Intraperitoneal spilled gallstones presenting as fever of unknown origin after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: FDG PET/CT findings

An otherwise healthy 63-year-old man who had undergone emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis 6 weeks earlier developed daily fever for more than 3 weeks, malaise, weight loss, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Initial imaging procedures (abdominal ultrasound and chest radiograph) were normal. The diagnosis of fever of unknown origin was established, and a whole-body FDG PET/CT scan was performed. PET/CT showed inflammatory changes corresponding to spilled intraperitoneal gallstones. We have described the PET/CT findings of spilled intraperitoneal gallstones, a relatively common complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Spectrum of biliary and nonbiliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: radiologic findings

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the radiologic features of various biliary and nonbiliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION: Various complications should be considered in patients who do not make an uneventful postoperative recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sonography is the easiest and most noninvasive method for screening for such complications. MR cholangiography is most effective in showing biliary complications and CT, for the evaluation of nonbiliary complications. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography enables not only detailed biliary estimation but also biliary decompression.     

Perforation of the small bowel as a complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: CT findings

Despite the widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, technical complications unique to the laparoscopic approach may lead to significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. We report a rare case of small bowel perforation due to trocar injury that led to extensive pneumoperitoneum and pneumomediastinum in a patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Small bowel injuries should be suspected when a large or an increasing amount of free air is detected following this procedure.     

CT findings after hepatic chemoembolization.

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization (CE) with a mixture of particulate collagen and chemotherapeutic agents was evaluated as therapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. This article describes the characteristics sequential pattern of change seen on liver CT scans following CE. Thirty CT scans were performed on seven patients who had undergone a total of 11 CE procedures. All patients had baseline, immediate postprocedural, and follow-up CT exams at 1 to 2 month intervals following CE. Immediate post-procedural CT scans mapped the area of embolization owing to the density of the contrast mixed with the CE agents. Some lesions seen easily on baseline were more difficult to see as they became isodense with normal liver. Reflux of embolic material into the cystic artery and gallbladder wall was also observed on postprocedural scans in three patients. In all patients, early follow-up scans (1 month after CE) demonstrated changes in lesions seen on baseline scans consistent with tumor necrosis. This was corroborated by a decrease in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. In three patients, however, low attenuation regions developed in areas in which there had been no lesion before. The significance of these is uncertain, but the low CEA values and the subsequent evolution in appearance of these sites on CT suggest that they were regions of hepatic ischemia/infarction as opposed to heretofore unidentifiable metastases, now "unmasked." Intermediate follow-up scans (2-3 months) revealed maximal effect on tumor volume, with a decrease of > or = 25% in five of seven patients (71%). Late follow-up scans (> or = 3 months after the last CE) confirmed recurrent disease and new lesions in all cases.     

超声在腹腔镜胆囊手术后的观察

胆囊腹腔镜手术具有微创、损伤少、恢复快、瘢痕小、住院天数少等优点，深得医生和患者的认同，但术后仍有并发症的发生，如能及时发现并处理，可减轻患者的痛苦。本文通过对我院患者术后并发症的原因分析，旨在引起以后工作中注意，以提高技术水平，尽可能避免术后并发症的发生，减轻患者的痛苦。     

Recurrent gallbladder carcinoma along laparoscopic cholecystectomy port tracks: CT demonstration.

PURPOSE: To describe the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of recurrent gallbladder carcinoma along port tracks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to assess the effect of recurrence on patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen abdominal CT scans in 16 of 19 consecutive patients who underwent hepatic resection for gallbladder carcinoma diagnosed at laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed to determine the clinical effect of tumor recurrence along a port track. RESULTS: CT revealed 12 tumor recurrences along laparoscopic port tracks in six (32%) patients (mean, two recurrences per patient; range, one to four per patient). Eight (67%) CT-depicted recurrences appeared homogeneous, and nine (75%) directly involved subjacent omental fat. The mass was the only site of recurrence at CT in two (33%) patients. The presence of an abdominal wall tumor recurrence affected patient care in four (67%) of six patients. Histopathologic examination results confirmed recurrent tumor in all five (100%) patients who underwent biopsy. CONCLUSION: Tumor recurrence along port tracks is a potential complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy when gallbladder carcinoma is present, even after subsequent hepatic resection is performed for attempted cure. Recurrences appear as a new or enlarging abdominal wall mass, often involving subjacent omental fat, and may be the only site of recurrent disease at CT. Demonstration of abdominal wall tumor recurrence affects patient care.     

Delayed intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a rare complication and is potentially life threatening. When radiologic studies confirm the presence of the hematoma, the decision to follow a conservative treatment should involve clinical monitoring. If there are signs of infection, the collection can safely be drained percutaneously. If there are signs of active bleeding, a selective embolization should be attempted first. If unsuccessful, subsequent surgical evacuation should be performed. We report the case of a patient with an intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which occurred 6 weeks after surgery, and review the literature concerning the management of these bleedings.     

Scintigraphic diagnosis of bile leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective study.

To assess the role of Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy in diagnosing bile leakage and bile obstruction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 51 studies were performed in 51 patients on the first postoperative day. Two different radioactive bile acid analogs were used, Tc-99m HIDA and Tc-99m trimethylbromo IDA. Scintigraphic findings were correlated with the clinical conditions. Results of seven out of 51 cholescintigrams were abnormal, showing accumulations of activity in the right paracolic gutter. Of these seven patients, only three had clinical symptoms consisting of more than normal postoperative abdominal pain and peritoneal irritation. The other four patients had minimal abnormal accumulation in the right paracolic gutter and showed no clinical signs postoperatively. Complete common bile duct obstruction or other bile duct-related complications, except for bile leakage, were not observed. Cholescintigraphy is feasible for the early detection of bile leakage and bile flow obstruction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with increased postoperative abdominal discomfort.     

Bile duct disruption and biloma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: imaging evaluation.

Disruption of the biliary tree after laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported in 0-7% of cases, and likely represents the most significant postoperative complication. Documenting the presence and extent of a bile leak is often difficult. We reviewed the first 264 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at our institution and found seven cases of bile extravasation and/or biloma formation (prevalence, 2.7%). All patients were first seen in the early postoperative period with abdominal pain and low-grade fever. Sonography was performed in five of seven, CT in five of seven, hepatobiliary scintigraphy with diisopropyliminodiacetic acid in five of seven, and ERCP in four of seven cases. While sonography and CT were initially helpful in determining the presence of abdominal fluid collections, they were unable to differentiate between postoperative seroma, lymphocele, hematoma, and bile leak. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was useful in demonstrating continuity of these fluid collections with the biliary tree and guiding further therapy. Four cases were managed with endoscopic biliary decompression, with the use of sphincterotomy or nasobiliary stent placement, with good clinical result. The other three cases were treated surgically with T-tube or external drainage. All patients did well clinically, without evidence of bile reaccumulation. Our experience suggests that sonography and CT are useful in detecting postoperative fluid collections, but cannot differentiate bile from other fluids. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is valuable as a noninvasive means of investigating possible bile leaks and in guiding further therapy.     

Usefulness of three-dimensional CT cholangiography for patients prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate three-dimensional biliary anatomy by using spiral CT scanning for patients prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 22 patients (11 men, 11 women; mean age, 60 years) with preoperative imaging. All patients had normal serum bilirubin levels. Either 50 ml (in 10 cases) or 100 ml (in 12 cases) of meglumine iotroxate was infused intravenously over 30 minutes. Spiral CT scanning was started immediately after the infusion was finished. Volumetric data through the entire biliary tracts were obtained during one breath-hold. The data were reconstructed by using a maximum intensity projection algorithm and three-dimensional shaded surface rendering. RESULTS: In all patients, the anatomical relationship between the cystic duct and the common bile duct was clearly depicted, including one with junctional anomaly. The intrahepatic biliary ducts and the confluence of the hepatic ducts were displayed from all angles. The third or higher intrahepatic branches were delineated in 11 of the 12 (92%) patients with the use of 100 ml of the cholangiographic agent and in seven of the 10 (70%) with 50 ml. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional CT cholangiography was able to provide adequate information about precise biliary anatomy.     

Normal laryngeal CT findings after supracricoid partial laryngectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Supracricoid horizontal partial laryngectomy (SCPL) is increasingly used to treat endolaryngeal carcinoma. However, few radiologic reports of these procedures exist. Our purpose was to evaluate the normal CT appearance of the neolarynx after surgery. METHODS: SCPL includes cricohyoidopexy (CHP), cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP), and tracheocricohyoidoepiglottopexy (TCHEP). We examined CT scans obtained from 18 patients without local superficial recurrence who underwent SCPL: 10, CHEP; seven, CHP; and one, TCHEP. Three reference sections were used to analyze the main surgical reconstruction: an upper section through the hyoid bone, a lower section through the cricoid cartilage, and a middle section in between. The distance between the hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage was measured. RESULTS: The epiglottis and valleculae were visible in the upper section in seven of 10 patients who underwent CHEP; this finding allowed distinction between CHEP and CHP. The arytenoids were depicted in 13 of 18 cases and reflected neolaryngeal shortening. The lower section showed the empty cricoid lumen lined by a thin mucosa; the anterior arch of the cricoid was amputated at TCHEP. The middle section showed the neovestibule, the lateral boundaries of which were the hypertrophic neoaryepiglottic folds; the anterior limit was the epiglottis for CHEP or the base of the tongue for CHP. The average distance between the hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage was 11 mm. CONCLUSION: Normal CT anatomy of the larynx after SCPL is defined. Three key sections may accurately distinguish the various types of SCPL. CT is a valuable tool for depicting tumor recurrence, especially when the tumor is submucosal.     

右美托咪定对腹腔镜胆囊切除术罗哌卡因镇痛效果的影响

 目的 右美托咪定对腹腔镜胆囊切除术罗哌卡因镇痛效果的影响。方法 选择80例择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的患者,随机分为FTS组(n=40)与对照组(n=40)。对照组在FTS理论指导下行LC,术后缝合戳口时给予0.50%罗哌卡因切口注射处理; FTS组在FTS理论指导下行 LC术^[1],且在术后缝合戳口时,使用0.50%罗哌卡因+0.50 μg/kg右美托咪定行切口注射。记录两组患者术后2、4、6、8、12、24 h的视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)。AS评分、住院时间、住院总费用、睡中痛醒人数,并记录术后并发症发生情况。结果 FTS组术后6、8、12 h的 VAS显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但术后2、4、24 h的VAS与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05) 。两组的住院总费用比较差异无统计学意义。但两组的术后住院时间的比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后FTS组睡中痛醒2例,对照组睡中痛醒7例,无法睡眠2例,两组数据差距有统计学意义;对照组与FTS 组均未出现腹腔感染、切口感染等并发症。结论 在快速康复外科理念指导下,罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定在腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后镇痛以及加快患者术后康复中具有临床意义。     

Abscess formation due to dropped gallstone after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a popular treatment modality of symptomatic gallstones with decreased major complications and shortened hospital stay. Complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, most of them involving strictures of biliary tract have been well described in recent reports. However, there are only a few reported cases about dropped gallstones after the procedure, all of which were opaque and easily demonstrated with multiple imaging modalities. An unusual complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; abscess formation due to a dropped non-opaque gallstone is described in which diagnosis was suggested with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography findings and confirmed by surgery.     

腹腔镜胆囊术后影像学表现

目的探讨30例腹腔镜胆囊术后胆道系统的影像学特点。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊术后影像学资料完整的30例,其中16例行转开腹手术,14例腹腔镜胆囊术后出现并发症。结果 5例胆总管结石MR显示胆总管内有低信号改变,"T"管造影为充盈缺损区。3例胆汁漏显示对比剂浓聚及肝包膜下积液。2例腹腔镜胆囊术后小胆囊系胆囊管遗留稍长;1例腹腔镜术后胆结石脱落到胆囊窝附近,1例误扎胆总管MRCP为胆总管下端剪切样改变。结论影像学检查对发现腹腔镜胆囊术后并发症具有重要作用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术放置引流管的作用及护理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)已在我国许多大中城市医院开展。早期统计资料表明,在开展LC的初期,并发症的发生率高于开腹胆囊切除术(OC),主要并发症为漏胆、出血、内脏损伤等。LC术中置放的肝下间隙引流管为术后观察这些并发症提供了一个“窗口”,因此术后对腹腔引流物的观察和对引流管的护理就显得十分重要。     

CT findings after uterine artery embolization

Asymptomatic uterine leiomyoma can be detected on routine computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis. Leiomyomas have been described as low attenuation masses that can disrupt the smooth contour of a normal uterus. Four women underwent uterine artery embolization for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma. CT findings include initial retention of contrast in fibroids the day of the procedure and central necrosis of the fibroid with subsequent cavitation as early as 1 month postprocedure.