后前路联合手术治疗难复性下颈椎骨折脱位

[目的]探讨后前联合手术治疗难复性下颈椎骨折脱位的疗效.[方法]27例难复性下颈椎骨折脱位采用后前联合手术治疗,先行后路手术复位,再行前路减压、植骨融合、锁定钢板内固定术.[结果]所有病例随访6～38个月,平均24.6个月.6个月后植骨全部融合,无融合节段松动表现,内固定稳定,无断裂及松动.术后25例患者的Frankel分级均有明显提高,只有2例A级患者的Frankel分级无改善.[结论]后前路联合手术是治疗难复性下颈椎骨折脱位的一种有效方法,可获得满意的疗效.     

单间隙植骨融合术治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症

[目的]探讨颈前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定术治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症的治疗效果.[方法]本组31例,均采用前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定.[结果]本组病例均获随访,随访时间1～3年,平均2年.按Odom评分,优17例,良11例,满意3例,优良率90％.[结论]颈前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定术是外伤性颈椎间盘突出症较好的治疗方法.     

后路和前路联合治疗重型脊髓型颈椎病

目的观察后路单开门椎管成形术联合前路椎间减压植骨融合内固定技术治疗重型脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果和影像学结果。方法采用该技术治疗重型脊髓型颈椎病94例,JOA评分及Nurick分级评定手术效果,X线判断椎间稳定性和融合情况。结果随访84例,平均随访时间为(16.7±2.3)个月。术后JOA评分从术前(7.3±1.7)分提高到了(16.2±0.8)分(P<0.05),改善率为91.8%;Nurick分级从术前的(2.8±1.2)级改善到术后的(0.7±0.8)级(P<0.05)。X线检查证实前路植骨块及其内固定材料无松动、移位、脱落、下沉。术后5个月,前路植骨开始融合,最终随访融合率为93.25%。结论采用该技术治疗重型脊髓型颈椎病,随访观察证实临床效果良好,减少了因单纯前路手术而导致的截瘫并发症的发生。     

颈前路减压自体髂骨植骨钛板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病分析

[目的]探讨前路减压植骨钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效.[方法]本科自2000年11月～2010年5月收治27例该类患者,男19例,女8例;年龄40 ～71岁,平均57.5岁,均行颈椎前路减压植骨融合自锁钛板内固定术治疗.[结果]所有患者随访12个月～8年,神经功能明显改善,JOA评分由术前平均8.0分,术后平均改善为14.3分,椎间隙植骨全部融合,无断钉、断板和内固定松动.[结论]经颈前路椎管减压自体髂骨植骨融合自锁钛板内固定术是治疗脊髓型颈椎病的有效方法,疗效满意.     

颈椎过伸性损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈椎过伸性损伤手术治疗方法的选择及疗效。方法 2012年1月至2015年6月收治颈椎过伸性损伤患者83例,其中男63例,女20例;年龄25~78岁,平均58.5岁。所有患者均伴有脊髓神经损伤,按Frankel分级,A级4例,B级18例,C级32例,D级29例。所有患者均行手术治疗,其中72例行颈前路减压植骨融合钢板内固定术,11例行颈后路减压椎板成形术+侧块螺钉/椎弓根螺钉内固定术。结果所有患者经9~18个月随访,均获得骨性融合,无内固定失败;比较两组手术前、后的Frankel分级变化和ASIA评分改变。两组术后脊髓功能均较术前有明显改善;Frankel分级平均提高1~2级,前路组ASIA评分增加(26.2±5.4)分(P=0.019),后路组ASIA评分增加(15.2±6.1)分(P=0.036);前路减压、植骨内固定较后路减压、内固定术后神经功能恢复好,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论前路减压植骨融合内固定是治疗过伸性颈椎损伤首选手术方式,后路手术同样有效,是前路手术的有效补充。     

脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的前路手术治疗

[目的]观察颈椎前路减压融合内固定术治疗脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效.[方法]2005年8月～2010年2月,158例脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病患者实施颈椎前路椎间隙减压自体髂骨植骨、椎体次全切减压钛网植入及椎间隙Cage植入钢板内固定术,158例患者全部获得随访,随访时间平均11.3个月.[结果]采用JOA评分评定临床效果,JOA评分13～16分,平均13.6分,其中优135例,良23例.植骨在3～6个月内融合,无骨不连及假关节形成.全组病例无1例神经症状加重、高热、应急性溃疡等并发症.[结论]颈椎前路减压融合内固定术治疗脊髓型及神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效满意,是较好的手术方式.甲基强的松龙在压迫较重的颈椎病前路手术中能够很好地保护脊髓功能.     

前路减压钛网植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折疗效观察

目的探讨前路减压钛网植骨钢板内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。方法对85例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者采用胸膜外腹膜后入路前路减压钛网植骨钢板内固定。结果手术均顺利完成,手术时间120～190min,术中出血量500～1 500 ml。85例均获随访,时间5～72个月。患者植骨均融合,椎体高度无丢失,钛网及钢板无移位断裂。术前59例神经功能损伤患者末次随访时37例ASIA分级有1～2级恢复,无加重病例。结论前路减压钛网植骨内固定治疗不稳定性胸腰椎爆裂骨折减压彻底,固定牢靠,疗效肯定。     

前路减压植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的探讨前路减压植骨融合内固定手术在治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年5月～2005年3月前路减压植骨融合內固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折58例。骨折节段—单椎体骨折:T101例,T114例,T1213例,L118例,L211例,L32例;双椎体骨折:T12与L16例,L1与L23例。结果平均随访13.5个月,按Frankel分级评定神经功能恢复1级以上。影像学检查比较,未发现明显的矫正度丢失。植骨块位于中央、己融合,无假关节形成及內固定失败。结论前路减压植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折,减压更彻底、更安全,能较好地重建前中柱稳定性。     

腰椎融合术再手术原因及其治疗

[目的] 探讨腰椎融合术再手术的原因及其治疗方法,为临床减少再手术的发生率和提高再手术疗效提供参考.[方法] 回顾性分析2005年1月～ 2012年4月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的28例腰椎融合术后再手术患者的临床资料,其中男7例,女21例;年龄28 ～76岁,平均58.4岁.通过影像学检查与Oswestry功能障碍指数综合评价再手术的疗效.[结果] 早期再手术原因:椎管内血肿形成4例;腹主动脉损伤1例.晚期再手术原因:钉棒系统松动、断裂或连接棒过长7例;椎弓根螺钉进入椎管1例;植骨未融合3例;减压不彻底2例,1例合并瘢痕形成;手术方式选择不当2例;邻近节段退变7例;精神心理因素1例.再手术方式:腹主动脉修补术1例;椎管探查血肿清除术4例;内固定系统取出术4例;椎管减压、椎体间植骨融合加内固定术12例;椎管减压、后外侧植骨融合加内固定术2例;前路融合术1例;开窗髓核摘除术3例;椎管减压瘢痕切除1例.5例发生脑脊液漏,术后3～5d脑脊液漏愈合.随访6 ～ 63个月,平均26.7个月,X线片显示植骨均达骨性融合;未见内固定松动或断裂.Oswestry功能障碍指数由再手术前(86.7±14.1)％降至随访时(23.7±9.7)％,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论] 腰椎融合术后再手术因素复杂,仔细分析再手术原因,个体化合理选择再手术方式仍可获得较好的疗效.     

颈前路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位30例疗效观察

[目的]观察早期前路减压植骨内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效.[方法]对30例下颈椎骨折脱位采用前路手术减压、自体骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板和或钛网内固定治疗.[结果]术后随访6～24个月,定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合情况,以Frankel分级判定脊髓功能恢复情况.术后颈椎即获稳定,恢复脊柱正常序列、曲度及椎体高度,植骨在3～5个月融合,无钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症.术后神经功能获得不同程度的改善.[结论]早期前路减压植骨内固定术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位,不但可充分减压、使损伤节段获得满意的复位、得到即刻的稳定和重建,而且可防止继发性脊髓损伤,改善脊髓的功能状况,还可避免因发生并发症而错过手术时机.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.