胰腺囊性疾病临床诊断分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性病变（PCL）的发病及诊断方法。方法对经手术或病理证实为胰腺囊性病变的134例患者,从性别、年龄、病程、既往史、伴发症、症状、体征、影像学诊断等方面进行比较分析。结果本研究共收集胰腺假性囊肿（PPC）107例、真性囊肿（TPC）12例、囊性肿瘤（PCT）15例。囊性肿瘤组女性发病率明显高于假性囊肿组（P=0.003）。假性囊肿组有急、慢性胰腺炎史的病例数显著多于真性囊肿和囊性肿瘤组（P值分别为0.000和0.000）,假性囊肿组胆道结石的病例数明显多于囊性肿瘤组（P=0.005）,而真性囊肿组同时伴有肝、肾囊肿的病例数显著高于假性囊肿组（P=0.000）。CT对假性囊肿和囊性恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率高于B超（P值分别为0.000和0.02）。结论胰腺囊性疾病应根据其发病情况、相关病史及影像学特点进行仔细分析,才能有助于明确囊性病变的性质。     

胰腺囊性疾病临床诊断分析

目的 探讨胰腺囊性病变(PCL)的发病及诊断方法.方法 对经手术或病理证实为胰腺囊性病变的134例患者,从性别、年龄、病程、既往史、伴发症、症状、体征、影像学诊断等方面进行比较分析.结果 本研究共收集胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)107例、真性囊肿(TPC)12例、囊性肿瘤(PCT)15例.囊性肿瘤组女性发病率明显高于假性囊肿组(P=0.003).假性囊肿组有急、慢性胰腺炎史的病例数显著多于真性囊肿和囊性肿瘤组(P值分别为0.000和0.000),假性囊肿组胆道结石的病例数明显多于囊性肿瘤组(P=0.005),而真性囊肿组同时伴有肝、肾囊肿的病例数显著高于假性囊肿组(P=0.000).CT对假性囊肿和囊性恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率高于B超(P值分别为0.000和0.02).结论 胰腺囊性疾病应根据其发病情况、相关病史及影像学特点进行仔细分析,才能有助于明确囊性病变的性质.     

胰腺结核八例诊治分析

胰腺结核（pancreatic tuberculosis）临床少见,缺乏特异性临床表现,极易误诊为胰腺癌、胰腺囊性肿瘤、淋巴瘤、腹膜后肿瘤、胰腺炎、胰腺假性囊肿等。本研究回顾性分析胰腺结核患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献,探讨胰腺结核的诊断及治疗,旨在加深对胰腺结核的认识,提高其诊断水平。     

胰腺囊性疾病的诊断

胰腺囊性疾病比较少见,我院1977～1987年共收治10例。其中假性胰腺囊肿6例,真性胰腺囊肿、胰腺囊腺癌、胰腺囊腺瘤、胰腺脓肿各1例。术前确诊者6例,另4例分别误诊为小网膜囊肿、肾囊肿、膈下脓肿,胰头癌。现就几种主要胰腺囊性疾病的诊断问题讨论如下: 一、胰腺囊腺癌:该病患者早期常无明显不适,随病变的生长,60～80%的病人可出现上腹部疼痛、多呈持续性。30～40%的     

MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断价值.方法回顾分析23例经手术病理证实的胰腺囊性肿瘤资料,总结其影像表现.结果黏液性囊性肿瘤10例,囊性肿块较大,肿块平均直径超过10 cm,由较厚的纤维壁分隔成多房囊肿,外壁光滑,边界清楚.浆液性囊腺瘤6例,病灶较小,囊内有分隔而呈放射状排列,中心瘢痕为其特征性表现.胰腺囊性转移瘤3例,均有肿瘤病史,表现不典型,需结合肿瘤病史定性.胰胚细胞瘤2例,幼儿发病,肿块巨大,肿瘤坏死囊变,形成假-假性囊肿.胰腺乳头状囊实性肿瘤1例,表现为边界清楚的囊实性肿块,囊壁上有壁结节.胰腺毛细血管瘤1例,表现与浆液性囊腺瘤相似,难以术前诊断.结论 MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤具有高度敏感性,不同病变有一定的特征性表现,对术前定性极有价值.     

MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析23例经手术病理证实的胰腺囊性肿瘤资料,总结其影像表现。结果黏液性囊性肿瘤10例,囊性肿块较大,肿块平均直径超过10 cm,由较厚的纤维壁分隔成多房囊肿,外壁光滑,边界清楚。浆液性囊腺瘤6例,病灶较小,囊内有分隔而呈放射状排列,中心瘢痕为其特征性表现。胰腺囊性转移瘤3例,均有肿瘤病史,表现不典型,需结合肿瘤病史定性。胰胚细胞瘤2例,幼儿发病,肿块巨大,肿瘤坏死囊变,形成假-假性囊肿。胰腺乳头状囊实性肿瘤1例,表现为边界清楚的囊实性肿块,囊壁上有壁结节。胰腺毛细血管瘤1例,表现与浆液性囊腺瘤相似,难以术前诊断。结论MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤具有高度敏感性,不同病变有一定的特征性表现, 对术前定性极有价值。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的分类与诊断

胰腺囊性肿瘤是临床上较为少见的一类具有潜在及低度恶性的肿瘤,根据胰腺上皮是否存在及特征分为浆液性囊性肿瘤、黏液性囊性肿瘤、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤及实性假乳头状肿瘤。因其病理类型复杂且胰腺位置较深,患者临床症状和体征均缺乏典型性而容易导致误诊或漏诊。介绍了胰腺囊性肿瘤的分类,血清学检查、囊肿穿刺抽液分析以及影像学检查在诊断胰腺囊性肿瘤方面的进展,指出需要多种检查综合分析,方可进一步提高胰腺囊性肿瘤的确诊率。     

假性胰腺囊肿

胰腺囊肿可分为真性囊肿(先天性、寄生虫性、皮样囊肿)、假性囊肿及囊性肿瘤(囊腺瘤、囊腺癌、囊性淋巴瘤)三种。真性囊肿及囊性肿瘤均很少见,常在手术或尸解时偶被发现。假性囊肿较为多见,是胰腺炎或胰腺创伤后常见的并发症。假性囊肿与真性囊肿在组织学上之差别,在于后者发生于胰腺组织、囊肿在胰腺内、囊内层为腺管或腺泡上皮细胞组成;而前者是胰腺周围组织形成囊壁将积液包围成囊肿、     

胰腺囊性病变的临床特征和诊治分析

背景:随着影像学技术的进步,胰腺囊性病变的检出率逐年升高,但鉴别不同类型的胰腺囊性病变仍是临床的棘手问题。目的:分析胰腺囊性病变的临床特征和诊治方法。方法:纳入2003年1月~2013年1月上海交通大学附属第一人民医院收治的胰腺囊性病变患者,对入组患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征以及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果:共49例患者纳入研究,其中假性囊肿13例、潴留囊肿4例、先天性囊肿2例、浆液性囊性肿瘤(SCN)9例、黏液性囊性肿瘤(MCN)11例、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)7例、实性-假乳头状肿瘤(SPN)3例。49例患者中16例患者无症状,其余33例患者表现为腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、发热等。13例胰腺假性囊肿患者均有急、慢性胰腺炎或外伤病史,3例IPMN患者血清CA19-9升高。B超、CT、MRI/MRCP、EUS诊断胰腺囊性病变的准确率分别为24.5%、32.7%、61.1%、100%。49例患者均接受手术治疗,分别行内引流术、囊肿切除术、胰十二指肠切除术、胰体(尾)切除术以及节段性胰腺切除术。结论:胰腺囊性病变无特异性临床表现。CT、MRI/MRCP作为无创检查手段,应广泛用于囊性病变的诊断和评估,EUS可作为进一步检查手段。选择合理的手术方案是治疗胰腺囊性病变的关键。     

48例胰腺假性囊肿的治疗分析

胰腺假性囊肿是由外溢的血液、渗出液、胰液积聚于胰腺周围器官组织或小网膜内,由于炎性刺激造成纤维组织增生并将其包绕而成。这种纤维性假膜即为囊壁,此种囊壁实际上是周围器官的壁,本身无上皮细胞衬托,它将液体包裹形成假性囊肿,仅囊壁的部分后壁与胰腺相连,囊壁内面无胰腺上皮细胞为其特点。我院自1995年12月～2000年12月共收治胰腺假性囊肿48例,现结合文献报告如下。     

Cystic ductal adenocarcinoma of pancreas: an unusual variant.

Cystic lesions of the pancreas are usually pseudocysts (90%); only 10% of them are cystic tumors. These cystic tumors constitute less than 10% of all pancreatic neoplasms, making them an extremely uncommon type of pancreatic malignancy. What is more important is that these tumors are very easily misdiagnosed as pseudocysts because their characteristics are very similar to those of the benign pseudocysts. This gains importance as the cystic tumors have a high cure rate and good prognosis if diagnosed and treated on time. Of all the cystic tumors, the most common are the benign serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystic tumors, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms etc. Ductal adenocarcinoma of pancreas presenting in cystic form is an uncommon type of cystic tumor, making it extremely rare among all pancreatic malignancies (solid or cystic). We present the following case report. The review of literature concerning the diagnosis and management has also been discussed.     

EUS in the evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis in pancreatic cystic lesions is often difficult despite the availability of various modern imaging modalities. This study assessed the role of EUS in the following: (1) discrimination of pseudocysts from pancreatic cystic tumors, (2) differential diagnosis between serous cystadenoma and mucinous cystic tumor, and (3) prediction of accompanying malignancy in intraductal papillary mucinous tumor. METHODS: EUS findings in 75 patients with pancreatic cystic lesions (58 cystic tumors, 17 pseudocysts) were evaluated. In the comparison of pseudocysts and cystic tumors, the latter included intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, mucinous cystic tumors, and serous cystadenomas, but not solid-pseudopapillary tumors. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, pseudocysts exhibited echogenic debris and parenchymal changes more often than cystic tumors did (respectively, 29% vs. 6%, p < 0.05; and 65% vs. 4%, p < 0.001). In contrast, septa and mural nodules were found more frequently in cystic tumors than pseudocysts (respectively, 69% vs. 12%, p < 0.001; 56% vs. 12%, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that parenchymal changes (odds ratio [OR] = 83.59; p < 0.01); septa (OR = 30.75; p < 0.05); and mural nodules (OR = 21.38; p < 0.05) were independent predictors of differentiation between pseudocysts and cystic tumors. Serous cystadenoma exhibited diverse EUS features, as well as a honeycomb appearance. Mural nodules were found more often in mucinous cystic tumors than in serous cystadenomas (p < 0.05). There were no factors that predicted malignancy in intraductal papillary mucinous tumor. CONCLUSIONS: EUS is a useful complementary imaging method for differentiation of pancreatic cystic lesions.     

Serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas-indications for surgery

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Serous cystic neoplasm is a rare pancreatic tumor. Almost all of these tumors are benign and only 9 cases of serous cystadenocarcinoma have been reported. Although serous cystic neoplasm is typically a microcystic lesion, there is a wide range of cyst sizes from micro to macro and even unilocular cysts have been reported. Thus, the diagnosis is difficult and indications for surgery are controversial. We aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological and imaging features of serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. METHODOLOGY: We investigated 15 cases of resected and 6 cases of nonresected cases of serous cystic neoplasm, evaluating the symptoms, imaging findings, preoperative diagnosis, macroscopic morphology, microscopic findings, and results of follow-up. RESULTS: Imaging diagnosis of serous cystic neoplasm was not easy, because not so many tumors had the typical microcystic pattern. Most of the resected serous cystic neoplasms were non-microcystic or were small tumors, which could not be precisely evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Small serous cystic neoplasms, which can be diagnosed by imaging, do not need to be resected because serous cystadenocarcinoma is rare. Tumors of the pancreas that cannot be confirmed to be serous cystic neoplasm should be resected because of the possibility of pancreatic cancer, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, or mucinous cystadenoma with malignant potential.     

Cystic lesions in the pancreas: When to watch, when to resect

The diagnosis of cystic lesions in the pancreas is becoming more common, largely due to the increases in diagnostic imaging done for other reasons. This review considers pseudocysts, mucinous cystic neoplasms, intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, and serous cystadenomas in some detail. The emphasis is on the fact that, through a careful history, physical examination, radiologic studies, and, often, cyst fluid analysis, a diagnosis can be reached expeditiously. This pursuit is important because two thirds of pancreatic cystic neoplasms are malignant or premalignant and should be resected, whereas pseudocysts and serous cystadenomas are benign, and, depending on the case, may be treated through observation, resection, or, for pseudocysts, by internal drainage.     

Diagnosis and treatment of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: Solid-pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare exocrine pancreatic tumor. Despite the increasing recognition of the tumor in recent years, its pathogenesis and apparent therapeutic algorithm remain unclear. This study was designed to define the clinical, imaging, and pathologic features and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. METHOD: The clinical, imaging, and pathologic findings of 9 SPT patients managed in our hospital between 2001 and 2005 were retrospectively analyzed, and related literatures were reviewed. RESULTS: In the 9 patients aged from 14 to 68 years, 8 were female and 1 male. The mean age of these patients at diagnosis was 30 years. Initially, 8 patients complained of vague abdominal pain and one patient had pancreatic mass detected incidentally by abdominal CT. The levels of blood and urine amylase and tumor markers were all within the normal range. B-US, CT and MRI demonstrated that tumors were well encapsulated and contained some degree of internal hemorrhage or cystic degeneration. The mean transverse diameter of these tumors was 5.4 cm (range, 2-10.5 cm). The tumors were located at the head (2 patients), body (2), body and tail junction (4), and tail (1) of the pancreas. Surgical procedures included pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, and enucleation. Histological examination showed solidified cystic areas and papillary protrusions. Two malignant tumors demonstrated retroperitoneal metastases and vascular invasion. Follow-up for 2.5 years on average showed that one patient died of tumor recurrence at 10 months and the rest were alive. CONCLUSIONS: SPT exhibits unique clinical and pathologic features and is readily diagnosed by its characteristic imaging and histological appearance. Surgical resection of the primary tumor and metastases is the treatment of choice.     

非功能性胰腺神经内分泌瘤的CT表现

目的分析非功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的多排螺旋CT表现。 方法收集2003年5月至2015年6月解放军第404医院经临床和手术病理确诊为非功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤且术前在本院行上腹部增强CT检查的患者15例。回顾性分析其多排螺旋CT图像,主要观察肿瘤的数目、位置、形状、大小、密度及强化方式等。 结果15例均为胰腺单发肿瘤,发生于胰体部7例、头部5例、尾部3例。肿瘤呈圆形或类圆形,平均直径3.8 cm。CT平扫11例表现为稍低密度影,2例表现为等密度,2例表现为囊性病灶。增强后3例表现为等密度强化,6例为低密度强化,5例为高密度强化,1例囊性病灶无强化。5例可见胰管扩张,肝转移瘤见于1例患者,增强后呈环形强化。 结论非功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的多排螺旋CT表现具有一定特点,但其鉴别诊断较难,需结合影像学表现和临床信息判断。     

不典型胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学诊断及病理对照分析

目的分析不典型胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学表现并与病理对照,探讨其诊断价值,就类似影像学表现的疾病进行鉴别诊断。方法选取77例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者,均行手术治疗,并经病理学和免疫组化分析。术前诊断为胰腺实性假乳头状瘤47例,胰腺囊肿7例,假性囊肿4例,胰腺脓肿5例,胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤7例,胰腺癌5例,胰腺血肿2例。对77例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较其影像和病理学特点。结果 77例患者中男性29例,女性48例,年龄2~79岁,平均41.5岁。18例因触及上腹部包块就诊,12例有腹胀,47例无症状。查体：影像学检查发现胰腺或胰周占位性病变,44例为囊实性肿块,16例为单个囊性肿块,10例为实性肿块,7例为多个囊性肿块（囊〈3个）。肿瘤位于胰腺头部29个,体部25个,尾部17个,难以确定的部位6个（以胰尾部周围为主）。有或无完整包膜,不伴有胆总管和胰管扩张。病理特点为肿瘤实性部分由实性区、假乳头区及两者过渡区以不同比例混合而成。囊性区由坏死、液化组织及陈旧性出血组成。结论胰腺实性假乳头状瘤典型影像学表现为较大囊实性肿块,诊断比较容易,但对于表现为单个或多个囊性或单纯实性者,诊断需与有类似表现的胰腺其他疾病鉴别,特别对于老年患者需要与胰腺癌进行鉴别。影像学表现和病理学有一定特征,有助于诊断。     

Differentiation of cystic pancreatic neoplasms and pseudocysts by conventional and echo-enhanced ultrasound

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Echo-enhanced sonography is a non-invasive and increasingly used procedure for the differentiation of pancreatic tumors. However, the diagnostic accuracy of this procedure compared to conventional ultrasound for the differential diagnosis of cystic pancreatic neoplasms from pseudocysts has never been investigated in a prospective study. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with a cystic pancreatic lesion at the conventional ultrasound (mean age 57 years, range 36-82 years) were included in the study. Sonography was performed by an experienced examiner who was unaware of the patients' clinical diagnosis. The exact diagnosis was based on histological evidence from biopsy examination (surgical or transabdominal fine needle biopsy for all cystic neoplasms and five pseudocysts), or a follow-up of at least 18 months (four pseudocysts). RESULTS: Of the 31 patients, 19 had cystadenomas, three had cystadenocarcinomas, and nine had pseudocysts. Only 27% of the cystadenomas and 67% of the pseudocysts could be correctly classified by conventional ultrasound. Conversely, 95% of the cystadenomas (P = 0.0001) and all pseudocysts were diagnosed correctly by echo-enhanced sonography. The sensitivity of echo-enhanced sonography with respect to diagnosing cystadenoma was 95% and its specificity was 92%. The corresponding values for pseudocysts were both 100%. CONCLUSION: Echo-enhanced sonography has a high sensitivity and specificity in the differential diagnosis of cystic pancreatic tumors. With this procedure the differentiation of cystadenomas and pseudocysts can be improved. However, histology is the standard of reference.     

Evaluation and management of cystic pancreatic tumors: emphasis on the role of EUS FNA.

Cystic lesions of the pancreas are increasingly recognized and usually represent pseudocysts or cystic pancreatic tumors (CPTs), but also include congenital cysts, acquired cysts, extrapancreatic cysts, or cystic degeneration of solid tumors. It is important to distinguish CPT lesions given their varied prognosis and therapy. Mucinous varieties of CPTs (mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous tumors) are premalignant or malignant, and surgical resection is generally recommended in good operative candidates. In contrast, nonmucinous CPTs include serous cystadenomas with a very low malignant potential, or pseudocysts, which are always benign. As a result, nonmucinous CPTs are generally resected only when inducing symptoms or complications. Review of the clinical, imaging, laboratory, and pathology information may clarify the specific tumor type. The relatively limited accuracy of any one modality requires that we consider the combined results when making management decisions.     

Mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas — surgical treatment

To evaluate appropriate surgical treatment and to predict prognosis for mucin-producing tumors (MPTs) of the pancreas, we conducted a retrospective clinicopathological study in 25 patients with MPT. Eight patients who had mild dysplasia of the pancreas were diagnosed with benign disease and 17 patients with ductal lesions of the pancreas with severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ or with invasive foci were diagnosed as malignant. Clinical symptoms and histories, tumor markers, cytological examination, and radiological and gross pathological features were compared in the benign and malignant groups. Clinical symptoms, history, and tumor markers were of no value for predicting prognosis. Cytological examination results were ambiguous because of too many falsenegatives. Radiological features, including the diameters of the cystic space and of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) were shown to be valuable. The significant maximal diameters, above which malignancy was seen, were 30mm for the diameter of the cystic space and 10mm for the MPD. In regard to gross features, the uniformly dilated main duct-type and focally dilated main duct-type were significant indicators of malignancy. Long term follow-up was available in 22 patients. Seven patients died of recurrence of the tumor or other malignancies. We could have predicted prognosis by the radiological features and gross appearance. Surgical treatment should be considered the primary choice for MPT. Total pancreatectomy would be ideal for patients with the uniformly dilated main duct-type. Because of the probability of multicentricity and the transforming potential of mild dysplasia, very careful follow-up is necessary for patients with MPT.