乙酰辅酶A羧化酶β基因多态性与2型糖尿病易感性关系的初步研究

目的 研究上海地区汉族人群中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶B（ACC-β）的2个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点与2型糖尿病（T2DM）易感性的关系。方法 采用等位基因专一性实时PCR的方法对上海地区438例T2DM患者及328名正常对照者（NC）ACC-β基因的2个SNP位点进行分析。结果 （1）ACC-β基因16号内含子区存在SNP位点116／73C＞T，T2DM组和NC组两组间基因型频率比较，差异有统计学意义（P=0．031）。且CC型＋CT型与TT型的分组比较在两组间的差异也有统计学意义（P=0．027）。（2）ACC-B基因16号内含子区还存在另-SNP位点：116／288A〉G，T2DM组G等位基因的频率高于NC组，但无统计学意义。结论 在上海地区的汉族人群中，ACC-β基因可能是T2DM的易感基因之一，其16号内含子区的116／73C＞T多态性（rs2268393）可能与T2DM的发病相关。     

广西壮族人Caveolin-3基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关系

目的探讨广西壮族人Caveolin-3基因外显子单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）的关系。方法选择24例T2DM（T2DM组）患者及10例正常对照者（对照组）,应用PCR法对两组广西壮族人Caveolin-3基因外显子SNP进行PCR扩增后测序。结果 Caveolin-3基因第2外显子非编码区有2个位点发生突变,分别是12842 A→G和12715 A→T。2位点的等位基因频率在糖尿病组和正常对照组存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）。12842A→G和12715 A→T位点有三种联合基因型（AT、GT、GA）,其中AT、GA型的分布频率在两组中比较P〈0.05。结论 Caveolin-3基因12842 A→G和12715 A→T位点突变可能与T2DM的发病有关。     

脂联素受体1基因多态性与2型糖尿病相关性研究

目的研究西安地区汉族人群中脂联素受体1（AdipoR1）的两个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点与2型糖尿病（T2DM）的关系。方法采用突变特异性扩增系统（ARMS）结合测序方法对西安地区100例T2DM患者（T2DM组）及84名正常对照者（NC组）AdipoRl基因的两个SNP位点进行分析。结果（1）AdipoR1基因SNP-106A／G、SNP 5843A／G在DM组与NC组间基因型频率及等位基因频率差异无统计学意义。（2）AdipoR1基因5843G／G型T2DM患者的诊断年龄明显早于A／A型＋A／G型。结论在西安地区的汉族人群中，AdipoR1基因-106A／G、5843A／G的单个核苷酸多态性可能与T2DM的发病无关。携带5843G／G基因型的T2DM患者发病年龄较早。     

急性脑梗死患者IL-18基因启动子607C／A、137G／C位点多态性观察

目的观察急性脑梗死患者白细胞介素18（IL-18）基因启动子607C／A和137G／C位点单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。方法采用型特异性引物聚合酶链反应（PCR-SSP）技术检测98例脑梗死患者（观察组）和100例健康对照者（对照组）血清IL-18基因启动子607C／A和137G／C位点多态性。结果两组607C／A位点基因型CC、CA和AA的频率及等位基因频率相比P均〉0．05。观察组组137G／C位点GG型频率显著高于对照组,GC型的频率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组等位基因频率的分布也有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论急性脑梗死患者IL-18基因启动子607C／A位点SNP与脑梗死无关,137G／C位点携带等位基因C可能有预防急性脑梗死的作用。     

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的　研究华东地区汉族人群中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶 (PCK1)基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与 2型糖尿病的相关性。方法　采用直接测序法对PCK1基因作SNP筛查 ,并按病例 对照研究选用直接测序法对改变氨基酸编码的cSNP作进一步的基因分型。结果　共检出 11个SNPs ,其中出现在启动子区 3个 (P/-10 99G→A ,P/-969G→A ,P/-2 3 4G→C) ,内含子区 2个 (I3 /3 79A→T ,I5/85C→G) ,外显子区 6个SNP(E2 /69C→T ,E4/47C→T ,E4/56C→T ,E4/83C→T ,E4/14 4G→C ,E7/179G→A) ,而改变氨基酸编码的cSNP只有E4/14 4G→C ,即Leu184Val。进一步基因分型后显示 ,2型糖尿病组中GG :10 6,GC :77,CC :8,而正常对照组中GG :13 0 ,GC :58,CC :3 ,这两组间的基因型频率差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5) ,而且两组间等位基因频率差异也有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　PCK1基因的Leu184Val多态性与华东地区汉族人群 2型糖尿病的发生可能存在一定相关性     

高血压胰岛素抵抗中医证候特点与PTP-1B基因位点IVS6+G82A多态性的相关性研究

目的探讨蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP-1B)基因位点IVS6+G82A多态性与高血压胰岛素抵抗中医证候特点的相关性。方法高血压患者116例,分为胰岛素抵抗组"(47例)和非胰岛素抵抗组(69例),同时选取正常体检者40名作为正常组,采用多聚酶联反应-限制性片段长度多态性法进行PTP-1B基因位点IVS6+G82A多态性分析。检测所有研究对象空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算HOMA-IR,同时评估高血压患者阳亢证候积分。结果高血压胰岛素抵抗组PTP-1B基因IVS6+G82A位点GG基因型频率明显高于正常组及非胰岛素抵抗组(P0.05),高血压患者不含A等位基因者(GG型)FINS、HOMA-IR及阳亢证候积分显著高于含A等位基因者(AA型+AG型,P0.05)。结论 PTP-1B基因IVS6+G82A位点G突变与高血压胰岛素抵抗肝阳亢盛证候特点具有一定的相关性。     

色素上皮衍生因子启动子区基因多态性与糖尿病微血管病变的关系

目的观察色素上皮衍生因子（PEDF）启动子区单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与糖尿病微血管病变的关系。方法将271例T2DM患者分为无糖尿病微血管病变组105例,合并糖尿病微血管并发症组166例,分析PEDF基因启动子区rs12150053T／C及rs12948385G／A的基因型和等位基因频率。结果两个SNPs位点等位基因频率均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,rs12948385位点基因型频率也有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论PEDF启动子区多态性位点可能是我国北方汉族人群糖尿病微血管病变发病的危险因素之一。     

中国汉族人HIV—1辅助受体等相关基因CCR5、CCR2b、CXCR4和SDF1编码区SNP位点调查

目的：调查中国汉族人群中HIV－1感染相关基因CCR5、CCR2b、CXCR4及SDF1编码区的基因多态性特点，为我国的艾滋病防治提供基础数据。方法：CCR5用2对引物进行PCR扩增，用PCR产物做模板直接测序。CCR2b编码区经PCR扩增后，用测序引物逐段分别测序。CXCR4（cDNA编号AF147204）编码区用2对引物进行PCR扩增，然后测序。SDF1编码区用4对引物进行PCR扩增，然后分别测序。样本总数为45例，测序结果用DNAstar综合分析，寻找和鉴定SNP位点。结果：CCR5基因编码区共发现6个SNP位点，4个引起氨基酸改变，1个单碱基缺失，引起移码突变和翻译提前终止。184A→G、503G→T、668G→A、999→T等位基因频率分别为1．1％、21．1％、8．9％和10．0％。CCR2b编码区共发现8个SNP位点，6个错义突变，即43位G→C、190位G→A、260－位C→A、302位C→A、315位G→C、433位G→A，突变频率分别为：30．0％、27．8％、32．2％、5．6％、10．0％和3．3％。CXCR4编码区共发现7个SNP位点，3个错义突变即38位C→T、90位A→T、712位A→C，1个终止突变：106位G→T，基因突变频率分别为：4．4％、4．4％、10．0％和3．3％。在SDF1编码区发现1个错义SNP位点：192位G→T，突变频率为8．9％；1例单碱基缺失：100位T缺失（100ΔT），引起34位氨基酸移码突变。结论：中国汉族人HIV－1相关基因编码区有自己的多态性特点。4个HIV－1相关基因编码区共工到22个SNP位点，17个为首次报道；2个单碱基缺失均导致移码突变和翻译提前终止，1个已经报道。它们对HIV－1感染和艾滋病病程的影响值得进一步研究。     

肝细胞癌患者IL-18基因-137G/C和-607A/C位点单核苷酸多态性变化及其意义探讨*

目的 探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）患者白细胞介素-18（IL-18）基因-137G/C和-607A/C位点单核苷酸多态性（SNP）的变化。方法 在178例伴有HBV感染的HCC患者和251例健康人,取外周静脉血提取DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-连接酶检测反应（PCR-LDR）行基因分型,测定IL-18基因-137G/C和-607A/C位点SNP。结果 HCC患者和健康人IL-18-37 G/C基因GG基因型、GC基因型和CC基因型分布频率分别为75.3%对47.0%（P<0.05）、20.8%对51.4%（P<0.05）和3.9%对1.6%（P>0.05）,G等位基因和C等位基因分布频率分别为93.6%对72.7%（P<0.05）和6.4%对27.3%（P<0.05）;HCC患者和健康人IL-18-607A/C位点AA基因型、AC基因型和CC基因型分布频率分别为37.6%对13.5%（P<0.05）、43.3 %对66.9%（P<0.05）和19.1%对19.5%（P>0.05）,A等位基因和C等位基因分布频率分别59.3%对47.0%（P<0.05）和40.7%对53.0%（P<0.05）;HCC组IL-18-137G/C位点的GG基因和G等位基因频率显著高于健康人（P<0.05）,HCC组IL-18-607A/C位点的AA基因和A等位基因频率也显著高于健康人（P<0.05）,提示携带IL-18-137G/C和IL-18-607A/C位点基因型和A等位基因者罹患HCC的风险增加。结论 携带IL-18基因-137G/C位点GG基因型和G等位基因以及-607A/C位点AA基因型和A等位基因者可能更容易发生HCC,对HBV感染者筛查这些基因可能有助于早期发现肝肿瘤,以利于早期处理和改善预后。     

代谢综合征患者脂联素基因多态性分析

目的探讨脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）45T→G和276G→T两个位点与代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法收集MS患者183例（MS组）和健康对照人群144例（对照组）,采用TaqMan探针技术进行脂联素基因SNP45分析,直接测序法进行脂联素基因SNP276分析。结果SNP45在MS组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,等位基因分布频率提示C等位基因在MS组高于对照组（P〈0.05）,MS组中携带TG＋GG型患者血清脂联素水平低于TT型患者（P〈0．05）;两组SNP276基因型分布及等位基因频率比较均无统计学差异。结论SNP45G／G基因型可能是中国汉族人群MS的易感基因。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.