养血育发颗粒质量标准的提高

摘 要 目的：为提高养血育发颗粒的质量,进一步完善其质量控制标准。方法: 对方中制首乌、枸杞子、地黄、丹参和女贞子5味药进行薄层色谱鉴别,同时采用高效液相色谱法对方中芍药苷进行含量测定。结果: 薄层色谱中斑点清晰,专属性强;芍药苷在14.3~286.0μg·mL^-1范围内成良好的线性关系（r=0.999 4）,平均回收率为96.61%,RSD=0.86%（n=9）。结论:所用方法简便,重复性好,定量方法准确可靠,可用于养血育发颗粒的质量控制。     

清热安宫丸质量标准研究

摘 要 目的: 研究完善清热安宫丸的质量标准。方法: 薄层色谱法鉴别制剂中的黄连、黄芩,HPLC法测定制剂中黄芩苷的含量,采用Waters C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸(45∶55),流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为315 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10 μl。用滴定法测定朱砂的含量。结果:鉴别阴性对照均无干扰;含量测定方法中黄芩苷的线性范围为0.029～0.870 μg（r=0.999 9）,回收率为99.2%（RSD=0.67%,n=6）,朱砂的含量测定平均回收率为100.5％（RSD=0.45%,n=6）。结论:所建方法简单、可靠,可作为清热安宫丸的质量控制标准。     

前列丹颗粒的质量控制方法研究

摘 要 目的： 建立前列丹颗粒的质量控制方法。方法: 采用薄层色谱法薄层对方中半枝莲、黄芪、炙甘草、补骨脂、姜黄进行定性鉴别;以高效液相色谱法对君药半枝莲中野黄芩苷进行含量测定。结果: 薄层斑点清晰,分离良好,阴性无干扰;野黄芩苷在3.96~79.20 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.34%（RSD=1.25%,n=9）。结论:本研究建立的质量控制方法准确、可靠、稳定、专属性强,可有效用于前列丹颗粒的质量控制。     

川菊止痛胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立川菊止痛胶囊质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方中柴胡、菊花进行定性鉴别。HPLC同时测定制剂中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素及甘草苷含量,色谱柱：Kromasil 100-5C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为280 nm;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量：10 μL。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰且阴性样品无干扰。甘草苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷及汉黄芩素分别在10.7~107 μg·mL^-1、12.12~121.2 μg·mL^-1、11.2~112 μg·mL^-1、10.02~100.2 μg·mL^-1、10.32~103.2 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性试验RSD均<1.8%,加样回收率分别为98.34%~101.77%（RSD=1.28%,n=6）、98.69%~101.36%（RSD=1.01%,n=6）、98.46%~101.06%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）、98.67%~101.33%（RSD=1.17%,n=6）、98.43%~100.79%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）。结论 本研究建立的质量标准方法准确、简便,可用于川菊止痛胶囊的质量控制,且所建立的菊花、柴胡薄层鉴别方法可供其他含有二药的复方标准建立作参考。     

柴芩清热胶囊质量控制研究

目的 建立柴芩清热胶囊的质量控制方法。方法 采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对组方中柴胡、连翘、诃子、大黄进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定黄芩苷。结果 薄层色谱清晰,分离良好,阴性无干扰。黄芩苷定量测定的平均回收率为98.39%,RSD为0.81%。结论 该方法简便易行、灵敏准确、专属性强,可用于柴芩清热胶囊的质量控制。     

复方茵陈颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立复方茵陈颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用薄层色谱法,对该品种中的大黄、黄芩进行专属性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对处方中黄芩的有效成分黄芩苷进行含量测定。色谱柱为Welchrom C₁₈柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸（40∶60∶0.2）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为室温,进样量为20 μl。结果: 大黄、黄芩的TLC特征斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性对照无干扰。黄芩苷在1～49 μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为98.95%,RSD=2.52%(n= 6)。结论: 所建立的方法简单、准确、重复性良好,可用于复方茵陈颗粒质量控制。     

蒲地蓝消炎片定性定量研究

目的 对蒲地蓝消炎片进行定性定量方法研究。方法 对处方中的黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根4味药材采用显微或TLC进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩中有效成分黄芩苷的含量,C₁₈色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-水-磷酸（47:53:0.2）为流动相,检测波长280 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 在薄层色谱中可检出黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根,含量测定中黄芩苷进样量在5.008～100.16 µg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);黄芩苷的加样回收率为98.87%,RSD为0.95%(n=9)。结论 本方法操作简单,受外界干扰因素少,重现性好,可用于蒲地蓝消炎片的质量控制。     

口腔炎喷雾剂的质量标准研究

摘 要 目的:建立口腔炎喷雾剂的质量控制方法。方法: 薄层色谱法对蒲公英、忍冬藤进行定性鉴别;高效液相色谱法对马钱苷进行含量测定,以GraceSmart RP C¹⁸(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分析柱, 甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液（15∶85）为流动相;流速: 1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长: 236 nm。结果:薄层色谱中均能明显地检出蒲公英、忍冬藤, 马钱苷在0.022 0～0.882 0 μg范围内线性关系良好, r=0.999 9, 平均回收率为98.2%,RSD=0.8%(n=6)。结论:本法简便,准确,专属性强,可以作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

伤痛宁胶囊的质量标准研究

摘 要 目的： 建立伤痛宁胶囊的质量标准。方法: 采用显微鉴别方法对方中僵蚕、全蝎、土鳖虫、地龙、三七、天麻进行鉴别;采用薄层色谱法对方中川芎、当归、三七、续断、甘草进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对甘草苷进行含量测定：色谱柱为Agilent TC C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（15∶85）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为276 nm。结果: 显微鉴别特征明显可见;薄层色谱鉴别斑点清晰、分离较好,阴性对照无干扰;甘草苷在0.341～1.193 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为98.97%,RSD=0.77%（n = 6）。结论:方法准确可靠、重现性好,能有效控制伤痛宁胶囊的药品质量,为完善和提高伤痛宁胶囊的质量标准提供了依据。     

扶正胶囊质量标准的提高

摘 要 目的：建立扶正胶囊的质量标准。方法: 采用 TLC 法对扶正胶囊中黄芪、甘草进行定性鉴别;采用中国药典2015年版进行扶正胶囊微生物限度检查的方法学验证;采用 HPLC 法测定淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量,色谱柱：Agilent TC C18(2) (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),以乙腈 水(30 ∶〖KG-*2〗70)为流动相,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：270 nm,进样量：5 μl。结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰,在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的斑点,阴性样品无干扰;可采用平皿法和直接接种法进行扶正胶囊微生物限度检查;淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷在0.101～1.008 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.36%,RSD为0.81%(n=6)。结论:本方法操作简便,专属性高、重复性好,可作为扶正胶囊的质量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.