泽泻的炮制历史沿革研究

泽泻为临床常用中药,历代医方、本草、炮制专著对泽泻的炮制均有记载,有传统炮制方法,也有各地用药习惯,致使全国各地炮制方法不够统一,累计达到20多种.此文分别对泽泻古代炮制方法、现代炮制方法加以整理,以期为泽泻的系统炮制研究提供依据.     

苍术炮制历史沿革研究

目的 总结苍术的炮制历史沿革及现代研究进展,为苍术后续炮制研究提供参考。方法 查阅相关古籍及现代研究文献,对其中与苍术有关的炮制方法进行整理归纳。结果与结论 苍术古代炮制方法有净制、切制、炮炙3种炮制方法。其中炮炙法又分醋制、炒制、泔制、药汁制、土制、蜜制等方法,而属其中的药汁制方法最为丰富。现代常用麸炒法及米泔水制法。苍术古今炮制从繁到简,各种炮制方法还需深入研究。     

荆芥炮制历史沿革研究

目的弄清荆芥炮制历史演变情况。方法查阅唐代至清代医学和本草文献并进行归纳整理。结果荆芥历代炮制法有10余种。主要有净制、火制及液体辅料制三种,古代荆芥多去梗取穗用,现代炮制方法除炒炭外,其他方法少见承袭。结论荆芥的历代炮制都以生用及炒炭法为主并沿用至今。     

使君子炮制历史沿革研究

使君子既能杀虫,又益脾胃,是治疗小儿诸病要药。本文通过查阅经典本草典籍、历版《中国药典》、地方炮制规范及相关文献,梳理使君子的炮制历史沿革,对使君子的古代入药部位、炮制方法进行比较,并汇总国家和地方标准中使君子的收录情况。以期为不同使君子饮片在临床合理用药和标准提升提供思路。     

白茅根饮片炮制历史沿革研究

目的考证白茅根的历代炮制情况。方法查阅从汉代至今的本草和医学文献，进行归纳整理。结果白茅根的炮制始载于（备急千金要方》，要求“细切”，至今均要求“净制”。其炮制方法多样，以炙（炒）者居多。结论白茅根古今均有炮制要求。     

青皮的炮制方法历史沿革研究

目的:总结青皮的炮制历史沿革,为青皮的炮制方法研究提供参考。方法:查阅与中药炮制有关的古今书籍,对其中与青皮有关的炮制方法进行整理归纳。结果与结论:青皮古代炮制方法有净制、切制、不加辅料炮制和加辅料炮制等方法。其中不加辅料炮制包括炒、烧、焙、蒸、炙、炮等6种;加辅料炮制又分为单一辅料炮制和多种辅料炮制,而辅料又可分为面、蜜、酒、麸、醋、盐、斑蝥、水蛭、马尿、巴豆等。现代常用的炮制方法有青皮(净制)、醋青皮、麸炒青皮、制炭、烤制5种,目前,相关研究主要集中在清炒、醋炒或麸炒3种上,建议增加对其他炮制品的研究,丰富临方炮制品种。     

续断炮制历史沿革与现代炮制研究进展

目的介绍续断的炮制历史沿革与现代炮制的研究概况。方法查阅古籍和现代文献,总结历代炮制方法、炮制目的和现代炮制研究。结果与结论归纳总结出续断炮制的历史沿革和研究进展,为今后的研究方向提供了理论依据,为续断药材和饮片的质量与临床用药提供了安全和有效的保障。     

秦艽炮制历史沿革研究

目的:为现代秦艽的炮制研究提供参考。方法:以历代医学典籍、学术文献为资源,对我国古代秦艽的炮制历史、现代秦艽的炮制工艺等研究文献进行总结、分析。结果:秦艽炮制应用历史悠久,酒制、清炒等方法应用最为广泛。结论:秦艽炮制工艺的规范化、秦艽酒制、"发汗"、切丝等炮制工艺与药理药效相关性等问题的研究有待深入。     

苦杏仁的炮制历史沿革考据

苦杏仁临床应用历史悠久,炮制方法繁多,作者通过查阅历代本草、医书古籍及文献资料,对苦杏仁的古代炮制历史沿革进行总结,并整理了历版《中国药典》以及全国各省市中药饮片炮制规范中苦杏仁的炮制品规及炮制方法,全面总结了苦杏仁的炮制历史。经考证,历代医书古籍记载苦杏仁的炮制方法主要有汤浸、研、清炒、麸炒、面炒、焙制、蒸法、药汁制、煨制、酒制、盐制、制霜等,历版《中国药典》收载主要有燀法、炒法,各省市中药饮片炮制规范中主要收载有燀法、炒法、蒸法、制霜等。古代苦杏仁“汤浸去皮尖”“得火良”理论基本与现在的“燀法”“杀酶保苷”研究一致,为苦杏仁饮片炮制工艺和质量标准进一步研究提供参考和历史依据。     

茯苓炮制的历史沿革与现代研究

本文追溯了茯苓的炮法来源和变革过程，从首载入药的南北朝到清代及现在沿用的炮制方法。据此提出，对茯苓的炮制研究，应用现代科学技术，结合临床实际，更好地提高茯苓饮片的质量，为临床提供质量合格、安全有效的茯苓饮片。     

Molecular authentication of Alisma orientale by PCR-RFLP and ARMS

As a widely used medicinal plant, Alisma orientale is always a possible target for fraudulent labeling. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) of the six species of genus Alisma were sequenced, and two variant sites were found to be specific for A. orientale. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) analysis were applied to the ITS region for the identification of A. orientale. A restriction site for PSTI useful for PCR-RFLP analysis was detected and a pair of diagnostic primers DFZX-JB02S and DFZX-JB02X were designed for ARMS.     

Antioxidative effects of Alisma orientale extract in palmitate-induced cellular injury

Context: Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzepczuk (Alismataceae) is an indigenous medicinal herb that has been traditionally used for diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic proposes in northern and eastern Asia. Objective: This study examined the mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. orientale (AEAO) against long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced cellular injury. Materials and methods: HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM palmitate to generate a cellular model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using this cellular model, the cytoprotective effect of AEAO (100 μg/mL) against long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced cellular injury was evaluated by measuring the steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis. Results: AEAO significantly attenuated palmitate-induced intracellular steatosis and cellular damage up to 54 and 33%, respectively. Palmitate-induced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydes were significantly reduced in the presence of AEAO to 40 and 75%, respectively, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in the palmitate-induced damage. AEAO inhibited the palmitate-mediated activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), a kinase that is correlated with NAFLD. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or addition of AEAO significantly reduced palmitate-induced steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis, indicating that the protective effects of AEAO against palmitate-induced cellular damage result from blocking ROS-activated JNK signaling. Discussion and conclusion: The combined properties of AEAO in cellular steatosis and ROS production are beneficial for treating NAFLD, which includes complex metabolic changes, such that modulation of a single target is often not sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.     

Antioxidative effects of Alisma orientale extract in palmitate-induced cellular injury

Context: Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzepczuk (Alismataceae) is an indigenous medicinal herb that has been traditionally used for diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic proposes in northern and eastern Asia.

Objective: This study examined the mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. orientale (AEAO) against long-chain saturated fatty acid–induced cellular injury.

Materials and methods: HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM palmitate to generate a cellular model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using this cellular model, the cytoprotective effect of AEAO (100 µg/mL) against long-chain saturated fatty acid–induced cellular injury was evaluated by measuring the steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis.

Results: AEAO significantly attenuated palmitate-induced intracellular steatosis and cellular damage up to 54 and 33%, respectively. Palmitate-induced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydes were significantly reduced in the presence of AEAO to 40 and 75%, respectively, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in the palmitate-induced damage. AEAO inhibited the palmitate-mediated activation of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK), a kinase that is correlated with NAFLD. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or addition of AEAO significantly reduced palmitate-induced steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis, indicating that the protective effects of AEAO against palmitate-induced cellular damage result from blocking ROS-activated JNK signaling.

Discussion and conclusion: The combined properties of AEAO in cellular steatosis and ROS production are beneficial for treating NAFLD, which includes complex metabolic changes, such that modulation of a single target is often not sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.     

A new triterpenoid from Alisma orientale and their antibacterial effect

A new triterpenoid, named alisol Q 23-acetate, as well as fourteen known terpenes, alisol B 23-acetate (2), alisol B (3), alismol (4), 10-O-methyl-alismoxide (5), alismoxide (6), 11-deoxyalisol C (7), 13??,17??-epoxyalisol B 23-acetate (8), 4??,12-dihydroxyguaian-6,10-diene (9), alisol C 23-acetate (10), alisolide (11), 16??-methoxyalisol B monoacetate (12), alisol A (13), 16??-hydroxyalisol B 23-acetate (14), alisol A 24-acetate (15) were isolated from the rhizomes of Alisma orientale. The structures of compounds (1?C15) were identified based on 1D and 2D NMR, including ¹H-¹H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectroscopic analyses. Among these isolates, antibacterial effect of compounds 2, 3, 10, and 15, major constituents of A. orientale was examined. The MIC values of compounds 2, 10, and 15 were 5?C10 ??g/mL against eight antibiotic resistant strains, which were lower than those from the positive controls (MICs of chloramphenicol and ampicillin were 5?C80 ??g/mL). Therefore, compounds 2, 10 and 15 exhibited the potent antibacterial activity.     

泽泻及复方制剂的化学成分及药理活性的研究进展

目的介绍泽泻植物及复方制剂的研究概况和研究进展。方法以最近几年发表的国内外文献为依据,从化学成分和药理活性作用等方面对泽泻及复方制剂的研究进展做一综述。结果与结论泽泻植物的化学成分结构独特,药理活性多样,具有重要的药用价值。     

建神曲发酵工艺历史沿革研究

“建曲”一词最早出现于清代，但炮制工艺可追溯至明代。明清时期，福建各地方皆生产建神曲，名称也不尽相同。目前，各地建神曲炮制工艺差异较大，质量标准也相对简单，无法很好地控制其质量。本文旨在梳理建神曲发展的基本脉络，并对建神曲历代发酵工艺进行整理分析，以期为建神曲发酵工艺规范化和进一步研究提供依据。     

The Rhizomes of Alisma orientale and Alisol Derivatives Inhibit Allergic Response and Experimental Atopic Dermatitis

The 70% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Alisma orientale (Alismatis rhizome) (AOE) was prepared and found to significantly inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-catalyzed leukotriene (LT) production from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-1 cells and β-hexosaminidase release by antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. It also attenuated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in mice. Among the three major triterpene constituents isolated (i.e., alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate, alisol C 23-acetate) as active principles, alisol B and its 23-acetate strongly and significantly inhibited LT production and β-hexosaminidase release between 1-10?μM. On the other hand, all these alisol derivatives significantly and strongly inhibited DTH response after oral administration. In addition, AOE (200?mg/kg/d) was for the first time found to considerably alleviate hapten-induced dermatitis symptoms in NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis. These results indicate that alisol derivatives possess inhibitory activities on immediate-type as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and may contribute to the anti-allergic action of AOE.     

Local variation in the content of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin receptor antagonistic terpenoids in the rhizomes of Alisma orientale

The aqueous extract of the Chinese crude drug Alismatis rhizoma, a dried rhizome of Alisma orientale Juzepczuk, exhibited in vitro inhibitory activities on angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin binding to their receptors. A fractionation study on the extract clarified that the known terpenoidal constituents; i.e., alisols A and B, 23-O-acetylalisol B, and alismol, were responsible for the activities. Furthermore, investigation of commercial samples of the crude drug demonstrated striking differences in their activities dependent on their locality of origin due to a difference in the amounts of these active principles. Therefore, the content of these principles could be utilized as a criteria of quality of the crude drug Alismatis rhizoma.