血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染发生率及危险因素分析

目的：探讨血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染的菌群分布及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析以中心静脉置管建立血管通路进行血液透析的患者298例,分析导管相关性血流感染的发生率、病原菌分布及相关危险因素。结果在298例行中心静脉置管行血液透析的患者中,发生导管相关血流感染47例(15.77%),导管留置时间与导管相关性血流感染呈正相关(χ2=15.148,P=0.001);糖尿病和狼疮性肾炎患者感染率高于其他原发病患者。结论导管相关血流感染病原菌分布以革兰氏阳性菌为主;发生导管相关血流感染的危险因素与导管留置时间、置管位置、合并糖尿病和狼疮性肾炎等有关。     

血透患者导管相关性血流感染菌群分布及易感因素单中心分析

目的探讨本中心血透患者中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(catheter-related blood stream infection,CRBSI)的感染率、菌群分布及易感因素,为指导临床预防及治疗提供数据支持。方法回顾性分析湖州市第一人民医院血透中心2015年3月~2017年3月间以中心静脉置管建立血管通路进行血液透析的患者259例,研究分析导管相关血流感染的发生率、病原菌分布及易感因素。结果在259例行中心静脉置管患者中,共发生导管相关性血流感染30例,占11.58%;病原菌分布以革兰阳性菌为主,占感染总数的66.67%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌6株,占20.00%,表皮葡萄球菌5株,占16.67%;导管留置时间2周、血红蛋白100 g/L、白蛋白40 g/L、BMI18.5 kg/m2、合并糖尿病是血液透析患者并发CRBSI的相关易感因素(P0.05)。结论本中心导管相关性血流感染发生率11.58%,病原菌分布以革兰阳性菌为主,导管留置时间过长、血红蛋白水平偏低、血清白蛋白水平偏低、BMI值偏低以及合并糖尿病是发生导管相关血流感染的易感因素。     

留置途径对中心静脉导管感染的影响

目的探讨不同留置途径对中心静脉导管相关性感染的影响。方法对重症监护病房采用不同途径留置中心静脉导管的患者进行回顾性分析,比较经不同途径留置中心静脉置管而发生感染的差异。结果股静脉发生感染率最高（31．2％）,锁骨下和颈内静脉置管发生感染率次之（13．7％、15．4％）,经外周静脉置管发生感染率最低（3．8％）,三者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,并且感染的致病菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主。结论中心静脉置管的感染与留置途径有明显的相关性,采用外周静脉置管途径可以明显降低中心静脉置管的感染率。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素分析与干预研究

目的：对ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素和干预进行探讨和分析。方法对该院2012年12月—2013年12月ICU病房收治的行中心静脉置管术360例次患者作为研究对象,其中发生导管感染患者78例,对他们的临床特点、危险因素和干预的关系进行研究。结果①ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染总的感染率为：21.67%,其中股静脉、颈静脉和锁骨下静脉插管的感染率分别为33.33%、21.18%和18.60%,其中股静脉置管最高,锁骨下静脉最低(P<0.05)。②置管术后第1、2、3、4周末期时的感染率分别为13.33%、18.46%、24.76%和30.77%,结果显示导管留置的时间越长,感染发生率越高(P<0.05)。③单腔导管留置感染率为16.67%,显著低于双腔导管留置的33.33%。④导管留置后78次的感染中有38次为革兰阳性菌感染,感染率为48.71%,有27次为革兰阴性菌感染,感染率为34.61%,有13次为真菌感染,感染率为16.67%。结论严格中心静脉置管各阶段的管理,提高患者机体免疫力,缩短置管时间,加强医护人员手卫生的管理和穿刺部位消毒,对降低中心静脉置管相关性感染的发生具有非常重要的作用。     

心脏术后中心静脉导管不同留置途径感染的观察及分析

目的观察中心静脉导管不同途径置管的感染率,探讨其相关危险因素及防治措施,为临床预防和减少导管相关性感染提供参考依据。方法对2009～2010年的198例心脏直视术后采取经股静脉、锁骨下静脉、外周静脉放置中心静脉导管,中心静脉导管尖端培养阳性患者的临床资料进行统计性分析。结果经锁骨下静脉途径的感染率为7.84%,经股静脉途径的感染率为23.61%,周围静脉感染率为6.89%,中心静脉管道的感染的病原菌中革兰氏阳性菌有12例,占57.1%;革兰氏阴性菌有8例,占38.1%;真菌1例,占4.8%。结论中心静脉导管感染率与不同留置途径具有不同程度差异,但股静脉穿刺途径和锁骨下静脉及周围静脉差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),中心静脉留置管道感染的致病菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主。     

血液透析用中心静脉导管相关感染的研究

目的：观察血液透析患者透析用中心静脉导管感染的相关致病菌及有效治疗。方法分别进行临时性颈内静脉置管390例次,与带cuff的中心静脉导管40例次,股静脉置管150例次,中心静脉导管留置期间共出现68例次导管感染。每例次导管感染均送实验室进行细菌培养。结果血液透析患者透析用中心静脉导管感染总感染率为11．7%,中心静脉导管感染主要致病菌分别是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌复合菌、表皮葡萄球菌。股静脉置管导管感染发生率高于颈内静脉置管。结论抗生素全身应用或封管局部应用及拔出中心静脉导管是中心静脉导管感染的有效治疗方法。     

严重烧伤患者中心静脉导管感染的描述性研究

【目的】探讨并分析严重烧伤患者中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防对策。【方法】2003年1月~2006年12月,随机抽取行中心静脉穿刺患者480例。治疗结束后,取导管尖端进行细菌培养,并对结果进行分析。【结果】引起严重烧伤患者中心静脉置管相关感染的病原菌中,铜绿假单胞菌占26.2%,金黄色葡萄球菌占18.4%和不动杆菌占10.5%;中心静脉置管5、6、7 d的感染率分别为25.0%、40.9%和71.4%;正常皮肤及经创面置管患者导管感染发生率分别为1.6%和14.8%;锁骨下静脉穿刺、贵要静脉穿刺及颈内静脉穿刺感染率分别为9.6%和10.9%,低于股静脉穿刺感染率18.7%(P<0.01)。【结论】引起严重烧伤患者中心静脉置管相关感染的病原菌以铜绿假单胞菌为首位病原菌;中心静脉置管时间越长,导管感染率越高;经创面置管患者导管感梁发生率显著高于正常皮肤穿刺患者,锁骨下静脉穿刺、贵要静脉穿刺及颈内静脉置管感染发生率低于股静脉。严格中心静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间以防止相关性感染具有重要临床意义。     

ICU中心静脉导管的相关性感染及危险因素的分析

目的:探讨中心静脉导管(CVC)相关性感染在ICU的发生率、致病菌的分布特点和危险因素,为临床预防和减少导管相关性感染提供参考依据。方法:对我院2005年1月至2007年12月ICU所有送检的中心静脉导管的培养结果进行回顾性分析。结果:219例样本中培养阳性50例,总体相关性感染率为22.8%,且不同穿刺部位的感染率有所不同,但颈内静脉置管与锁骨下静脉置管的感染发生率比较差异无显著性,而股静脉置管的感染发生率较颈内静脉置管与锁骨下静脉置管有显著性差异。中心静脉导管培养阳性的病原菌中阳性球菌占40%,阴性杆菌占42%,真菌占16%,阳性杆菌占2%。结论:中心静脉导管相关性感染的病原体主要为皮肤表面的正常菌群,导管留置时间、留置位置为中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素。     

血液透析用股静脉导管相关性感染的分析与防治

目的了解我院血液透析患者股静脉留置导管相关性菌血症常见细菌分布和易患因素,探讨防治措施。方法对27例股静脉导管相关性感染患者血培养细菌及药敏情况、性别、年龄、基础疾病、长期卧床、合并其他部位感染、导管留置时间、置管局部感染进行回顾性分析。结果 27例患者共培养出16种菌,有3例同时培养出两种菌。其中葡萄球菌属14例（46.67%）,其他革兰阳性球菌7例（23.33%）,革兰阴性菌6例（20.0%）,真菌3例（10.0%）。葡萄菌属、肠球菌等革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、喹奴普汀/达福普汀敏感,革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感。置管局部感染与导管相关性感染成正相关。结论我院血液透析患者股静脉留置导管相关性菌血症菌群以革兰阳性菌为主,经验性治疗可选用万古霉素,同时警惕革兰阴性菌的院内感染和真菌感染。     

无针接头不同消毒方式对预防导管相关性感染的影响

目的:探讨无针接头不同消毒方式对预防外周中心静脉导管(PICC)相关性感染的影响。方法:选取在本院行PICC置管治疗的148例肿瘤患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各74例。对照组采用传统的碘伏棉签消毒导管无针接头,观察组采用独立包装的酒精棉片消毒无针接头。结果:观察组发生静脉炎1例,导管细菌定植1例,导管相关性感染(CRI)发生率2.70%明显低于对照组14.86%(χ~2=6.831,P<0.05)。导管相关性感染病原菌以革兰氏阳性菌(G+)为主(72.73%),其次为革兰氏阳性菌(G-)(27.27%)。结论:采用独立包装酒精棉片包裹无针接头,运用正反揉搓法消毒,可有效降低导管相关性感染的发生率,促进患者康复。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.