水中间的绝对剂量,得出不同角度下的剂量分布,并计算治疗床对X射线的衰减因子。结果:治疗床与延长板衔接处在120°和240°两个机架角处的剂量衰减因子在6和10 MV两种治疗模式下分别达到了36.02%和36.01%以及30.46%和30.63%,而当机架角为140°~220°时,衔接处与主治疗床的剂量衰减因子相近,在6与10 MV能量下的剂量衰减因子平均值及标准差分别为2.56%±0.49%和2.14%±0.39%以及2.55%±0.48%和1.95%±0.41%,机架角由180°增大或减小时两处的剂量衰减均呈上升趋势,二者均在120°和240°附近达到最大;6和10 MV两种能量下延长板在该角度区间的剂量衰减因子平均值及标准差分别为1.55%±0.24%和1.07%±0.25%,并在115°和245°附近达到最大值,剂量衰减因子分别为4.08%和3.97%以及3.20%和3.34%。结论:后斜野主体部分在主治疗床与衔接处对剂量的衰减低于3%,在延长板处对剂量的衰减小于2%,但在120°和240°附近以及115°和245°附近3处位置的剂量衰减会达到最大,需在计划系统中考虑床的影响;此外,主治疗床与延长板衔接处在120°和240°附近对剂量的衰减急剧增大,不适合作为治疗区域,在治疗病人时需注意避免将靶区移到该区域。