神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用。方法对30例脑室系统病变,包括12例实质性肿瘤、10例梗阻性脑积水、8例囊性病变患者用神经导航制定手术计划,术中导航引导内镜,按投射轨迹、靶点进行穿刺、活检或肿瘤切除。结果全部病例均能顺利、准确进行手术操作。2例囊性肿瘤和3例实质性肿瘤全切除,8例实质性肿瘤行活检和第三脑室底造瘘,6例囊性病变行造瘘和囊壁部分切除,1例实质性肿瘤行透明隔造瘘和肿瘤部分切除,10例脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘,未出现并发症。结论神经导航辅助的内镜技术最大限度的减少了对脑组织的创伤,明显提高了神经内镜手术的安全性和准确性。     

神经内镜在微侵袭神经外科手术中的应用

目的 探讨内镜在微侵袭神经外科手术中的应用。方法 应用内镜辅助的显微神经外科（EAM）对36例垂体瘤行经鼻蝶入路手术；结合立体定向技术对22例脑积水，11例颅内囊性病变及1例侧脑室内囊虫病进行单纯内镜手术（EN）；应用内镜控制的显微神经外科（ECM）技术对10例三叉神经痛进行微血管减压术。结果 36例垂体瘤中24例全切除，12例次全切除。21例梗阻性脑积水术后脑室缩小，1例术后复发；9例颅内囊性病变术后囊腔缩小，2例出现并发症，1例侧脑室内囊虫病病灶完整除；10例桥小脑角微血管减压术应用内镜效果满意。结论 经鼻蝶入路手术中，内镜可以更充分显露并完全切除鞍区肿瘤。可以同期在直视下进行第三脑室底部造瘘及立体定向活检术；可直视下对颅内囊性病灶进行穿刺冲洗、活检、房腔贯通等操作。可从不同角度观察了解桥小脑角显微解剖结构，微创直观。     

神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水(附20例报告)

目的总结神经内镜下手术治疗20例梗阻性脑积水的临床经验。方法 17例为导水管阻塞引起的双侧型脑积水,另3例为单侧室问孔堵塞引起的单侧型脑积水;17例用神经内镜经侧脑室额角入路,经室间孔行第三脑室底脚问池造瘘,3例透明隔造瘘治疗。结果所有造瘘过程均顺利,瘘口通畅。17例双侧型脑积水行单纯第三脑室底造瘘术,15例效果满意,2例无效,改行内镜引导下的脑室-腹腔分流术治愈,另3例单侧型脑积水行透明隔造瘘,效果良好。总有效率达到90．0％。结论神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水简便、微创、有效,是首选的方法。     

第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水与分流术的疗效比较

目的 比较梗阻性脑积水的两种手术方法的疗效及并发症。方法 采用经神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水35例，脑室腹腔分流术治疗梗5且性脑积水63例。结果 造瘘组：平均用时35min，症状缓解34例(97.1％)，复发1例(2．9％)，并发症3例(8.6％)，为非感染性发热；分流组：平均用时78min，症状缓解63例(100％)，复发16例(25．4％)，并发症18例(28．6％)，为分流管堵塞、感染、颅内血肿及分流管外露等。两组均无死亡。结论 经神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗5且性脑积水较脑室腹腔分流术的疗效相当，并发症及复发率明显降低，手术时间缩短，应作为梗阻性脑积水的首选治疗方法。     

内镜下手术治疗颅内囊性病变

目的：探讨应用神经内镜手术治疗颅内囊性病变的手术适应证和手术方法。方法：采用单纯神经内镜下及神经内镜辅助显微镜下手术切除肿瘤、囊肿,囊肿－脑室和囊肿－脑池造瘘等方法治疗颅内囊性肿瘤、颅内蛛网膜囊肿、透明隔囊肿、侧脑室内囊肿等囊性病变51。结果：囊性肿瘤全切9例,囊肿切除6例,蛛网膜囊肿囊壁部分切除加囊腔－脑池造瘘23例,囊肿脑室造瘘13例,25例于术后3个月复诊,疗效较好。结论：应用神经内镜可以通过颅骨钻孔或小的骨瓣开颅手术治疗颅内囊性病变,手术副损伤小,疗效可靠。     

神经内镜下治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患采用神经内镜下进行第三脑室底和(或)透明隔造瘘的手术方法进行治疗，分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法 对10例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患进行10次神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘术。结果 随诊1—12月，平均6月显效8例有效1例无效1例(改V—P分流术)。手术并发症：1例轻度颅内感染、1例轻度脑室内出血，无死亡病例。结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种完全有效的手术方法。但为了提高手术疗效应有良好的手术器械，严格掌握手术适应症并能熟练进行手术操作。     

内窥镜应用于神经外科手术（附73例报告）

目的：探讨内窥镜在神经外科手术中的应用。方法：应用内窥镜铺助的显微神经外科对36例垂体瘤经蝶入路手术。结合立体定向技术对27例位于脑深部或脑室内病变（梗阻性脑积水22例,其中合并松果体区肿瘤3例;透明隔囊肿4例;囊性颅咽管瘤1例）进行单纯内窥镜手术;对10例桥小脑角病变应用内窥镜控制的显微神经外科行微血管减压。结果：36例垂体瘤中24例全切除,12例次全切除;22例梗阻性脑积水中21例经随访脑室缩小,症状改善,1例术后复发,行脑室-腹腔分流,22例中3例合并松果体区肿瘤经活检明确肿瘤性质;5例颅内囊性病变经随访囊腔缩小;10例桥小脑角微血管减压术应用内窥镜创伤小,手术效果满意。结论：内窥镜可以充分显露鞍区肿瘤,更完全切除肿瘤;可以将立体定向活检与三脑室底部造瘘结合为同期可视的方法;可直视下对囊肿及囊性颅咽管瘤穿刺冲洗、房腔贯通;可从不同角度观察了解桥小脑角显微解剖结构。微创直观。     

神经内镜在囊性颅咽管瘤治疗中的作用

目的；探讨神经内镜在巨大囊性颅咽管瘤治疗中的作用。方法：对巨大囊性颅咽管瘤伴有梗阻性脑积水的9例患者，应用神经内镜先缩小肿瘤体积、解除梗阻性脑积水并穿通囊内分隔，之后再辅以放射或显微手术切除。结果：9例患者术后颅内压增高症均消失、术前症状改善。影像学复查（CT或MR）见肿瘤均缩小至鞍区、脑积水消失。除1例有暂时多尿及低钠外，余无其他严重并发症。再手术全切除肿瘤的3例患者术后反应明显减轻。结论：对有囊性变并伴有脑积水的巨大颅咽管瘤，先采用神经内镜手术，是提高进一步治疗效果、降低致残率和死亡率的有效方法。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘治疗松果体区肿瘤导致的梗阻性脑积水的手术技巧及手术效果。方法回顾性分析2013年3月至2014年6月采取内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗的22例因松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。结果术中发生少量出血3例,少量颅内积气4例;术后出现短暂性发热6例。无手术死亡及严重后遗症。22例术后随访3~24个月,手术有效18例(81.8%);无效4例,均改行脑室-腹腔分流术。结论内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术具有微创性,术后并发症少,是松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水的有效治疗方法。     

神经内窥镜治疗颅内囊性病变

目的：探讨颅内囊性病变的神经内窥镜治疗方法。方法：应用神经内窥镜对20例透明隔囊肿行囊肿－侧脑室造瘘,19例蛛网膜囊肿行囊肿－脑池,脑室造瘘,4例脑实质内囊肿行囊肿－脑室造瘘,1例第三脑室囊肿行囊肿大部切除：结果：44例中41例有效,3例无效,3例术后出现少量硬膜下出血,1例出现单侧暂时性动眼神经麻痹,结论：颅内囊性病变是神经内窥镜手术较好的适应证,对于有症状的颅内囊性病变应首选内窥镜治疗。     

Endoscopic fenestration of median supratentorial cerebrospinal fluid cysts

Mid-supratentorial liquor cysts are a relatively rare and generally congenital abnormality of the cerebral ventricles and subdural spaces. The data and views available in the literature on rational surgical policy is contradictory. The authors' experience in treating 16 patients was used to consider whether endoscopic techniques can be employed for invasive fenestration of the cysts. The goal of surgery was to remove the masses caused by cystic malformations and their local compression of the brain via fenestration of the walls of the cysts and via communication of their cavities with the ventricles and cisterns. There were solitary cysts in all cases (arachnoidal cysts of the interpedicular cistern and the third ventricle in 9; cysts of the ventricular septum in 4, ependicular cysts of the lateral ventricle in 2, and cysts of the celiac plexus of the third ventricle in other 2 cases, in 1 cases a liquor cyst was located in the midbrain thickness). The clinical picture was characterized by a combination of hypertensive, hydrocephalic and focal symptoms of damages to the hypothalamic and thalamic structures and the adjacent formations of the brain (pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders, ataxia, chiasmal syndrome, metabolic and endocrine disorders, etc.). In 6 cases these symptoms were persistent despite preimplanted VP anastomosis. Rigid Storz endoscopes (Germany) with an external coat, 6 mm in diameter, and a Codman fibroendoscope (USA), 4 mm in diameter, were employed. Cystic ventriculostomy and cystic ventriculocisternostomies were made in 11 and 6 patients, respectively; one patient underwent endoscopic resection of the walls of an ependymal cyst. In one patient with signs of decreased liquor resorption, endoscopic fenestration was concurrently developed into a ventricle-peritoneal anastomosis. In other 4 anastomosis-dependent patients, the preimplanted mechanically consistent bypass system was left at its site. In 2 of these cases, cystic ventriculostomy was supplemented by ventricular septal fenestration and third-ventricular bottom perforation. Twelve patients were followed up for 6 to 36.5 months (mean 15 months). There has been no information about 6 patients since their discharge. In 12 (66.5%) surgery yielded expected results and the fenestration of cystic walls was followed by their retraction and a steady-state regression of local and/or hypertensive symptoms. In 5 (28%) patients, the complaints and clinical data remained unchanged despite although incomplete but objective cystic relaxation. This was most frequently noted in patients (n = 4) with arachnoidal cysts of the interpedicular cistern and the third ventricle who had endocrine disorders. In one case the operation was stopped due to bleeding. Totally, 5 patients were found to have complications (hemorrhage, ventriculitis). None patient died. Some aspects of indications for endoscopy and surgical techniques are considered. It is concluded that endoscopic internal bypass surgery in patients wit median cystic liquor malformations is the treatment of choice. When equipment is adjusted, fenestration of the membranous walls of these cysts by using an endoscope is reliable and safe. Such patients may be recommended endoscopic technology used as the method of choice.     

神经内镜在囊性颅咽管瘤治疗中的作用

目的 探讨神经内镜在巨大囊性颅咽管瘤治疗中的作用。方法 对巨大囊性颅咽管瘤伴有梗阻性脑积水的15例患者,应用神经内镜先缩小肿瘤体积、解除梗阻性脑积水并穿通囊内分隔,之后再辅以放射治疗或显微手术切除。结果 15例患者术后颅内压增高症状均消失、术前症状改善。影像学复查(CT或MR)见肿瘤均缩小至鞍区、脑积水消失。除1例有暂时多尿及低钠外,余无其他严重并发症。内镜治疗后再手术全切除肿瘤的3例患者术后反应明显减轻。结论 对有囊性变并伴有脑积水的巨大颅咽管瘤,先采用神经内镜手术,是进一步提高治疗效果、降低致残率和死亡率的有效方法。     

内镜开窗治疗有症状的透明隔囊肿

目的 总结内镜开窗治疗有症状的透明隔囊肿的手术技巧与效果.方法 回顾性分析36例采用内镜开窗治疗有症状的透明隔囊肿病人的临床资料,其中采用纵裂-胼胝体入路1例,术前CT定位、枕外侧钻孔经侧脑室三角区入路8例,立体定向引导、额外侧钻孔经侧脑室额角入路27例.结果 所有病人均完成内镜下囊肿开窗操作,透明隔囊肿张力消失,本组无复发和死亡病例.32例随访3个月～7年,病人术前症状明显缓解或消失28例,症状无缓解4例.术后发生并发症4例,其中颅内感染2例,永久性轻偏瘫2例.结论 对有症状的透明隔囊肿,内镜下囊肿单侧壁开窗是一种较为合理的处理方式.立体定向或导航引导经侧脑室额角入路手术更可靠、安全.     

神经内镜治疗不对称性脑积水

目的探讨不对称性脑积水的原因、诊断、治疗和愈后。方法全部病例应用神经内镜治疗,19例行囊肿壁电凝切除或行囊肿脑室造瘘术,5例行室间孔肿瘤切除术,7例行透明隔穿通造瘘术。结果侧脑室内囊肿切除及囊肿脑室造瘘术19例,一侧室间孔肿瘤切除术并打通室间孔5例,室间孔粘连闭塞行透明隔造瘘7例;全部病例获得良好的近远期效果,无不良反应发生。结论神经内镜治疗不对称性脑积水既解除梗阻的原因,也能建立新的脑脊液的循环通路,且为微创性手术,是有效的方法。     

Navigator system-assisted endoscopic fenestration of a symptomatic cyst in the septum pellucidum--technique and cases report

Expanding cysts of the septum pellucidum are rare and frequently manifest as intermittent headaches. Although the technique of endoscopic fenestration has been used since 1999, only a limited number of cases have been reported. We have added the use of a navigator system to guide keyhole creation and endoscopic access. To provide experience in navigator endoscopic treatment of symptomatic cyst of septum pellucidum and long-term follow-up of the surgical result. Under the guidance of the navigator system, a burr hole was made and rigid endoscope was inserted into the lateral ventricle through a working sheath. With direct visualization, only one side of the lateral wall of the cyst was fenestrated. And a grasping basket was used to further dilate the perforated hole. Patient A, a 14-year-old male adolescent, had an acute onset of severe headache with increased intracranial pressure. Patient B was a 37-year-old woman with a diagnosis of medically intractable migraine. Both patients experienced dramatic symptomatic relief after surgery at 4.5- and 2-year follow-up exams, respectively. The technique of navigator-assisted endoscopic fenestration in the treatment of a symptomatic cyst of the septum pellucidum might be a safe and effective method. It achieved satisfactory results in our two patients.     

Hemorrhagic colloid cyst

Colloid cysts are cystic lesions that are usually located in the anterior portion of the third ventricle near the foramen of Monro. Rarely, hemorrhagic cysts can lead to acute obstructive hydrocephalus or sudden death. We herein report 2 cases and a review literature. We examine a 47-year old male who presented with progressive headache and a 55-year old male who presented with progressive memory disturbance and unsteady gait. Both cases demonstrated typical imaging features of hemorrhagic colloid cyst, and were histopathologically confirmed. Total excision was achieved in both cases with good outcomes. Hemorrhagic colloid cysts are rare; however, bleeding tendencies should be carefully considered in patients with these cysts. The degree of rapidity with which clinical deterioration occurs may play a major role in the preferred treatment approach and subsequent outcomes.

Colloid cysts are benign, thin-walled, cystic lesions that arise from the brain’s endodermal embryonic remnants, and they are usually located in the anterior portion of the third ventricle near the foramen of Monro; these cysts contain colloid material.1 The clinical presentation of these cysts ranges from incidental findings on brain images to sudden death. The clinical presentation of these cysts is largely dependent on the mass’ effect on the foramen of Monro.1 Rarely, hemorrhagic cysts can lead to acute obstructive hydrocephalus or sudden death.2,5 We herein report 2 cases of hemorrhagic colloid cysts.     

Use of a micromanipulator system (NeuRobot) in endoscopic neurosurgery

NeuRobot, a micromanipulator system with a rigid neuroendoscope and three micromanipulators, was developed for less invasive and telecontrolled neurosurgery. This system can be used to perform sophisticated surgical procedures through a small, 10-mm-diameter, window. The present study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using NeuRobot in neuroendoscopy. Four different intraventricular neurosurgical procedures were simulated in three fixed cadaver heads using NeuRobot: (1) fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle; (2) fenestration of the septum pellucidum; (3) biopsy of the thalamus; and (4) biopsy of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. Each procedure required less than 2 min, and all procedures were performed accurately. After these surgical simulations, a third ventriculostomy was carried out safely and adequately in a patient with obstructive hydrocephalus due to a midbrain venous angioma. Our results confirmed that NeuRobot is applicable to lesions in which conventional endoscopic neurosurgery is indicated. Furthermore, NeuRobot can perform more complex surgical procedures than a conventional neuroendoscope because of its maneuverability and stability. NeuRobot will become a useful neurosurgical tool for dealing with lesions that are difficult to treat by conventional neuroendoscopic surgery.