中国南方人群家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家系CACNA1A基因多态性相关研究

背景：偏头痛与遗传学之间的联系早已受到关注，遗传流行病学和分离研究证实，偏头痛存在显著的遗传危险性。目的：通过检测偏头痛患者和家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族外周血CACNA1A基因3个常见的突变位点，分析探讨中国南方人群家族性偏瘫型偏头痛与CACNA1A基因突变之间的关系。 设计：抽样调查。 单位：中山大学附属第一医院和深圳市宝安西乡人民医院。 对象：所有病例均来源中山大学附属第一医院门诊和深圳市宝安西乡人民医院。①家族性偏瘫型偏头痛患者组10例患者。②家族性偏瘫型偏头痛亲属组：家系A和B共12例。③无家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族史的偏头痛患者组53例。④健康对照10名。 方法：采用聚合酶链反应扩增CACNL1A4-基因的第13，16，17外显子。采用SSCP方法对2个家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族10例患者及12名无症状亲属和53例无家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族史的有先兆偏头痛患者及10名健康对照的外周血标本进行检测，分析CACNA1A基因的3个常见突变位点（T666M，R583Q和D715E）在家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族中的表现形式。 主要观察指标：①聚合酶链反应扩增CACNL1A4基因第13，16，17外显子的结果。②SSCP分析13，16，17外显子的突变结果。 结果：参加实验的家族性偏瘫型偏头痛患者10例，家族性偏瘫型偏头痛亲属12例，无家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族史的偏头痛患者53例。健康对照组10名，均进入结果分析。①第13，16，17外显子的目的片段长度分别为247，268，204bp。③CACNA1A基因3个常见的突变T666M。R583Q和D715E在2个家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族10例家族性偏瘫型偏头痛患者，12名无症状亲属和53例无家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族史的有先兆偏头痛患者及10名健康对照者中均未检测到。 结论：在中国人群家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家族中未发现有T666M，RS83Q和D715E3个突变。     

二代测序技术检测家族性偏瘫型偏头痛患儿的基因突变

目的:采用二代测序技术检测1例因可逆性左侧肢体无力伴随头痛、呕吐而诊断为家族性偏瘫型偏头痛患儿的外显子基因组,探讨其分子遗传发病机制。方法:用二代测序技术检测患儿的外显子基因组,并用Sanger测序技术对筛选出的可疑位点进行双向及父母来源验证,应用蛋白质功能预测软件对新生突变位点进行生物信息学分析。结果:该患儿CACNA1A基因第28号外显子存在c.4552G>A(p.G1518R)突变,为未见报道的新突变,父母该位点正常。在100例健康人对照者中均未检测到该突变,排除其为多态性位点。蛋白质功能预测软件预测为“有害”,且在进化上高度保守。结论:采用二代测序技术检出家族性偏瘫型偏头痛家系1个新的CACNA1A基因突变,为临床诊断和遗传咨询提供了重要线索。     

家族性高胆固醇血症黄色瘤的家系遗传分析

目的:检测中国汉族家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hyper-cholesterolemia,FH)家系低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因突变,探讨FH发病的分子机制。方法:采用PCR扩增结合核苷酸序列分析检测1例临床诊断为FH纯合子患者及其家系成员LDLR基因启动子和全部18个外显子片段,结果与GenBank公布的该基因正常序列对比找出突变,同时检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因Q3500R突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症。结果:该患者LDLR基因第12外显子的第1747位和1773位碱基发生替换,前者导致H583Y突变,而后者未发现氨基酸改变。同时未检测出患者及其核心家系成员apoB100Q3500R突变。结论:FH是一常染色体显性遗传性疾病,为基因突变导致LDLR缺陷所致的遗传性疾病。检测相关基因突变对临床干预和遗传指导有参考价值。     

小脑性共济失调症患者谷氨酸受体δ2基因12号外显子突变研究

目的探讨小脑性共济失调症患者谷氨酸受体82（GluRδ2）基因12号外显子突变的情况。方法采用PCR、琼脂糖凝胶电泳及DNA测序方法检测24例小脑性共济失调症患者（有家族史者17例、散发者7例）及其16名无症状家系成员和10名正常人的GIuRδ2基因12号外显子突变情况。结果经PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,24例患者、16名无症状家系成员及10名正常人12号外显子均可见一长度为222bp片段,未见该外显子纯合缺失突变。DNA测序结果显示,24例患者未发现类似h05J小鼠的突变碱基缺失及Lurcher小鼠的突变碱基置换。结论小脑性共济失调症患者中不存在GluRδ2基因12号外显子纯合缺失突变,也不存在碱基突变或缺失,提示GIuRδ2基因12号外显子与本病发病机制可能无关。     

一个纯合家族性高胆固醇血症家系低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变的检测

目的 检测家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholestero-lemia,FH)患者低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)的基因突变.方法 提取家系中,临床通过典型特征和血脂检测诊断为家族性高胆固醇血症患者的基因组DNA,首先检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因R3500Q突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症(Familial defective apoB100,FDB).然后用降落聚合酶链反应(TOUCH-DOWN PCR)扩增该基因的启动子和全部18个外显子,再用单链构象多态性(SSCP)方法分析PCR产物,并对电泳结果异常者进行DNA测序分析.用ANTHEPROT 5.0软件对突变LDLR进行二级结构分析,然后对突变LDLR进行SWISS MODEL在线三级结构预测.结果 通过SSCP和DNA测序发现该家系患者13号外显子存在A606T的纯合突变,采用ANTHEPROT5.0软件的GORⅠ法对突变型和野生型蛋白质进行二级结构分析,可见突变蛋白的突变区域部分螺旋结构被转角结构和无规卷曲取代,其二级结构发生了改变.突变LDLR三级结构预测未发现主链结构的变化.结论 结果表明.LDLR基因A606T的突变可能是此高胆固醇血症家系的致病原因所在.     

家族性阿尔茨海默病早老素-1基因突变的研究

目的探讨中国人家族性阿尔茨海默病 (Fa milialAlzheimer'sdisease ,FAD)早老素 -1基因的点突变特点。方法采用PCR方法 ,对FAD一家族系中的 1例患者 ,4例散发性AD患者、9例多发性脑梗塞痴呆患者及 10名正常人的早老素-1基因外显子 2 ,3 ,4进行测序分析。结果在FAD患者早老素 -1基因外显子 465 19nt发现T→A杂合性点突变。散发性AD患者、9例多发性脑梗塞痴呆患者及正常人均未发现突变。结论中国人早发性、FAD可能与早老素 -1基因突变有关     

尿调蛋白基因突变检测用于诊断家族性间质性肾病的研究

目的探讨尿调蛋白(又称Tamm Horsfall蛋白)基因突变检测在家族性高尿酸血症和/或家族性肾小管间质肾病诊断中意义。方法对诊断为家族性高尿酸血症和/或家族性小管间质肾病的20例患者,收集家系临床资料,并进行尿调蛋白基因突变筛查。同时收集肾脏病理活检活检诊为慢性肾小管间质肾病且家族史阴性的患者30例,整理临床资料。结果 20例患者中发现5例患者存在尿调蛋白基因不同位点突变,突变检出率为25%,其中2例已报道,3例为国内外尚未报道的新突变。新突变中2个为错义突变(c.1153C/T,p.Arg385Trp;c.197T/C,p.Leu66Pro),分别位于3号和5号外显子上;另一个为3号外显子上导致移码突变和终止密码提前的单碱基缺失(272del C)。将以上20例患者分成尿调蛋白突变组、尿调蛋白未突变组,与30例家族史阴性的慢性小管间质肾病组相比较,发现家族史阳性的两组患者其年龄均显著低于家族史阴性组(P0.01,P0.01),而血尿酸水平则均明显高于家族史阴性组(P0.01,P=0.030),但以上指标在家族史阳性的尿调蛋白未突变组与尿调蛋白突变组之间无显著性差异。结论家族性高尿酸血症和/或家族性肾小管间质肾病,进行尿调蛋白的基因突变检测有一定的诊断意义,而对于尿调蛋白突变阴性的患者,需进一步筛查其他基因。在中国人群发现了3个新的尿调蛋白基因致病突变,扩展了尿调蛋白相关肾病的基因突变谱。     

帕金森病基因突变多态性与其家族性和散发性的关系

目的:观察帕金森病遗传易感基因Parkin基因4,6,7号外显子突变的多态性,探讨Parkin基因突变在家族和散发的原发性帕金森病发病过程中的作用。方法:实验于2003-07/2004-08在解放军第四军医大学唐都医院功能性脑疾病研究所完成。通过聚合酶链式反应、基因测序技术及整合荧光偏振技术和模板指导荧光末端掺入技术,对36例家族性及214例散发性原发性帕金森病患者进行Parkin基因4,6及7号外显子突变检测,观察有无Parkin基因突变及其突变类型和不同的突变率,并以250名正常健康人作为阴性对照,参与者均知情同意。结果:按意向处理分析,250例原发性帕金森病患者和250例健康对照者均进入结果分析。①在36例家族性帕金森病患者中共发现Parkin基因exon4号缺失突变8例、601位G→A点突变型2例;exon6缺失5例、768位T→C点突变型1例;exon7缺失3例、未发现exon7点突变型。②214例散发性帕金森病患者中有exon4号缺失突变2例、601位G→A点突变型40例;exon6缺失2例、768位T→C点突变型22例、820位C→G点突变20例;exon7缺失1例、924位C→T点突变型10例、952位G→C点突变型12例。③250名阴性对照组中无缺失突变,发现exon4601位G→A点突变型10例,exon6768位T→C点突变型5例、820位C→G点突变型3例,exon7924位C→T点突变型3例、952位     

一例双侧肾透明细胞癌患者与家系成员VHL基因的胚系突变分析

目的　对一例家族性双侧肾透明细胞癌患者家系VHL基因的胚系突变进行分析,结合其临床特点探讨可能的分子遗传学发病机制。方法　收集病人家族史、影像学、入院诊疗和随访资料,提取患者及家系直系成员外周血DNA和RNA,采用PCR-DNA测序、荧光定量PCR,RT-PCR片段长度和序列分析等方法进行VHL基因病理性胚系突变位点的筛查和验证。结果　PCR-DNA测序分析结果显示在这家系成员中均没有发现VHL基因编码区的点突变;VHL基因外显子拷贝数的定量分析数据显示VHL基因外显子2拷贝数减少;RT-PCR产物电泳和测序结果表明先证者与其兄二人存在VHL基因第2外显子杂合性缺失所致的病理性胚系突变。结论　家族性肾细胞癌家系中VHL基因的胚系突变筛查可作为一种有效的手段预测患者的预后,并可指导临床。     

家族性帕金森病患者parkin基因缺失突变的初步研究

目的：探讨中国家族性帕金森病(parkinson’s disease，PD)患者parkin基因第3～7外显子是否存在缺失突变，及其与该病临床特点的关系。方法：采集6例无血缘相关的家族性PD患者外周血液，提取DNA，通过PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定parkin基因第3～7外显子缺失突变，并结合临床资料分析。结果：6例无血缘相关的家族性PD患者中，发现1例有第5外显子缺失，其遗传模式呈常染色体隐性遗传，起病年龄60岁，临床表现为震颤、僵直和运动迟缓，但无异动症。第3，4，6，7外显子未发现缺失突变。结论：中国家族性PD患者中存在parkin基因第5外显子缺失突变改变。     

Absence of known familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) mutations in the CACNA1A gene in patients with common migraine: implications for genetic testing.

Mutations in the gene CACNA1A have been known to cause familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM); it has been suggested, based on indirect genetic studies, that this gene may also be involved in common forms of migraine. To obtain data from direct gene analysis to test this hypothesis, we investigated 143 patients with common migraine, irrespective of their family history, for the presence of mutations known to result in the FHM phenotype; the mutations V714A, R192Q, R583Q, T666M, V1457L, and 11811L were absent in our patient sample. Furthermore, exons 4, 16, 17, and 36 were completely screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and no other, hitherto unknown, mutations were detected. Bearing in mind that, in particular, the T666M mutation contributes to a large proportion of FHM linked to chromosome 19, we conclude that common migraine is distinct from FHM in its molecular basis and, therefore, most likely also in its pathophysiology. The possibility, however, of the existence of allelic disorders, with mutations located in other regions of the CACNA1A gene, cannot be ruled out. Molecular testing, therefore, is at present not a feasible option for the diagnosis and classification of migraine.     

R583Q CACNA1A variant in SHM1 and ataxia: case report and literature update

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) type 1 is a rare monogenic dominant autosomal disease due to CACNA1A gene mutations. Besides the classical phenotype, mutations on CACNA1A gene are associated with a broader spectrum of clinical features including cerebellar ataxia, making FHM1 a complex channelopathy. We report the case of a patient carrying the p.Arg583Gln mutation affected by hemiplegic migraine and late onset ataxia and we performed a literature review about the clinical features of p.Arg583Gln. Although p.Arg583Gln mutations are associated with a heterogeneous phenotype, carriers present cerebellar signs which consisted generally in ataxia and dysmetria, with intention tremor appearing mostly in advanced age, often progressive and permanent. The heterogeneous spectrum of CACNA1A gene mutations probably causes sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) to be misdiagnosed. Given the therapeutic opportunities, SHM/FHM1 should be considered in differential diagnosis of patients with cerebellar ataxia and migraine with aura.     

Genetic and hormonal factors modulate spreading depression and transient hemiparesis in mouse models of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1

Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) is an autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura that is associated with hemiparesis. As with other types of migraine, it affects women more frequently than men. FHM1 is caused by mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the α_1A subunit of Ca_v2.1 channels; the R192Q mutation in CACNA1A causes a mild form of FHM1, whereas the S218L mutation causes a severe, often lethal phenotype. Spreading depression (SD), a slowly propagating neuronal and glial cell depolarization that leads to depression of neuronal activity, is the most likely cause of migraine aura. Here, we have shown that transgenic mice expressing R192Q or S218L FHM1 mutations have increased SD frequency and propagation speed; enhanced corticostriatal propagation; and, similar to the human FHM1 phenotype, more severe and prolonged post-SD neurological deficits. The susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits is affected by allele dosage and is higher in S218L than R192Q mutants. Further, female S218L and R192Q mutant mice were more susceptible to SD and neurological deficits than males. This sex difference was abrogated by ovariectomy and senescence and was partially restored by estrogen replacement, implicating ovarian hormones in the observed sex differences in humans with FHM1. These findings demonstrate that genetic and hormonal factors modulate susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits in FHM1 mutant mice, providing a potential mechanism for the phenotypic diversity of human migraine and aura.     

Familial hemiplegic migraine presenting as recurrent encephalopathy in a Native Indian family

BACKGROUND: Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant disorder, which can result from mutations in the CACNA1A (FHM1) and ATP1A2 (FHM2) genes. Typically, FHM presents with an aura of hemiplegia accompanied by a moderate-to-severe headache. FHM can be associated with other neurological findings including coma and seizures. METHODS: We describe the clinical and genetic features of a two-generation, seven-member Native Indian family with recurrent encephalopathy and FHM. RESULTS: Two of the three affected family members presented initially with encephalopathy, the third family member presented with classic episodes of migraine and hemiparesis. The CACNA1A gene locus was excluded in this family by haplotype analysis and no mutations were identified in the coding region of the ATP1A2 gene by direct sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: This emphasizes the genetic and clinical heterogeneity in familial hemiplagic migraine FHM and highlights the need to consider the diagnosis of FHM in cases of recurrent encephalopathy.     

First mutation in the voltage-gated NaV1.1 subunit gene SCN1A with co-occurring familial hemiplegic migraine and epilepsy

Almost all mutations in the SCN1A gene, encoding the α₁ subunit of neuronal voltage-gated Na_V1.1 sodium channels, are associated with severe childhood epilepsy. Recently, two mutations were identified in patients with pure familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Here, we identified a novel SCN1A L263V mutation in a Portuguese family with partly co-segregating hemiplegic migraine and epilepsy. The L263V mutation segregated in five FHM patients, three of whom also had epileptic attacks, occurring independently from their hemiplegic migraine attacks. L263V is the first SCN1A mutation associated with FHM and co-occurring epilepsy in multiple mutation carriers, and is the clearest molecular link between migraine and epilepsy thus far. The results extend the clinical spectrum associated with SCN1A mutations and further strengthen the molecular evidence that FHM and epilepsy share, at least in part, similar molecular pathways.     

A novel ATP1A2 gene mutation in an Irish familial hemiplegic migraine kindred

OBJECTIVE: We studied a large Irish Caucasian pedigree with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) with the aim of finding the causative gene mutation. BACKGROUND: FHM is a rare autosomal-dominant subtype of migraine with aura, which is linked to 4 loci on chromosomes 19p13, 1q23, 2q24, and 1q31. The mutations responsible for hemiplegic migraine have been described in the CACNA1A gene (chromosome 19p13), ATP1A2 gene (chromosome 1q23), and SCN1A gene (chromosome 2q24). METHODS: We performed linkage analyses in this family for chromosome 1q23 and performed mutation analysis of the ATP1A2 gene. RESULTS: Linkage to the FHM2 locus on chromosome 1 was demonstrated. Mutation screening of the ATP1A2 gene revealed a G to C substitution in exon 22 resulting in a novel protein variant, D999H, which co-segregates with FHM within this pedigree and is absent in 50 unaffected individuals. This residue is also highly conserved across species. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that D999H is a novel FHM ATP1A2 mutation.     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide does not cause migraine attacks in patients with familial hemiplegic migraine

(Headache 2011;51:544‐553) Background.— Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a key molecule in migraine pathogenesis. Intravenous CGRP triggers migraine‐like attacks in patients with migraine with aura and without aura. In contrast, patients with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) with known mutations did not report more migraine‐like attacks compared to controls. Whether CGRP triggers migraine‐like attacks in FHM patients without known mutations is unknown. Objective.— In the present study we therefore examined the migraine‐inducing effect of CGRP in FHM patients without known mutations and healthy controls. Methods and design.— Eleven patients suffering from FHM without known mutations and 11 controls received an intravenous infusion of 1.5 µg/minute CGRP over 20 minutes. The study design was a balanced and controlled provocation study. Headache and other migraine symptoms were scored for 1 hour and self‐recorded hourly thereafter until 13‐hour postinfusion. Results.— We found no difference in the incidence of migraine‐like attacks between the 2 groups, with 9% (1 of 11) of patients and 0% (0 of 10) of controls reporting migraine‐like headache (P = 1.00). CGRP infusion did not induce aura symptoms in any of the participants. There was no difference in the incidence of CGRP‐induced delayed headaches between the groups (P = .18). Conclusion.— In contrast to patients suffering from migraine with aura and without aura, CGRP infusion did not induce more migraine‐like attacks in FHM patients without known mutations compared to controls. It seems that the majority of FHM patients with and without known mutation display no sensitivity to CGRP signaling compared to common types of migraine.     

CACNA1A gene mutations in familial hemiplegic migraine

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant subtpye of migraine with aura. A few years ago, the gene linked to FHM was identified. CACNA1A encodes a voltage-activated, pore-forming α1A subunit of the P/Q-type calcium channel. At present, an increasing number of mutations have been identified in this gene in patients with FHM. Genotype-phenotype comparisons have become feasible only recently. The in vitro functional consequences on channel function of the first mutations have been deciphered. This is the moment to evaluate these recent discoveries and see how they can help us understant the pathophysiology of FHM and the common forms of migraine.     

CACNA1A-p.Thr501Met mutation associated with familial hemiplegic migraine: a family report

Background and aimsHemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare form of migraine characterized by the presence of a motor and other types of aura. HM can be sporadic or familial. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant disorder, classified into 3 subtypes, based on the gene involved (CACNA1A in FHM1, ATP1A2 in FHM2 and SCN1A in FHM3). The clinical presentation is highly heterogeneous and some attacks may be severe.We report the clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of 12 patients belonging to a family with CACNA1A-p.Thr501Met gene mutation.MethodsWe screened for mutations in CACNA1A gene 15 patients belonging to the same family. The exonic sequences of CACNA1A were analyzed using a Tru-seq® Custom Amplicon (TSCA) (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) targeted capture and paired end library kit. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm CACNA1A variants and segregation analysis.ResultsCACNA1A-p.Thr501Met mutation was found in 12 of the 15 patients screened, which was compatible with the diagnosis of FHM1.Attacks of hemiplegic migraine were reported by 10 of the 12 subjects (83.33%). Only one subject developed persistent mild cerebellar symptoms and none of the subjects developed cerebellar atrophy.DiscussionThe variant p.Thr501Met was described previously in association with episodic ataxia and rarely with FHM related to cerebellar symptoms. FHM1 has a broad clinical spectrum and about half of the families have cerebellar involvement. In our study, only one patient developed persistent cerebellar deficits.These data suggest that CACNA1A-p.Thr501Met mutation can occur prevalently as hemiplegic migraine.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-021-01297-5.     

The FHM1 mutation S218L: a severe clinical phenotype? A case report and review of the literature

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura that is characterized by motor weakness during attacks. FHM1 is associated with mutations in the CACNA1A gene located on chromosome 19. We report a severe, prolonged HM attack in a young pregnant patient who had the S218L FHM1. This CACNA1A mutation has been associated with HM, delayed cerebral oedema and coma following minor head trauma. The case history we report suggests a specific, severe phenotype and the co-occurrence of HM and epilepsy related to the S218L FHM1 mutation.