七氟烷低流量维持麻醉在儿童择期手术中的应用

【目的】观察七氟烷低流量维持麻醉对行择期手术儿童的血流动力学、肝肾功能与血气指标的影响,并评估其安全性和可行性。【方法】选择在全麻插管下行择期手术（手术时间2～4 h）的3～12岁儿童40例,ASA分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,随机分为 A（低流量组）、B（中等流量组）两组（n＝20）。两组诱导均采用静脉快速诱导,氧流量2 L/min,面罩加压给氧。气管插管后七氟烷挥发罐调至3％,A 组氧流量调至0．5 L/min,B 组氧流量调至2．5 L/min。监测所有患者的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PET CO2）以及脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）。记录插管后10 min（T0）、插管后1 h（T1）、插管后2 h（T2）及术毕（T3）的 HR、MAP、PETCO2及SpO2,并抽取各时点桡动脉血行血气分析。术前及术后24 h抽静脉血监测肝肾功能。【结果】A、B两组患者组间和组内各监测点的 HR、MAP、PETCO2、SpO2及动脉血气指标相比较差异无显著性（P ＞0．05）。两组患者手术前后肝肾功能指标组间及组内对比无明显差异（P＞0．05）。整个手术过程中两组患者均无低氧血症及高碳酸血症发生。【结论】七氟烷低流量新鲜气体使用0．5 L/min氧流量麻醉维持方案对3～12岁行择期手术儿童肝肾的功能无明显影响,血流动力学、动脉血气指标监测在正常范围,可安全用于儿童的择期手术麻醉。     

舒芬太尼联合七氟醚在颅脑外科手术麻醉中的应用观察

【目的】探讨舒芬太尼联合七氟醚在颅脑手术麻醉中的应用效果。【方法】80例ASAI～Ⅲ级在全麻下行颅脑外科手术患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组。麻醉诱导静注咪唑安定、维库溴铵、依托咪酯、舒芬太尼或芬太尼,麻醉维持采用持续泵注舒芬太尼或芬太尼、吸入七氟醚维持：观察并记录两组患者入手术室时、插管前即刻、插管后1min、插管后10min和拔管各个时段的血流动力学变化、麻醉恢复情况（自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间）及苏醒期间的躁动情况。【结果】与基础值比较,两组在诱导后血流动力学指标下降;插管后1min和拔管时芬太尼组血流动力学指标升高。麻醉恢复情况舒芬太尼组优于芬太尼组。【结论】舒芬太尼相对于芬太尼组用于颅脑手术中全身麻醉更具优势,具有麻醉平稳、血流动力学稳定、苏醒快、完撤躁动发生率低等优点。舒芬太尼复合七氟醚在颅脑外科麻醉中更安全,实用,高效。     

急诊手术内固定对创伤性连枷胸患者短期血流动力学的影响

【目的】研究急诊手术内固定治疗对创伤性连枷胸患者的血流动力学影响。【方法】本科2005年1月至2010年10月收治的70例胸外伤为主的创伤性连枷胸患者分为急诊手术组（n=34）与非手术组（n=36）,记录伤情进行创伤评分;监测并记录24h内血流动力学指标包括心排量（CO）、肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（HR）,并进行统计学分析和比较。【结果】手术组患者的HR、CVP较术前明显下降（P〈0．05）,CO、PCWP、MAP明显增加（P〈0．05）,入院24h的血流动力学指标手术组显著优于非手术组（P〈0．05）。【结论】急诊手术内固定治疗能改善创伤性连枷胸患者的短期血流动力学指标,具有一定的近期疗效。     

七氟烷低流量维持麻醉在老年患者开腹手术中的应用

【目的】观察七氟烷低流量麻醉对行择期开腹手术老年患者的血流动力学、肝肾功能与血气指标的影响。【方法】选择行择期开腹手术的老年患者20例,AsA分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,年龄〉65岁,随机分为A（低氧流量组）、B（高氧流量组）两组,每组10例。两组患者的麻醉诱导均采用静脉快速诱导,气管插管后行机械通气,七氟烷挥发罐调至2％,A组氧流量调至0．5L／min,B组氧流量调至4L／min,同时予瑞芬太尼静脉泵入。监测并记录所有患者插管后10min（T0）、术中1h（T1）、术中2h（T2）、术毕（T3）时的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PET CO2）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）及吸入氧浓度（FiO2）,并抽取各时点桡动脉血行血气分析。术前及术后24h抽血行肝肾功能检查。【结果】A、B两组患者组间和组内各监测点的HR、MAP、Pe—CO2、SpO2、FiO2及动脉血气指标比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）。两组患者肾功能指标血肌酐（Cr）和血尿素氮（BuN）术前与术后对比无明显差异（P〉0．05）。两组患者手术前后肝功能指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）组间比较无显著差异,组内比较患者术后ALT较术前有明显增高（P〈0．05）,但ALT均未超过正常上限2倍。【结论】0．5L／min低氧流量七氟烷维持麻醉方案对行择期开腹手术的老年患者肝肾功能无明显损害,血流动力学平稳,动脉血气指标监测在正常范围,可安全用于老年患者的开腹手术麻醉。     

覆膜支架介入治疗主动脉瘤的麻醉处理(附14例报告)

【目的】探讨覆膜支架介入治疗主动脉瘤的麻醉处理。【方法】10例Debakey型胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤、4例腹主动脉瘤患者分别在局麻、硬膜外麻醉、全麻并控制性低血压下完成经股动脉覆膜支架植入治疗主动脉瘤术。术中持续监测心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度、直接动脉测压和测尿量。以硝普钠0.3～1.0μg/(kg·min)控制术中收缩压在120mmHg以下,在释放支架时将平均动脉压控制在70mmHg以下。【结果】麻醉效果满意,血流动力学平稳。术中收缩压在120mmHg以下,心率(HR)60～70次/min;释放支架时平均动脉压60～70mmHg,收缩压90mmHg以下,HR60次/min。内支架植入位置准确,主动脉内膜瘘口被封堵,狭窄的主动脉真腔基本恢复正常。麻醉平稳,无严重心脑血管并发症。术中和术后未发生麻醉相关并发症。【结论】恰当的麻醉方法及术中血流动力学稳定的保持是覆膜支架介入治疗主动脉瘤术麻醉的关键。     

高频喷射通气联合气管内吹气对急性肺损伤的治疗作用

目的　探讨高频喷射通气联合气管内吹气对急性肺损伤的治疗作用。方法　杂种犬 12条 ,随机分为两组 ,用大剂量生理盐水灌洗肺造成急性肺损伤。各组分别给予高频喷射通气 ,调整呼吸机参数使第一组实验犬PaCO2 维持在 35～ 5 0mmHg,第二组实验犬PaCO2 维持在 6 0～ 80mmHg。然后进行 4L/min和 8L/min氧气流量的气管内吹气 ,每阶段进行 30min ,观察血流动力学指标和血气指标的变化。结果　①联合通气后 ,两组PaCO2 及PetCO2 均明显下降 ,且随着吹入气氧流量的增加下降更明显。②联合通气后 ,动脉血氧分压在两组中明显上升 ,但随着吹入气氧流量的增加 ,动脉血氧分压变化无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。③联合通气后使各组气道压明显上升。④联合通气对各组犬血流动力学无显著影响 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　高频喷射通气联合气管内吹气能有效地降低肺损伤犬PaCO2 ,促进二氧化碳的排除 ,提高肺损伤犬的氧合且不影响实验犬的血流动力学     

吸入性伊洛前列素对先心病体外循环后肺动脉高压的影响

【目的】初步评估吸入性伊洛前列素对先心病伴发肺动脉高压患儿停止体外循环(CPB)后降低肺动脉高压的疗效。【方法】选择16例先心病合并肺高压的患儿,在停CPB后超声雾化吸入伊洛前列素30 ng/(kg.min),给药时间约20 min。通过持续脉冲心排量(PiCCO)导管及心内测压管测定用药前后血流动力学指标,比较吸入前、吸入结束后、吸入结束后20 min各项血流动力学参数。【结果】与吸入前比较,吸入伊洛前列素后及停药后20 min肺动脉压/体动脉压,肺循环阻力指数/体循环阻力指数,跨肺压均显著下降(P<0.01,P<0.05),心脏指数用药前后的变化无统计学差异。【结论】停CPB后吸入伊洛前列素,可选择性舒张肺血管,改善肺部血流动力学,改善右心功能。     

适应性支持通气在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者的应用

【目的】观察适应性支持通气（ASV）在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者的应用价值。【方法】30例心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者转入ICU后随机分为两组,每组各15例,分别给予ASV（15例）及同步间歇性指令通气（SIMV）＋压力支持通气（PSV）（15例）两种通气模式,通气2h后比较两组的呼吸力学、血流动力学等指标。【结果】与SIMV组相比,AsV组潮气量（VT）增加而呼吸频率（RR）明显下降（P〈0．05）,气道峰值压（PIP）下降显著（P〈0．05）;平均气道压（Pro）改变不明显（P〉0．05）。ASV组的器械附加功（WOBimp）和吸气压力时间乘积（PTP）明显降低（P〈0．05）。SIMV和ASV两种呼吸模式下血气分析、心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MBP）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。【结论】与传统的SIMV模式相比,ASV模式可以降低呼吸功并改善高通气力学,值得在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者使用。     

前列腺素E1对原发性肾病综合征患者血流动力学和血液流变学的影响

【目的】观察前列腺素E1（PGE1）对原发性肾病综合征（PNS）患者血流动力学和血液流变学指标的影响。【方法】收集符合纳入标准的PNS住院患者，采用彩色多普勒测量患者双侧肾动脉血流，并检测患者血液流变学指标，观察前列腺素E1治疗前后患者血流动力学和血液流变学指标的变化情况。【结果】经前列腺素E1治疗后，PNS患者的血流动力学和血液流变学指标均较治疗前有明显改善（P〈0．05）。【结论】前列腺素E1可以明显扩张肾动脉，改善PNS患者肾脏血流微循环，进而减少血栓形成，有效的延缓肾脏疾病进展。     

腰硬联合麻醉对肾移植手术患者围术期血流动力学的影响

【目的】探讨腰硬联合麻醉下肾移植手术受体围术期血流动力学变化规律。【方法】随机选择100例肾移植术患者,在腰硬联合麻醉下行同种异体肾移植手术,观察其血流动力学的变化。【结果】腰硬联合麻醉后10 min收缩压（SBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、舒张压（DBP）明显下降（ P ＜0．05）,阻断髂静脉20 min后SBP、MAP、DBP逐渐恢复到麻醉前水平,移植肾血流开放后SBP、DBP、MAP明显下降。【结论】腰硬联合麻醉用于肾移植手术效果理想、确切;其对血流动力学影响在不同手术阶段有不同的变化,控制平稳的关键在于各阶段的麻醉处理是否得当。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.