石菖蒲挥发油对炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角中胶质纤维酸性蛋白、c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶和肿瘤坏死因子α表达的影响

目的 探讨石菖蒲挥发油(VOA)对炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角中胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶(JNK)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为：对照组(control)、假手术组(sham)、完全弗氏佐剂组(CFA)、 5 g/(kg·d)低剂量VOA+CFA组(VOA-L+CFA)、10 g/(kg·d)中剂量VOA+CFA组(VOA-M+CFA)和20 g/(kg·d)高剂量VOA+CFA组(VOA-H+CFA),共6组，每组6只，于连续灌胃给药的第22天取材。利用免疫荧光染色和Western blotting技术检测各组大鼠脊髓背角中GFAP、JNK和TNF-α的表达情况。结果 免疫荧光染色及Western blotting结果表明，与control和sham组相比，CFA组中大鼠脊髓背角中GFAP、JNK和TNF-α阳性表达均显著增多(P<0.01);与CFA组相比，不同剂量VOA处理组大鼠脊髓背角中GFAP、JNK和TNF-α阳性表达均减少，且VOA-H+CFA组大鼠脊髓背角中GFAP、JNK和TNF-α阳性表达减少更...     

电针刺激对炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的:探索电针(EA)刺激是否通过下调糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β),抑制小胶质细胞活化缓解大鼠慢性炎性痛。方法:利用完全随机数字法将Sprague Dawley (SD)雄性大鼠分为对照组(control)、完全弗氏佐剂注射组(CFA)、CFA+电针刺激组(CFA+EA)和CFA+GSK3β抑制剂TDZD-8组(CFA+TDZD-8)。通过足底注射CFA方法制备大鼠炎性痛模型,利用电针刺激和给予不同的药物处理各组大鼠。采用经典von Frey丝检测各组大鼠机械缩足反射阈值(PWT),用Western Blot法或免疫荧光检测脊髓背角GSK3β和小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白(Iba-1)表达的变化情况。结果:与control组相比,CFA组大鼠在各时间节点的PWT值均显著降低(P <0.01);脊髓背角中GSK3β和Iba-1表达明显增加(P <0.05)。与CFA组相比,CFA+EA组大鼠PWT显著升高(P <0.01),GSK3β和Iba-1表达量显著下调(P <0.05); CFA+TDZD-8组大鼠PWT显著升高(P <0.01),Iba-1的表达量...     

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体/MAPK/环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白通路在前扣带皮层介导痛相关情绪

目的 探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体/MAPK/环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路参与前扣带皮层介导痛相关情绪的机制。方法 选取健康SD大鼠共42只，随机分为空白对照组(Ctrl)、脚掌注射生理盐水(NS)组、脚掌注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)模型组(CFA)、脚掌注射CFA及前扣带皮层吻侧部(rACC)中注射NS组(CFA+NS)、脚掌注射NS及rACC中注射NS组(NS+NS)、脚掌注射CFA及rACC内注射NMDA受体拮抗剂(APⅤ)组(CFA+APⅤ)、脚掌注射NS及rACC内注射APⅤ组(NS+APⅤ),每组n=6只。分析大鼠回避分数及观察大鼠热缩足潜伏期(PWL),采用免疫组织化学染色检测脑rACC区NMDA受体表达；免疫荧光染色检测脑rACC区NMDA受体、磷酸化ERK(p-ERK)、磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达；尼氏染色观察脑rACC区尼氏小体数量；Western blotting检测rACC区NMDA受体、MAPK、CREB、ERK、p-ERK、p-CREB、突触小体相关蛋白25的相互作用蛋白30(SIP30)蛋白表达；Real-time PCR检...     

石菖蒲挥发油对炎症痛大鼠基底外侧杏仁核中胶质纤维酸性蛋白和即刻早期基因表达的影响

目的 通过注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)构建炎症痛大鼠模型,探讨石菖蒲挥发油对炎症痛大鼠基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)中神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和即刻早期基因(c-fos)表达的影响。方法 成年SD雄性大鼠36只,随机分为6组: 对照（control）组、假手术（sham）组、CFA组、CFA+5 g/(kg ·d)石菖蒲挥发油组、CFA+10 g/(kg ·d)石菖蒲挥发油组、CFA+20 g/(kg ·d)石菖蒲挥发油组,每组各6只动物,于灌胃21 d后取材。采用免疫荧光及Western blotting技术检测各组大鼠BLA中GFAP和c-fos表达量的变化。结果 免疫荧光及Western blotting结果均显示,与control组相比,CFA组大鼠BLA中GFAP及c-fos阳性表达均显著增多(P<0.01);与CFA组相比,石菖蒲挥发油处理组GFAP和c-fos阳性表达均降低,且表达量呈剂量依赖性递减(P<0.01);其中,高剂量组GFAP和c-fos阳性表达的下降趋势较低剂量组相比更为显著(P<0.01)。结论 石菖蒲挥发油可减少CFA诱导的炎症性疼痛大鼠BLA中星形胶质细胞表达,并进一步抑制c-fos的表达。     

雷公藤内酯醇(T10)通过抑制脊髓内胶质细胞的激活改善大鼠CFA诱导的炎性痛的机制研究

目的:观察腹腔注射雷公藤内酯醇(Triptolide,T10)对完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)诱导的大鼠慢性炎性痛行为的改善作用并探讨其机制。方法:SD大鼠随机分为四组,即Saline+Veh组、Saline+T10组、CFA+Veh组和CFA+T10组。后两组大鼠于右侧足底注射CFA制备大鼠慢性炎性痛模型,前两组则在相同部位注射生理盐水。第二组和第四组大鼠分别于造模前1 h给予T10腹腔注射,随后每12 h给予腹腔注射药物1次,持续用药7 d;第一组和第三组则以相同方式给予100 ml/kg的生理盐水作为对照。采用辐射热法和机械刺激法连续观察给药后大鼠的痛行为;应用免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot方法观察连续给予T10 3d和7 d后大鼠腰膨大平面脊髓背角内小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化程度;应用实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)方法观察连续给药7 d后大鼠腰5背根神经节内炎性因子,如白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的表达变化。结果:(1)与CFA+Veh组相比,CFA+T10组大鼠机械缩足阈值及辐射热痛潜伏期显著下降(P0.05),并持续到造模成功后7 d,表明腹腔注射T10可以明显改善CFA诱导的大鼠机械痛敏和辐射热痛敏。(2)免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot结果显示:造模后3 d和7 d后CFA+Veh组大鼠脊髓背角出现大量CFA诱导活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞;小胶质细胞标记物IBa-1和星形胶质细胞标记物GFAP的表达量分别在CFA造模后3 d和7 d显著增高(P0.05),而给予T10 3 d和7 d后炎性痛大鼠腰膨大平面IBa-1和GFAP的活化程度均显著减轻(P0.05)。(3)RT-PCR结果显示:与Saline+Veh组相比,CFA造模7 d后腰5背根神经节内炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA和TNF-αmRNA的表达显著增高(P0.05),腹腔注射T10 7 d后上述炎性因子的表达则显著降低(P0.05)。结论:腹腔注射T10可以显著改善CFA诱导的大鼠慢性炎性痛,其机制可能与抑制脊髓背角小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化以及炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的合成有关。     

丹参酮ⅡA通过抑制脊髓HMGB1表达缓解炎性痛大鼠痛觉过敏的研究

目的:探讨丹参酮ⅡA (TSN ⅡA)对完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)引起的炎性痛大鼠机械性痛敏的影响及其作用机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠完全随机数字法分为4组(n=6只):正常对照组(Control)、TSA ⅡA处理组(TSA ⅡA)、炎性痛组(CFA)、炎性痛+TSA ⅡA处理组(CFA+TSA ⅡA)。利用CFA注射大鼠左下肢足底制作炎性痛大鼠模型,各组大鼠分别用腹腔注射法给予20 mg/kg TSN ⅡA或等量生理盐水,利用von Frey丝检测各组大鼠的痛行为学变化,利用Western Blot检测各组大鼠脊髓Toll样受体4(TLR4)和高迁移率蛋白-1(HMGB1)蛋白表达变化,利用Real-time RT-PCR检测TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等分子m RNA表达变化。结果:CFA可诱发大鼠出现明显的痛敏反应,TSN ⅡA可以显著地缓解炎性痛大鼠机械性痛敏; CFA引起的炎性痛大鼠脊髓TLR4、HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等分子表达增加,而TSN ⅡA可以显著逆转上述分子的表达上调。结论:TSN ⅡA可通过抑制HMGB1-TLR4通路缓解CFA引起的大鼠炎性痛。     

外周代谢型谷氨酸受体5在颞下颌关节疼痛大鼠三叉神经节表达

目的探讨外周代谢型谷氨酸受体5(m Glu R5)在颞下颌关节炎性疼痛中的作用。方法 SD大鼠36只,随机均分为6组,正常对照组(不做任何处理),阴性对照组(右侧颞下颌关节内注射50μl生理盐水),完全弗氏佐剂组(CFA组,右侧颞下颌关节内50μl CFA注射),MPEP-1组(1mm 2-甲基-6苯基乙炔嘧啶+50μl CFA),MPEP-2组(2.5mm MPEP+CFA),MPEP-3组(5mm MPEP+CFA)。将CFA注入右侧颞下颌关节腔内,诱导大鼠颞下颌关节疼痛。24h后检测各组大鼠的机械疼痛阈值,用Western-blot法和RT-PCR方法检测各组大鼠三叉神经节内m Glu R5和ERK1/2的蛋白和m RNA表达变化。结果 CFA组大鼠摆头阈值较正常组和阴性对照组明显下降(0.01),MPEP-3组明显高于CFA组(0.05)。三叉神经节内m Gu Rl 5和ERK1/2 m RNA及蛋白表达水平CFA组明显高于正常对照组和阴性对照组(0.05),MPEP-3组明显低于CFA组(0.05)。结论 m Glu R5参与颞下颌关节炎性疼痛,可能与ERK1/2信号通路相关。     

慢性痛大鼠模型前扣带皮层内小胶质细胞活化与细胞因子表达

目的:观察慢性炎症性疼痛大鼠前扣带皮层(ACC)中小胶质细胞标记物(CD14,IBA1)及促炎症细胞因子(IL-1β,TNF-α)的表达变化。方法:单侧足底注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)诱导大鼠慢性炎症性疼痛,用RT-PCR检测ACC中CD14、IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA的表达,用免疫组织化学染色观察ACC中IBA1免疫阳性小胶质细胞的变化。结果:足底注射CFA后4 h、3 d双侧ACC中CD14 mRNA表达较生理盐水(NS)组有显著增加(P<0.001);CFA后4 h、3 d、14 d双侧ACC中IL-1βmRNA表达较NS组有显著增加(P<0.001);CFA后3 d、14 d双侧ACC中TNF-αmRNA表达较NS组有显著增加(P<0.001)。CFA 3 d组双侧ACC中IBA1免疫阳性小胶质细胞胞体变大、突起变粗。结论:ACC中小胶质细胞的活化以及IL-1β和TNF-α的表达增加可能在慢性炎症性疼痛的产生和维持中发挥作用。     

电针抑制脊髓内趋化因子CX3CL1表达减轻炎性痛的实验研究

目的:通过观察电针对完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)所致大鼠炎性痛急性期脊髓组织内趋化因子CX3CL1(Fractalkine,FKN)及其受体CX3CR1表达的影响,探讨FKN是否可能参与电针镇痛的相关机制。方法:清洁级雄性SD大鼠82只,分两批进行实验。第1批大鼠40只,随机分为4组(n=10):空白对照组(Control组),CFA模型组(CFA组),电针治疗组(EA组)和非穴位电针组(Sham组),其中CFA、EA和Sham组使用CFA足底注射造成炎性痛模型;造模后EA组给予电针刺激双侧"足三里"(30 min,2 Hz连续波,1~2 m A),而Sham组接受非穴位针刺处理;分别于造模前及造模后1~7 d观察并测量大鼠机械缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal mechanical threshold,PWMT)及热缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal thermal latency,PWTL),观察电针对CFA所致慢性痛的治疗作用。第2批大鼠42只,仍按上述分组方法随机分入7组(其中CFA、EA、Sham组取造模后1、3 d两个时间点,Control组取一个时间点),在相应时间点处死实验动物取腰段脊髓组织进行Western Blot检验,观察电针干预对FKN及CX3CR1表达的影响。结果:CFA造模致实验动物PWMT及PWTL显著下降(P0.01),提示电针处理部分拮抗了CFA的致痛作用(P0.05);Western Blot结果显示,电针处理能够降低CFA所致动物脊髓组织升高的FKN表达,在造模后3 d最为显著(P0.01),但其受体CX3CR1表达无显著性差异。结论:电针刺激大鼠"足三里"能够改善CFA所致炎性痛症状,其中抑制脊髓的FKN表达可能是电针镇痛的机制之一。     

EPO通过激活PI3K/Akt途径上调HSP70的表达对低温下心衰大鼠起保护作用

目的:评价红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)对低温环境下心衰大鼠的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:80只SD大鼠随机分5组,分别为对照组(CON组)、心衰低温组(HFLT组)、心衰常温组(HFNT组)、心衰低温EPO组(HFLT+EPO组)和心衰低温LY294002组(HFLT+EPO+LY组)。然后将所有大鼠放置于气候箱中(CON、HFLT、HFLT+EPO和HFLT+EPO+LY组为低温环境;HFNT组为常温)。超声心动图检测各组大鼠心功能,然后处死大鼠并留取心脏标本,TUNEL法测心肌细胞凋亡,荧光定量PCR测心肌组织中Fas和PI3K mRNA的表达,Western blot测大鼠心肌组织中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、Akt和p-Akt的水平。结果:低温下心衰大鼠心功能明显低于常温下心衰大鼠,HFLT+EPO组大鼠心功能较HFLT组明显改善,给予LY294002干预后HFLT+EPO+LY组大鼠心功能明显低于HFLT+EPO组;HFLT组及HFNT组凋亡指数均高于CON组(P0.01),HFLT组凋亡指数又明显高于HFNT组(P0.05),HFLT+EPO组凋亡指数明显低于HFLT组(P0.01)。Fas mRNA在HFLT组心肌组织中的表达明显高于HFNT组,PI3K mRNA在HFLT组和HFNT组心肌组织中的表达差异无统计学显著性,HFLT+EPO组心肌组织中Fas的mRNA表达明显低于HFLT组(P0.01)和HFLT+EPO+LY组(P0.05),而PI3K的mRNA表达则明显高于HFLT组和HFLT+EPO+LY组(P0.05)。HFLT+EPO组大鼠心肌组织中p-Akt和HSP70的水平明显高于HFLT组和HFLT+EPO+LY组(P0.05),CON、HFLT和HFNT组大鼠心肌组织中p-Akt和HSP70的蛋白水平差异无统计学显著性。所有大鼠心肌组织中Akt的水平差异无统计学显著性。结论:EPO活化PI3K/Akt后,上调内源性保护途径中HSP70的表达并抑制细胞凋亡,从而对低温下的心衰大鼠心脏起保护作用。     

Pathogenicity of PMV-3/parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 for chickens

Infection of 1-day-old chicks with PMV-3/parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 (449) by intramuscular, intranasal or contact routes resulted in severe impairment of growth in all groups compared to uninfected control birds. In the group infected intramuscularly with 449 virus 16/22 birds died within 14 days of infection. No clinical signs were seen in 6-week-old chickens infected with 449 by intramuscular, intranasal or contact routes. One-day-old chicks infected with a large dose of NDV-B(1) and one-day-old chicks placed in contact with these birds also showed significant impairment of growth compared to uninfected controls.     

Nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 3 of the avian influenza A/FPV/Rostock/34 and its comparison with the corresponding segment of human strains A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/60/68

The nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 3 of A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1), an avian strain of influenza A virus, has been determined from a cloned DNA copy. Segment 3 codes for the PA polypeptide and the sequence specifies an acidic polypeptide of 716 amino acid residues. Comparison of the sequence with the corresponding segment of two human strains A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/60/68 indicates significant divergence of the avian sequence from the human sequences at the nucleotide level. At the amino acid level there is considerably greater homology between the avian and human strains. This presumably reflects a constraint on divergence of the PA polypeptide imposed by a common functional requirement of PA in all influenza virus strains.     

Determination of the rpoB gene sequences of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana for phylogenic analysis

Using the Genome Walker™ procedure, which allows PCR amplification of genomic DNA using a single gene-specific primer and direct automated sequencing methodology, we obtained the nucleotide sequence of the RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB) from Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana. A phylogenetic tree constructed from these data and other rpoB sequences available in GenBank is, in part, consistent with those previously derived from 16S rRNA gene sequences and confirms the position of Bartonella within the α subdivision of Proteobacteria. In fact, this analysis showed that rpoB data are similar to 16S rRNA data for the α, β and γ subdivisions of Proteobacteria. In contrast, concerning other bacteria included in our study, the topologies of phylogenetic trees were different. Based on the bootstrap values derived from rpoB phylogenic analysis, we believe that this molecule should contribute to better understanding the evolutionary process.     

Evaluation of the A/Seal/Mass/1/80 virus in squirrel monkeys

An influenza A virus isolated from seals [A/Seal/Mass/1/80 (H7N7)] and an isolate of this virus obtained from a human conjunctiva were evaluated for replication and virulence in squirrel monkeys. When the seal virus was administered intratracheally, it replicated in lungs and nasopharynges and induced illness almost to the same extent that a human influenza A virus [A/Udorn/72 (H3N2)] did. In one monkey that died of pneumonia, the seal virus was recovered from spleen, liver, and muscle as well as lung. After conjunctival administration in monkeys, the seal virus replicated to a peak titer in the conjunctivae 30-fold greater than that attained by the human virus, but this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the seal virus replicated less well than the human virus in the tracheae and nasopharynges when administered by the conjunctival route. These results indicate that the seal virus can replicate efficiently in primates, that it can spread systemically, and that it might differ from human virus in being able to replicate slightly better in primate conjunctival tissue.     

An evaluation of the genetic stability and pathogenicity of the Russian cold-adapted influenza A donor strains A/Leningrad/134/17/57 and A/Leningrad/134/47/57 in ferrets

The influenza A components of live attenuated vaccines used in Russia have been prepared as reassortants of the cold-adapted (ca) H2N2 viruses, A/Leningrad/134/17/57-ca (Len/17) and A/Leningrad/134/47/57-ca (Len/47), and virulent epidemic strains. The lesions responsible for attenuation within the six internal genes of each donor strain have been sequenced and described, but relatively little is known as to their stability before and after passage in susceptible hosts. In the work reported in this paper, RT-PCR restriction analysis and limited sequencing of individual genes were used to evaluate the stability of lesions in stocks of the both donor strains after passage in ferrets, which have been used widely as susceptible hosts for assessment of the virulence of influenza strains. Len/47 was shown to possess expected lesions by RT-PCR and restriction analysis. Substitution at position 1066 of the NP gene, which has been previously reported to be unique to Len/47 [Klimov et al., Virology 186 (1992) 795], was also shown to be present in all clones of Len/17. This change was confirmed by limited sequence analysis and was shown to be retained in progeny viruses isolated from the lungs and turbinates of inoculated ferrets. Two other changes in the PB2 and PB1 genes that were present in Len/47 were detected by limited sequence analysis alone. Further previously unreported minor changes were shown to be present for Len/17 and Len/47, but not both, and their significance is unknown. Limited replication of each donor strain occurred in ferrets and minimal clinical signs and histopathology were present. By contrast, the parental strain Len/57 and the recent epidemic strain A/Sydney/6/97 induced clinical signs and histopathology that were typical of influenza disease.     

Cold-Adapted Variants of Influenza A Virus: Evaluation in Adult Seronegative Volunteers of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 Cold-Adapted Recombinants Derived from the Cold-Adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 Strain

Influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) cold-adapted (ca) recombinant viruses, prepared by mating the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) ca donor virus and influenza A wild-type virus, were evaluated in adult seronegative volunteers (serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer, 相似文献   

A comparison of the biochemical properties of the human diaphorase (DIA3) isozymes determined by the common alleles DIA13, DIA23 and DIA33

(1) Various buffer systems for the starch gel electrophoresis of human diaphorase isozymes have been explored. Electrophoresis in a Tris/Borate system at pH 8.6 which includes 70 micron NADH in the gel and cathodal electrode buffers, provides good resolution of the six DIA3 phenotypes previously resolved by isoelectric focusing. (2) The variant genes DIA13, DIA23 and DIA33 occur with frequencies of about 0.76, 0.23 and 0.01 respectively in the English population. (3) The isozymes determined by the least common gene, DIA33, are markedly different from the isozymes determined by DIA13 and DIA23 in their relatively low heat stability, high affinity for Blue Sepharose and slow anodal electrophoretic mobility in buffer systems containing borate. The DIA3 1 and DIA3 2 isozymes are similar to one another in these characteristics.