不同部位缺血预处理对未成熟心肌保护作用的研究

目的探讨不同部位缺血预处理对未成熟心肌保护作用。方法采用经典心脏缺血预处理、肾缺血预处理及双下肢缺血预处理动物Langendorff灌注模型比较三种方法对缺血 /再灌(I/R)未成熟心肌损伤的效应。分为5组 :正常对照组(NC,n=6) ,离体心脏仅灌注KH液70min;缺血 /再灌 (I/R ,n=6) ,离体心脏灌注15min转为工作心15min后停灌45min,恢复灌注15min改为工作心30min;心脏缺血预处理组 (IPC,n=6),离体心脏灌注15min转为工作心15min后反复2次缺血5min/再灌5min,然后重复I/R组方法 ;肾缺血预处理组(K -IPC ,n=6) ,反复3次阻断左肾动脉5min,放开5min,然后重复I/R组方法。双下肢缺血预处理组 (DL-IPC ,n=6) ,反复3次捆扎双下肢5min,松开5min,然后重复I/R组方法。以左心室功能恢复、心肌含水量、血清肌酸激酶 (CK)和乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)漏出率 ,心肌组织ATP和丙二醛 (MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及电镜作为观察指标。结果IPC、DL-IPC及K-IPC组在左心室功能恢复优于I/R组 (P<0.05) ,在ATP含量、SOD活性及心肌超微结构方面均优于I/R组(P<0.01) ,心肌含水量低于I/R组 (P<0.05) ,在MDA含量、CK、LDH漏出率方面均低于I/R组 (P<0.01)。结论不同部位的非心脏缺血预处理 ,与心脏缺血预处理可诱发同等的心肌保护作用     

非创伤缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的作用

目的:确定非创伤性缺血预处理对大鼠缺血/再灌注(I/R)心肌损伤是否具有对抗作用,以扩展缺血预处理的实际应用.方法:采用非创伤性下肢缺血预处理及经典缺血预处理的动物模型,比较两种处理方法对I/R心肌损伤的效应.实验动物分4组:正常对照组(NC,n=8),开胸旷置50 min;缺血/再灌注组(I/R,n=12),结扎冠脉30 min,再灌注20、180 min;经典缺血预处理组(C-IPC,n=12),按经典Murry法复制;非创伤性下肢缺血预处理组(N-WIPC,n=12),捆绑双下肢5 min,松开5 min,反复4次后,阻断冠脉30 min,再灌20、180 min.以左室功能,心肌梗塞范围,血清肌酸激酶(CK)及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为观察指标.结果:与I/R组相比,N-WIPC组与C-IPC组均显著缩小I/R后的心肌梗塞范围(P＜0.01);明显恢复I/R后的左室功能(P＜0.05,0.01);减轻自由基对心肌的损害:血清CK,心肌MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.01).N-WIPC组还使心肌SOD活性增高(P＜0.05).结论:非创伤性下肢缺血预处理与经典缺血预处理可诱发同等强度的心肌预处理效应.     

HOE642对心肌缺血再灌注损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨HOE642对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用,其作用与给药时间的关系及其对缺血再灌注导致的细胞凋亡的影响。方法:以离体大鼠心脏缺血再灌注为模型,随机分成A、B两组,A组分缺血/复灌(I/R)、缺血前给药(HOE-Pr+I/R)、缺血期间给药(HOE-Is+I/R)、复灌期给药(HOE-Re+I/R)组,测定左室发展压、左室舒张末压、心律失常、心率、冠脉流量和心肌酶。B组分对照、I/R和HOE642+I/R组,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果:HOE-Pr+I/R组在缺血复灌期间左室发展压明显高于I/R组,左室舒张末压、各时段心律失常评分低于I/R组,冠脉流出液心肌酶的含量也低于I/R组。HOE-Is+I/R组左室舒张末压、心律失常评分、冠脉流出液心肌酶的水平低于I/R组,左室发展压与I/R组比无明显差异。HOE642+I/R组的TUNEL阳性细胞数量显著低于I/R对照组(11.5±5.7vs51.8±15.2)。结论:HOE642对缺血再灌注心肌有保护作用,保护作用与给药时间有关,缺血前给药能充分发挥其心肌保护作用,抑制心肌细胞凋亡可能是其心肌保护作用机制之一。     

金属硫蛋白对缺血/再灌注未成熟心肌细胞功能的影响

目的探讨诱导金属硫蛋白(MT)在未成熟心肌中的表达对缺血/再灌注未成熟心肌细胞功能的影响.方法采用Langendorff离体灌注模型,大白兔分为4组:对照组(C,n=9),腹腔注射蒸馏水0.3ml,按注射后时间12、24、和48 h取离体心脏,灌注KH液15 min转为工作心15 min,全心停灌45min,恢复灌注15 min改为工作心30 min;E12h组(n=6)、E24h组(n=6)、E48h组(n=6)各组分别按腹腔注射3.6%ZnSO4(1.5 ml/kg)后12、24和48 h取离体心脏,常规建立Langendorff灌注模型.方法同C组.以心肌细胞中MT含量、CK和LDH漏出率、ATP含量、心肌细胞内Ca2 含量、心肌线粒体Ca2 -ATPase活性及其Ca2 含量、心肌线粒体合成ATP能力[ATP]m作为观察指标.结果腹腔注射ZnSO4后12 h MT开始表达,24h达高峰,48 h仍在高表达水平.MT含量在E24h、E48h组与C、E12h组比较明显增高;E24h、E485h组ATP含量优于C组和E12h组(P＜0.05),CK、LDH漏出率均低于C组和E12h组(P＜0.05),心肌线粒体Ca2 -ATPase活性、[ATP]m均优于C组和E12h组(P＜0.01),心肌细胞内Ca2 含量、心肌线粒体Ca2 含量低于C组和E12h组(P＜0.01).结论腹腔注射ZnSO4可诱导心肌MT长时间表达,MT可减轻未成熟心肌细胞缺血/再灌注损伤.     

二氮嗪后处理对离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响

目的:建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察二氮嗪(diazoxide,D)后处理对缺血/再灌注损伤离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响,并探讨ATP敏感性钾通道在二氮嗪后处理心肌保护中的作用。方法:采用Langendorff装置建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、缺血再灌注模型组(I/R)、二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+D)、5-羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+5-HD+D),每组8只,均先灌注平衡20 min。Control组:灌注平衡后续灌70 min;I/R组:缺血前灌注4℃ST.Thomas停跳液,全心缺血40 min,再灌30 min;I/R+D组:全心缺血40 min,缺血后给予含二氮嗪(50μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min后,再灌25 min;I/R+5-HD+D组:二氮嗪后处理前给予含5-羟葵酸(100μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min,再灌20 min。观察各组续(再)灌注末心率、冠脉流出液量、心功能、心肌酶学及心肌线粒体心磷脂的变化。结果:各组续(再)灌注末比较,I/R组较control组及I/R+D组心率减慢、冠脉流出液量降低,心功能明显受损,心肌酶增加,心磷酯含量减少,但与I/R+5-HD+D无明显差异。结论:二氮嗪后处理通过增加线粒体心磷脂含量,减少心肌酶的释放,改善心脏功能,减轻心肌的再灌注损伤,产生心肌保护作用。5-羟葵酸能够完全阻断二氮嗪的心肌保护作用。     

热休克蛋白70对离体心脏心肌间质的保护作用

目的探讨热休克蛋白70（HSP70）对大鼠离体心脏心肌间质的影响。方法Wistar大鼠16只，分为2组：对照组（C，n=8），腹腔注射生理盐水0．4ml，24h后取离体心脏灌注HTK心脏保护液，4℃保存3h后建立Langendorff灌注模型，灌注KH液2h；实验组（E，n=8），腹腔注射重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素，24h后取离体心脏，方法同对照组。以心肌细胞中HSP70含量、血流动力学指标、心肌组织羟脯氨酸（HP）、内皮索（ET）含量和心肌超微结构等作为观察指标。结果HSP70含量E组与C组比较明显增高；E组心功能恢复方面优于C组（P〈0．05），HP含量优于C组（P〈0．01），ET含量低于C组（P〈0．01），心肌超微结构损伤较C组明显减轻。结论HSP 70对供心心肌间质具有保护作用。     

金属硫蛋白在大鼠缺血预处理中的变化

目的：探讨大鼠心脏缺血预处理（IPC）中金属硫蛋白（MT）的变化。方法：采用经典的IPC模型，与I/R心肌损伤比较。实验动物分为3组：假手术组（n=6），开胸旷置2 h 20 min；缺血/再灌注组（n=12），结扎左冠状动脉前降支40 min，再灌注1 h 40 min；经典IPC组（n=12），按经典的Murry法复制。以心肌MT的含量，心肌梗塞范围，心肌组织丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性为观察指标。结果：IPC组心肌MT含量明显高于I/R组（P<0.01），心肌MDA含量明显低于I/R组（P<0.01），心肌SOD活性明显高于I/R组（P<0.01）。经直线相关分析，IPC组心肌MT含量与SOD活性呈正相关（r=0.91, P<0.01），与MDA含量呈负相关（r=-0.92, P<0.01），IPC组心肌梗塞范围明显小于I/R组（P<0.05）。结论：缺血预处理能促进大鼠心肌MT合成，MT可能参与IPC的保护效应。     

酸性复灌液对离体心脏缺血—再灌注损伤的影响

本文利用离体大鼠等容收缩心脏灌流模型观察了不同的pH值再灌液对缺血—再灌注损伤的影响。结果显示:心脏旷置30min后,先用pH6.8的HEPES—KH液体复灌7min,然后换成pH7.1的液体灌流7min,最后恢复pH7.4的液体灌流6min,心脏各血液动力学指标均优于单纯用pH7.4液体复灌组,再灌期最大左室舒张末压降低,±dp/dt升高,与缺血前相比心脏功能指标恢复百分率上升,尤其可以明显减轻再灌注后3～5min之内的心脏挛缩。另外,再灌期冠脉流出液中LDH含量减少。提示:pH反常是心肌缺血—再灌注损伤的重要发病机制之一,复灌的初始用酸性液体可以减轻pH反常引起的心脏舒缩功能障碍。     

大鼠在体心脏缺血后处理模型的建立与优化

目的建立并优化大鼠在体心脏缺血后处理(I-postC)模型。方法采用冠状动脉左前降支垫扎球囊法建立在体心脏I-postC模型,健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组(n=8):缺血/再灌注(I/R)组(冠状动脉左前降支缺血45min/再灌注2h)、缺血预处理(IPC)组(I/R前先行3轮缺血5min/再灌注5min处理)、I-postC组(包括4个亚组,于冠脉缺血45min后先进行3或4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s或再灌注60s/缺血60s后处理后再进行冠脉再灌注)以及假手术(sham)组。氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)法测定心肌梗死面积,试剂盒检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果I/R引起明显的心肌梗死和组织损伤,采用冠状动脉左前降支垫扎球囊法进行I-postC可以显著减少I/R后心肌梗死面积,尤以3或4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s组保护作用明显,其梗死区占缺血区百分比分别比I/R组下降30.26%和58.81%(P分别<0.05),与IPC保护效果相近。结论I-postC可以减轻心肌I/R损伤,其中4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s诱导的I-postC在限制心肌梗死面积方面作用最明显,是理想的大鼠在体心脏I-postC模型。     

无创性肢体缺血预适应对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌基质金属蛋白酶的影响

目的观察大鼠无创性肢体缺血预适应(LIP)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤后心肌形态学、梗死面积和心肌MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1的影响。方法通过连续3 d每天1次3个循环的下肢无创性5 min缺血、5 min再灌建立LIP模型。大鼠随机分成3组,心肌缺血再灌注组(I/R)、心肌缺血预适应组(CIP)和LIP组。以HE染色法观察心肌形态学改变;红四氮唑染色法确定心肌梗死范围,IS=IA/AAR×100%;免疫组化法测定心肌MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1水平。结果缺血30 min再灌注120 min后,I/R组IS为(44.5±8.1)%;与I/R组比较,CIP和LIP均能明显改善心肌损伤的形态学改变,降低心肌细胞的肿胀、减少间质出血和炎性细胞的浸润。CIP使IS降低35.7%,缺血区心肌MMP-2降低42.1%,MMP-9降低43.3%,TIMP-1水平增加40.0%;LIP使IS降低42.9%,缺血区心肌MMP-2降低41.2%,MMP-9降低46.6%,TIMP-1水平增加53.8%。结论LIP不仅能改善缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌形态学改变、减少心肌梗死面积,而且能降低心肌细胞基质的损伤,起到保护心肌的作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.