人Cyclin E原核表达载体的构建及表达

目的：构建人Cyclin E基因原核表达载体,并在E.coli BL21中表达并纯化。方法：PCR扩增人Cyclin E基因片段,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET32a（＋）中,构建重组质粒pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E。经限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ与XhoⅠ双酶切鉴定及序列测定后,转化E.coli BL21,经IPTG诱导表达组氨酸融合蛋白。结果：获得全长约为1200bp的人的Cyclin E基因片段。以构建的重组质粒pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E转化E.coli BL21后,经IPTG诱导,表达出相对分子质量（Mr）约60000的融合蛋白。经SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析显示,诱导表达的蛋白为Cyclin E。结论：成功地构建了表达载体pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E,并表达出重组蛋白His-Cyclin E,为进一步筛选在体内外能与Cyclin E和CDK2结合的新蛋白奠定了基础。     

可溶性DC-SIGN的表达、纯化及其生物学活性分析

目的　在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化DC SIGN融合蛋白并对该融合蛋白的抗原特异性和生物学活性进行分析。方法　以重组质粒pcDNA3 .1 DC SIGN为模板 ,进行PCR扩增出带KpnⅠ和SacⅠ酶切位点的人DC SIGN凝集素cDNA ,经相应酶切后插入原核表达载体pET 3 2a( ) ,转化大肠杆菌AD494(DE3 ) ,经IPTG诱导表达DC SIGN融合蛋白 ,用Ni2 NTA树脂对融合蛋白进行纯化 ,以Westernblot试验进行鉴定 ,通过HIV与DC SIGN的亲和实验研究融合蛋白的生物学活性。结果　酶切鉴定证实DC SIGN凝集素基因已插入原核表达载体pET 3 2a( )。重组表达质粒pET 3 2a( ) DL在大肠杆菌AD494(DE3 )中成功表达了DC SIGN融合蛋白 ,其相对分子质量 (Mr)约为 3 5× 10 3。Ni2 NTA树脂纯化后 ,融合蛋白的纯度可达 90 %以上。Westernblot试验显示DC SIGN融合蛋白与鼠抗人DC SIGN抗体有特异性免疫反应。结论　在大肠杆菌中表达DC SIGN融合蛋白 ,用亲和层析的方法对其进行初步纯化 ;HIV与DC SIGN的亲和实验表明 ,可溶性DC SIGN融合蛋白能抑制R5和X4HIV与DC SIGN受体结合     

人清道夫受体A胞外段的原核表达

目的获得具有生物学活性的人清道夫受体A（SRA）胞外段蛋白。方法从人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中提取RNA,逆转录为eDNA,采用PCR技术从PBMC．eDNA中扩增出目的基因片段,将其克隆至原核表达载体pET41a（＋）,经PCR、限制性酶切和测序确证后,以IPTG诱导其在大肠杆菌中的表达。包涵体经变性、复性后以Ni—NTA亲和层析柱纯化融合蛋白,以SDS-PAGE、Western blowing进行分析鉴定。FCM及EHSA方法检测SRA胞外段对ConA诱导PBMC细胞增殖及分泌细胞因子IL-2的影响。结果PCR扩增得到长约1100bp的目的基因片段,插入pET41a（＋）载体所获重组表达载体pET41a—SRAECD的酶切图谱和序列与预期的一致。重组子经诱导表达。表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在。以Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化获得约75000Mr的SRA胞外段融合蛋白。纯化的人SRAECD蛋白能与抗人SRA单克隆抗体特异性结合并具有活性,可抑制T细胞增殖及细胞因子IL-2的分泌。结论获得了具有生物学活性的人SRA胞外段蛋白．为进一步探索SRA的效应功能提供了实验材料。     

人IL-24基因的克隆、 表达、 纯化及体外诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究

目的:克隆人白细胞介素-24(IL-24)基因,在大肠杆菌中融合表达,纯化复性,研究此融合蛋白的抗肿瘤活性。方法:分离人外周血单个核细胞,ConA刺激培养,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR技术克隆人IL-24基因。将IL-24插入到pET32a( )中,构建重组表达载体IL-24/pET32a,IPTG诱导在E.coli表达。Edman法N端测序,将鉴定正确的蛋白亲合层析纯化。MTT比色法体外分析杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性。结果:获得人IL-24基因,序列分析与GenBank公布一致。表达载体用双酶切和PCR鉴定正确。重组工程菌经IPTG诱导后表达相对分子质量(Mr)约为35000的融合蛋白。N端测序正确,鉴定该蛋白以包涵体形式表达。包涵体经洗涤、溶解后,亲合纯化得到纯度大于95%的融合蛋白。复性后表达产物能显著诱导MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。结论:IL-24融合蛋白在原核细胞中高效表达,并获得高纯度、在体外明显诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的重组蛋白,为后续的研究提供实验基础。     

趋化因子MIP-3α的克隆与表达

目的 克隆人趋化因子MIP-3α基因，表达并初步纯化MIP-3α融合蛋白。方法从扁桃体中提取总RNA，再进行RT-PCR，扩增MIP-3a成熟蛋白基因，并在5’和3’分别添加NcoⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切位点，通过这两个酶切位点重组于pET32a( )载体上，转化E．coli．DH5α，筛选阳性克隆，酶切鉴定，DNA测序检测插入序列的正确性，缺失突变获得MIP-3α天然蛋白表达载体pET32a( )／MIP-3α，SDS-PAGE分析其表达，Westernblot验证融合蛋白。大量表达并初步纯化MIP-3α融合蛋白。结果 成功克隆了MIP-3α基因，表达并初步纯化得到MIP-3α融合蛋白。结论构建的MIP-3α硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体以可溶性蛋白的方式表达MIP-3α硫氧还蛋白。     

ctB和ureⅠ双基因融合表达及其免疫特性分析

目的：构建霍乱毒素B亚单位（CtB）和幽门螺杆菌尿素膜通道蛋白（UreⅠ）融合的原核表达质粒pET32a（＋）ctB/ure Ⅰ,并初步研究融合蛋白Ct B/Ure Ⅰ的表达特性和免疫特性.方法：PCR从pUC18 ctB中克隆ctB基因,定向在pET32a（＋）/ureⅠ的ureⅠ基因5＇端插入ctB基因,构建ctB和ure Ⅰ双基因原核表达质粒pET32a（＋）ctB/ure Ⅰ,转该质粒于E.coli BL-21（DE3）,经酶切和序列分析鉴定工程菌.IPTG诱导表达,HP-His亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE和Gel-Pro Analizer4分析,重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠.用Western blot和ELISA分析重组蛋白的免疫特性.结果：工程菌含完整的ctB和ure Ⅰ基因,与相对应基因的序列同源性分别为100%.在22℃,1 mmol/L IPTG诱导4 h后,重组蛋白的表达占菌体总蛋白12%,亲和层析纯化后蛋白纯度为94.3%.Western blot表明重组蛋白分别能与相应的抗体反应,该蛋白免疫小鼠后能产生相应的IgG抗体.结论：成功构建了能表达CtB/Ure Ⅰ蛋白的大肠杆菌表达菌株.对融合蛋白表达和纯化后,初步证明了该重组蛋白有CtB和Ure Ⅰ的双特异反应原性和免疫原性,为研究新型幽门螺杆菌疫苗奠定了坚实的基础.     

人IκBα基因原核表达质粒的构建及TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白的制备

目的利用基因重组技术构建人IκBα基因原核表达质粒,制备TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白,以便进一步研究IκBα的生物学功能和制备相应抗体. 方法以重组质粒pGEM-T-IκBα为模板,利用PCR方法扩增出带有BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切位点的人IκBα基因cDNA,经相应酶切后插入原核表达载体pET-32a(+).重组表达质粒pET32a(+)-IκBα转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白.Western blot试验鉴定表达蛋白.超声波破菌后采用Ni-NTA树脂对TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白进行纯化. 结果酶切鉴定证实人IκBα基因cDNA已插入原核表达载体pET-32a(+).重组表达质粒pET32a(+)-IκBα在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功地表达了TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白,其相对分子质量(Mr)约为56×103,表达量约占细菌总蛋白的25%.Western blot试验显示TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白与兔抗IκBα多克隆抗体呈特异性免疫反应.经Ni-NTA树脂纯化后,TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白的纯度可高达95%以上. 结论人IκBα基因原核表达质粒的构建及TrxA/IκBα融合蛋白的制备为进一步研究IκBα的生物学功能和制备相应抗体奠定了物质基础.     

提高树突状细胞腺病毒感染效率的融合蛋白的表达及活性鉴定

目的构建表达靶向树突状细胞融合蛋白CT40L的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达,并对CT40L融合蛋白进行纯化鉴定及功能验证。方法从GenBank上查找柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(CAR)、T4噬菌体fibritin和小鼠CD40L的基因序列,并将其主要功能区域连接形成拼接序列;序列进行原核表达密码子优化后将其克隆至原核表达载体pET42a(+),构建重组表达载体pET42a-CT40L,并将该载体转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达CT40L/GST融合蛋白,并采用GST琼脂糖凝胶纯化重组蛋白。纯化后的重组蛋白经Western blot法、间接ELISA鉴定其免疫活性。结果重组表达载体经NcoⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定正确;IPTG诱导后经SDS-PAGE分析表明获得了相对分子质量(Mr)78 000大小的重组蛋白;纯化后的蛋白纯度达到90%。Western blot法和ELISA检测证实纯化的CT40L分子能够与特异性抗体及相应受体发生反应,表明该融合蛋白具有良好的免疫学活性。结论成功构建了原核表达载体pET42a-CT40L,利用大肠杆菌表达系统实现了融合分子的可溶性表达,纯化后CT40L融合蛋白经检测具备较高的免疫学活性。     

提高树突状细胞腺病毒感染效率的融合蛋白的表达及活性鉴定北大核心CSCD

目的构建表达靶向树突状细胞融合蛋白CT40L的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达,并对CT40L融合蛋白进行纯化鉴定及功能验证。方法从GenBank上查找柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(CAR)、T4噬菌体fibritin和小鼠CD40L的基因序列,并将其主要功能区域连接形成拼接序列;序列进行原核表达密码子优化后将其克隆至原核表达载体pET42a(+),构建重组表达载体pET42a-CT40L,并将该载体转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达CT40L/GST融合蛋白,并采用GST琼脂糖凝胶纯化重组蛋白。纯化后的重组蛋白经Western blot法、间接ELISA鉴定其免疫活性。结果重组表达载体经NcoⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定正确;IPTG诱导后经SDS-PAGE分析表明获得了相对分子质量(Mr)78 000大小的重组蛋白;纯化后的蛋白纯度达到90%。Western blot法和ELISA检测证实纯化的CT40L分子能够与特异性抗体及相应受体发生反应,表明该融合蛋白具有良好的免疫学活性。结论成功构建了原核表达载体pET42a-CT40L,利用大肠杆菌表达系统实现了融合分子的可溶性表达,纯化后CT40L融合蛋白经检测具备较高的免疫学活性。     

rhIL-15表达载体的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 获得rhIL-15基因工程菌，方法 从肺癌细胞株A549中提取细胞总RNA，用RT-PCR法扩增编码人IL-15成熟区基因的片段，经EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后，插入融合表达质粒pGEX-4T-2的相应酶切位点，构建重组融合蛋白表达质粒，并转化感受态大肠杆菌BL2l而得到工程菌。结果 重组质粒插入片段核酸序列测定的结果，与文献报道的IL-15蛋白成熟区的核酸序列相一致，该工程菌所表达的融合蛋白多数以包涵体的形式存在，占菌体蛋白总量的39%。复性后，纯化的rhIL-15蛋白经MTT比色法初步测定，具有促进CTLL-2细胞增殖的能力，结论 获得了具有生物学活性的rhIL-15高效表达菌株。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.