呼吸机辅助通气全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物的临床应用*

目的评价呼吸机辅助通气全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜在儿童取支气管异物中的应用价值。方法 13例支气管异物儿童,在全身麻醉呼吸机辅助通气下,经纤维支气管镜取异物,进行回顾性分析。结果 13例支气管异物儿童均1次手术取出成功,手术过程血氧饱和度均维持在90%以上,术后均在2 h内成功撤掉呼吸机。结论对于细小或软性支气管异物,呼吸机辅助通气全麻下,应用纤维支气管镜取异物手术安全、有效。     

纤维支气管镜诊治小儿支气管异物体会

目的 总结纤维支气管镜在支气管异物中的诊治价值.方法 对纤维支气管镜诊治108例儿童支气管异物的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 该组108例,呼吸道吸入异物73例,43例由纤支镜成功取出;21例经纤支镜确诊后由硬支气管镜取出;9例由纤支镜合并硬支气管镜取出;内生性异物35例,全部由纤支镜成功取出.结论 纤维支气管不仅可以诊断支气管异物,结合其他工具也还可有效治疗呼吸道异物.     

喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物的临床应用

目的评估全麻经喉罩行纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物的安全性及效果。方法回顾性分析6年间该院在喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物57例。结果 57例气管支气管异物均1次手术取出成功,全部病例经皮血氧饱和度、心率等生命体征平稳,有5例钳取肉芽组织出现少量出血,未出现喉水肿、喉痉挛和心跳呼吸骤停等并发症。结论喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物手术安全有效,值得推广。     

硬质支气管镜下治疗儿童气管支气管异物150例

目的探寻儿童气管．支气管异物的临床表现，总结硬质支气管镜及潜窥镜在儿童气管及支气管异物取出术中的应用技巧。方法回顾性分析全身麻醉下应用硬质支气管镜诊疗150例气管及支气管异物患儿的临床资料。结果在硬性支气管镜下一次性取出气管及支气管异物146例，4例因异物停留于肺段，在潜窥镜的直视下成功取出。结论全身麻醉下硬质支气管镜取异物具有快速、安全、创伤小的特点，潜窥镜可以弥补其不足，术中要求做到轻柔、仔细、稳妥、迅速。     

纤维支气管镜和电子气管镜在成人不典型支气管异物诊治中的应用价值

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜和电子气管镜在成人不典型支气管异物诊治中的作用，提高成人支气管异物的诊治水平。方法：利用纤维支气管镜或电子支气管镜进行检查并镜下取异物。结果：本组19例支气管异物经气管镜检查发现，同时镜下取出异物16例，取异物成功率84％，3例因异物钳夹困难，由外科手术取出。结论：纤维支气管镜或电子支气管镜对不典型支气管异物确诊率高，操作简单，取异物成功率高，值得临床推广应用。     

经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳在儿童隐匿性支气管异物取出术围术期护理中的应用

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出儿童隐匿性支气管异物的疗效及其围术期护理措施。方法选择该院2013年1月～2016年12月儿童隐匿性支气管异物经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出术病例24例,进行术前的心理、患儿及物品准备,术中体位配合、监护、钳取配合、并发症观察,术后监护与健康宣教等护理。结果所有患儿均成功取出异物,术中配合术者尝试使用篮形异物钳操作次数为（2．32±1．44）次,用时为（69．60±43．06）s,术后未发生严重并发症。术后呼吸科专科门诊随诊随访率为91．67％（22／24）,首次复诊时间平均（9．74±5．10）d,复查胸部影像均有改善。结论经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出术配合围术期精心护理是成功取出儿童隐匿性支气管异物的可靠方案。     

纤维支气管镜治疗成人支气管异物6例体会

目的:探讨成人支气管异物的诊治经验。方法:对6例支气管异物的诊断与取出病例进行回顾性分析。结果:纤维支气管镜成功取出花生仁、瓜子皮、鸡骨、项链坠等异物。结论:支气管异物救治成功的关键是早期诊断、早期治疗,纤维支气管镜疗效明确,无后遗症。     

纤维支气管镜钳取成人支气管异物的体会

气道内异物临床上并非罕见,多发生于儿童,但成人吸入(西瓜籽、图钉类)异物就不多见了.国内外均有推荐应用纤维支气管镜作为取出支气管异物的一线方法.我院自2005年8月～2008年10月应用纤维支气管镜钳取成人支气管异物6例.现报告如下:     

纤维支气管镜诊治成人支气管异物16例分析

目的：探讨成人支气管异物的诊断与治疗的体会,以提高纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）对异物的诊治价值。方法：分析16例成人支气管异物的临床特点、胸部X线和CT表现、支气管镜下特征以及钳取成功方法。结果：16例患者中,有明确异物误吸史7例,CT检查仅2例显示支气管异物,其余均误诊。所有患者经纤支镜检查明确为支气管异物,15例异物经纤支镜成功取出,1例钳取失败,转外科手术治疗。结论：成人支气管异物应予重视,纤支镜是诊治支气管异物的主要手段。     

经纤维胆道镜钳取小儿支气管异物

目的：探讨小儿支气管异物经纤维胆道镜钳取的可行性及安全性。方法：对31例小儿支气管异物患者常规术前肌注鲁米那、阿托品、氯胺酮全麻，用纤维胆道镜检查及钳取异物。结果：29例异物钳取成功，成功率占93．55％，2例失败。钳出异物的29例中有2例因入院时呼吸、心跳停止时间较长，导致脑死亡。结论：纤维胆道镜可替代纤维支气管镜诊断及治疗小儿支气管异物，而且对小儿的呼吸干扰更小，但深浅适度的麻醉、熟练的操作技术和异物的性质、形状及部分直接影响治疗效果。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.