84例早产适于胎龄儿第一年体格追赶生长纵向评估

目的：分析早产适于胎龄儿1岁以内的追赶生长特点,探讨其追赶生长规律。方法：选择84名胎龄28～36周的早产适于胎龄儿（男44例,女40例）作为研究对象,对其0～12月内的体重、身长及头围分别按实际月龄足月儿生长标准和纠正月龄标准进行Z评分评估并分析。结果：早产适于胎龄儿1岁内体重、身长和头围均出现追赶性生长,且增长最快的阶段均在实际月龄0～3月,体重追赶速度优于身长追赶速度。结论：生后前3个月是早产适于胎龄儿的快速生长期;体重与身长的变化存在不平衡性。     

早产适于胎龄儿婴儿期追赶生长特点和2至3岁生长偏离的队列研究

目的 分析早产适于胎龄儿婴儿期追赶生长特点和2～3岁生长偏离情况。 方法 以队列研究设计实验方案。选择成都市妇女儿童中心医院（我院）出生的无明显疾病状态的早产儿,生后行单纯早产儿出院后配方粉喂养至达到WHO儿童生长发育标准身长别体重的P50水平后,转换为足月儿配方粉喂养至12月龄; 9月龄前每月和12月龄行体格测量和喂养指导。随访至2～3岁并行体格测量,与2006年 WHO（简称WHO）和2005年中国九市城区（简称中国九市城区）标准的足月儿增长 值比较。 结果 符合本文纳入标准早产儿165例,达到WHO儿童生长发育标准P50水平后转换为任意品牌足月儿配方粉喂养,并于2～3岁均来我院随访,其中122例早产儿规律地完成了1~9月龄和12月龄的体格测量和喂养指导,43例未规律随访和接受喂养指导。早产儿男婴体重和身长与WHO标准差异有统计学意义,与中国九市城区标准头围差异有统计学意义。早产儿女婴体重与WHO标准差异有统计学意义。早产儿女婴头围与中国九市城区标准差异有统计学意义。早产儿男女婴儿各月龄体重、身长和头围的增长值差异无统计学意义。早产儿男女婴儿每月体重、身长和头围增长不符合足月儿生长规律。规律随访的婴儿至2～3岁均无生长偏离,未规律随访和接受喂养指导的婴儿至2～3岁,基于WHO标准出现生长偏离为54%（23/43）, 基于中国九市城区标准出现生长偏离为98%（42/43）,均以超重危险和超重为主。 结论 早产儿的追赶生长不遵从足月儿规律,早产儿追赶生长现象贯穿于0~12月龄,婴儿期个体化喂养指导是幼儿期生长偏离的影响因素。与WHO标准相比采用中国九市城区BMI标准将升高超重危险和超重儿童的筛出率。     

Breastfeeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. respectively, which persisted beyond the breastfeeding period (0.64 SD at 1 y). Breastfed infants also showed greater catch-up growth in head circumference [SD score (SDS) 0.53 higher at 3 months], and greater body length gain (SDS 0.68 higher at 6 months). This increased growth was independent of potentially confounding obstetric, social and demographic factors. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may promote faster growth in infants compromised by poor growth in utero. SGA infants may be programmed for a number of adverse outcomes; the possibility that such events are altered by choice of postnatal diet is a key issue for future research.     

Longitudinal follow-up of growth in children born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was followed in a population-based group of 123 small-for-gestational-age (SGA, birth weight < -2 SD) children (66 boys and 57 girls) to four years of age in order to determine the incidence and time of catch-up growth. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound in gestational weeks 16–17 in all pregnancies, thus eliminating the problem of distinguishing between SGA and preterm infants. Infants with well-defined causes for slow growth rate, i.e. those infants with chromosomal disorders, severe malformations, intrauterine viral infections or cerebral palsy, were excluded. The boys showed an extremely fast weight catch-up, 85% of them reaching weights greater than -2 SD at the age of three months and remaining above this level to the end of the study period. Such a fast catch-up growth was observed in only two-thirds of the girls, but at four years of age 85?4 of the girls were also above -2SD. Length catch-up was more gradual than weight catch-up. Of the boys, 54% had lengths below -2 SD at birth, 26% at 1 year of age, 22% at 2 years of age, 17% at 2.5 years of age and 11% (n= 8) at 4 years of age. Corresponding figures for girls were: 69% at birth, 28%) at 1 year, 15% at 2 years, 12% at 2.5 years and 5%) (n = 3) at 4 years. At 4 years of age, only six boys and three girls remained below -2 SD for both weight and height. We conclude that in Sweden the prognosis for catch-up growth for an SGA child, when children with well-defined causes of growth disturbances are excluded, is very good and it is extremely rare for the child still to have a height below -2 SD by the age of 4 years.     

小于胎龄儿脑岛的测量

目的：探讨小于胎龄儿脑岛发育的状况。方法：通过颅脑超声测量92例小于胎龄儿脑岛面积、周长,并与109例同胎龄正常适于胎龄儿相比较。结果：小于胎龄儿脑岛面积、周长与出生体重、胎龄呈正相关;小于胎龄儿脑岛面积（＞37周：451±92 mm2;≤34周：248±78 mm2）、周长（＞37周：92±11 mm）与正常同胎龄适于胎龄儿脑岛面积（＞37周：516±116 mm2;≤34周：314±80 mm2）、周长（＞37周：97±11 mm）比较,差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。结论：小于胎龄儿脑岛发育成熟欠佳;脑岛的发育可通过颅脑超声测量新生儿脑岛面积、周长予以评价。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（9）：733-735］     

晚期早产儿与足月小于胎龄儿生长发育状况比较

目的比较均为低出生体质量的晚期早产与足月小于胎龄(SGA)儿童的生长和发育状况。方法随机选取100例出生体质量<2 500 g的3岁儿童,其中50例为晚期早产儿童,50例为足月SGA儿童,对其进行体格测量及盖赛尔(Gesell)发育量表评估。结果晚期早产和足月SGA儿童的出生体质量、出生身长相近,但3岁时晚期早产儿童的身高、体质量、头围明显优于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Gesell发育评估显示,晚期早产儿童的动作能、应物能、语言能、应人能均高于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论同为低出生体质量,晚期早产儿童的长期生长和发育状况优于足月SGA儿童。     

早产小于胎龄儿生长代谢的临床研究

目的 探讨早产小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）在住院期间生长代谢的差异,为临床对早产SGA进行营养干预提供依据。方法 1 370例早产儿纳入研究,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组（675例）与AGA组（695例）,比较两组早产儿住院期间的一般情况、体格增长及血生化指标等情况。结果 SGA组住院天数长于AGA组（P < 0.05）。与AGA组相比,SGA组出院体重、出院体重Z评分及出院身长均较低,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高（P < 0.05）,头围增长速率大于AGA组。与AGA组相比,SGA组达全肠内喂养时间及需肠外营养时间均较长（P < 0.05）。SGA组入院时白蛋白、前白蛋白、血清磷、出院前总胆汁酸高于AGA组,白蛋白低于AGA组（P < 0.05）。SGA组窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、心肌损伤、喂养不耐受、肺炎、败血症、低血糖、低甲状腺素血症的发生率高于AGA组（P < 0.05）。结论 早产SGA住院期间体格发育明显落后于AGA,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高,更易出现并发症。     

早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难研究进展

早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难是普遍存在的问题,发病率高。影响早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难的因素有很多,包括窒息、原发疾病、胎龄、开奶时间、孕期因素、环境因素、激素水平等,该文就早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难病因、治疗进行综述,旨在为早产儿及小于胎龄儿喂养困难的防治及进一步研究提供基础。     

小于胎龄儿幼儿期生活质量及其影响因素的研究

目的 了解小于胎龄儿(SGA)幼儿期的生活质量与适于胎龄儿(AGA)比较是否存在差异,并调查影响SGA 生活质量的因素.方法 采用婴幼儿生活质量问卷表(ITQOL SF-47)对儿保门诊就诊的出生时为SGA 和AGA 的1~3 岁幼儿进行生活质量调查,分别比较SGA 组(n=203)与AGA 组(n=130)、SGA 追赶组(n=119)与无追赶组(n=84)、SGA 首次儿保随访组(n=144)与多次儿保随访组(n=59)的生活质量.采用广义线性模型分析法调查影响SGA 生活质量的因素.结果 SGA 组ITQOL 总分低于AGA 组(630±99 vs 716±84,PPPP结论 SGA 幼儿期的生活质量低于同龄正常儿童.适当促进追赶生长及定期儿童保健对提高SGA 的生活质量有益;儿童性别、居住地、母亲文化程度对SGA 幼儿期的生活质量也有影响.     

Postnatal management of growth failure in children born small for gestational age

Objectives

To discuss the etiology and growth consequences of small size at birth and the indications, effects, and safety of biosynthetic growth hormone therapy in children born small for gestational age.

Growth hormone therapy in short children born small for gestational age

Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is one of the most common causes of childhood short stature, and recombinant GH therapy has been recently licensed to promote growth in short SGA children from the age of 4 years old. Studies are now reporting very encouraging effects on adult height gains, especially in those children who started GH therapy early, at least 2 years prior to the onset of puberty. Compared to the age at starting treatment, the GH dose has a less significant impact on final height, and more attention needs to be paid now to identify earlier those SGA children who fail to catch-up spontaneously. The benefits are not just in terms of height, but also in body composition and possibly blood pressure and lipid levels. However the risk of side effects and long-term complications, particularly related to the expected metabolic effects of GH in inducing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, need to be carefully monitored especially in SGA children with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Recently, GH therapy was found to amplify the adrenarche of short SGA children and to induce a pro-inflammatory shift, as judged by a rise of neutrophil count and circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a fall in adiponectin levels. Further progress is anticipated to assess the addition of insulin-sensitizing therapy to attenuate the GH-induced hyperinsulinemia, in order to alter the pro-inflammatory course, to avoid excessive release of adrenal androgens, and to slow down the potential rapid tempo of pubertal progression in SGA children. In the meantime, post-SGA short stature is rapidly becoming one of the prime indications for GH therapy in childhood.     

NBNA评分用于足月小样儿的神经发育评价

目的 了解足月小样儿神经行为特点,比较不同类型足月小样儿神经行为的差异,并探讨其原因.方法 对本院新生儿病房2008年至2012年收治的148例足月小样儿在生后第7天、14天、28天进行新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)评分,并比较匀称型、非匀称型及混合型足月小样儿的NBNA评分情况.结果足月小样儿NBNA评分低于正常足月新生儿,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).三种类型的足月小样儿NBNA评分高低排序为非匀称型＞匀称型＞混合型,组间两两进行比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 足月小样儿的神经活动低于正常新生儿水平,三种类型的足月小样儿神经发育情况为非匀称型高于匀称型高于混合型.     

218例无追赶生长的小于胎龄儿儿童期糖代谢分析

目的 探索无追赶生长的小于胎龄儿在儿童期的胰岛素敏感性.方法 收集2008年8月至2016年8月于北京大学第三医院儿科门诊就诊的身材矮小患儿439例,分为小于胎龄儿组(small for gestational age,SGA)218例和特发性矮小组(idiopathic short stature,ISS)221例.比较两组之间的空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、空腹血糖与胰岛素比值、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA%)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)特点.结果 两组患儿均根据青春期分期及性别分组,SGA组与ISS组,青春期前男性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.7±0.6)mmol/L和(4.8±0.6)mmol/L,P=0.678,空腹胰岛素(5.1±4.0)mU/L和(4.3±4.7)mU/L,P=0.345,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期前女性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.5±0.5)mmol/L和(4.6±0.5)mmol/L,P=0.828,空腹胰岛素分别为(4.7±3.5)mU/L和(4.5±3.3)mU/L,P=0.603,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期男性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(5.0±0.8)mmol/L和(4.9±0.5)mmol/L,P=0.176,空腹胰岛素分别为(5.9±4.3)mU/L和(6.0±4.5)mU/L,P=0.958,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期女性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.9±0.6)mmol/L和(4.8±0.4)mmol/L,P=0.141,空腹胰岛素分别为(7.5±6.4)mU/L和(7.4±8.6)mU/L,P=0.448,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义.     

34 周以下适于胎龄及小于胎龄早产儿出生 2 周内 蛋白质、能量摄入及体质量变化

目的了解34周以下早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后蛋白质、能量摄入量以及体质量z评分的变化情况。方法回顾收集2012年1月至2014年12月入院的314例早产儿,比较268例AGA和46例SGA早产儿生后2周内蛋白质、能量摄入情况和体质量变化。结果 SGA组住院时间、肠外联合肠内营养时间、全肠内营养时间、达足量喂养时间均较AGA早产儿长,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组生后第4、8、12天能量摄入量明显低于AGA组,SGA组生后第6、8天总蛋白质摄入量明显低于AGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组日平均体质量增长量大于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);AGA组与SGA组生后2周内体质量z评分均逐渐远离中位水平,且SGA组2周时体质量z评分低于AGA组(P??0.05)。结论胎龄??34周的SGA早产儿恢复出生体质量后的生长速率快于AGA早产儿,存在一定的追赶生长;但SGA、AGA早产儿的生长均有待提高。