葛根素对大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞L-型钙通道的影响

目的:观察不同浓度葛根素对大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞L型钙离子通道的作用。方法:采用酶加机械分离的方法,急性分离出成年大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞后,将含有锥体细胞的细胞悬液滴加于盖玻片上,待贴壁后选取符合实验条件的细胞,运用膜片钳单通道技术记录同一钳制电压下离子通道活动情况。结果:低浓度葛根素(1.2,2.4mmol·L-1)对L型钙离子通道的活动无明显影响;浓度达到4.8,9.6mmol·L-1时,L型钙离子通道平均开放时间由对照组的11.773±4.838ms分别减少到7.948±2.513ms和4.533±0.828ms(P<0.05),浓度进一步增加到19.2mmol·L-1时,通道平均开放时间降至3.042±0.792ms(P<0.05)。当葛根素达到一定浓度(4.8,9.6mmol·L-1)时,通道开放概率由对照组的0.0011±0.0001分别减小到0.00053±0.00018和0.00032±0.00013(P<0.05),随着浓度的进一步增加(19.2mmol·L-1),开放概率降至0.00021±0.00009(P<0.05)。总体而言,葛根素可以抑制单个大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞L型钙离子通道活动,减少通道开放时间,降低通道开放概率。结论:葛根素可以抑制大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞L型钙离子通道,减少通道开放时间,降低通道开放概率,并成浓度依赖性。提示临床上葛根素治疗缺血性中风可能与其抑制神经细胞L型钙离子通道的开放,防止钙超载有关。     

脑缺血再灌注损伤对大鼠海马神经元L-型钙通道的影响

目的： 观察脑缺血再灌注损伤后，不同时点大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞L-型钙通道特性的变化。方法: 采用改良Pulsinelli 4血管闭塞法复制大鼠全脑缺血模型，随机分为7组：正常组；模型组共分为6个时点，各时点为1组。按实验分组，在上述时点急性分离出成年大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞后，采用膜片钳技术的细胞贴附模式记录同一钳制电压下L-型钙通道活动情况。结果: 在本研究观察的时点内，再灌注24 h时开放概率升高为0.005667±0.001560，显著高于正常组，其余时点与正常组相比较无差异；再灌注0 h（缺血组）、6 h、12 h、24 h时通道平均开放时间分别为(28.043±9.152) ms、(34.850±7.864) ms、(21.205±4.921) ms、(32.980±7.228) ms,显著高于正常组，其余各组与正常组相比无显著差异；再灌注0.5 h，通道电流幅度明显高于正常组，有统计学意义，其余各组与正常组相比较无明显差异。结论: 脑缺血再灌注损伤后，神经细胞出现钙超载可能与损伤后L-型钙通道开放时间延长、开放概率增加和通道电流幅度增大有关。     

巴曲酶对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区的影响

目的 通过观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注不同时段，巴曲酶对海马CAl神经元及星形胶质细胞数目、形态等方面的影响，从而探讨巴曲酶对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 采用改良的线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻塞(MACO)2h、不同再灌注时间段(3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d)的大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血(transient focal cerebral isehemia)模型，随机设立巴曲酶组(Bat)、生理盐水对照组(N．S)、假手术组(sham-operated)，通过HE染色及胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和神经元特异核抗原(NeuN)的免疫组化染色，观测CAl区神经元和星形胶质细胞的形态、数目的动态变化。结果巴曲酶能显提高再灌注早期(6～24h)CAl区GFAP阳性细胞的数目，再灌注7d组存活锥体细胞的数量较盐水对照组有明显提高，提示局灶性脑缺血后早期反应性星形胶质细胞的增多对维持神经元的存活有积极意义，巴曲酶对短暂局灶性脑缺血再灌注引起的海马CAl区延迟性神经元坏死(DND)有一定的抑制作用。     

乌司他丁对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马CA1区的保护作用

目的:探究乌司他丁(UTI)对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)后大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法:32只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、脑缺血再灌注损伤模型组(CIRI)、乌司他丁低剂量组(UTI-L)及乌司他丁高剂量组(UTI-H),采用神经功能评分评估大鼠神经功能损伤情况,通过商品化试剂盒检测大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性,并采用尼氏染色观察CA1区神经元形态学改变、TUNEL染色检测CA1区神经元凋亡水平,Western Blot检测CA1区脑组织血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)和核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)蛋白表达情况。结果:与sham组比较,CIRI组神经行为学评分及凋亡细胞数量显著增高,SOD、CAT、GPX活性降低,HO-1、Nrf2蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与CIRI组比较,UTI-L组和UTI-H组神经行为学评分、细胞凋亡数量降低,SOD、CAT、GPx活性升高,HO-1和Nrf2蛋白表达下调(P<0.05);与UTI-L组相比,UTI-H组神经行为学评分、细胞凋亡数量降低...     

全脑缺血-再灌注降低成年大鼠海马CA1区抑制性突触功能

目的观察全脑缺血-再灌注对成年大鼠海马CA1区抑制性突触功能的影响。方法成年雄性大鼠,随机分为:1)假手术组(SH)、2)缺血-再灌注3 d组(IR-3)、3)缺血-再灌注7 d组(IR-7)。用四动脉阻断法制作全脑缺血模型,使用全细胞电压钳技术记录海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞诱发的抑制性突触后电流(eIPSCs)。结果与SH组相比:低刺激强度时,IR-3及IR-7组eIPSCs的幅值明显降低(P<0.05);IR-7组eIPSCs的上升时间明显变短(P<0.05);IR-3组eIPSCs的配对抑制明显变大(P<0.05)。结论全脑缺血-再灌注降低了大鼠海马CA1区抑制性突触功能。     

不同方式的全脑缺血再灌注对大鼠海马组织的损伤

目的:探讨两种不同方式脑缺血再灌注模型下对大鼠海马组织损伤程度的影响.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分组后用动物离心机制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,应用卒中指数和神经症状评分、组织学及电镜技术,观察±Gz交替和单纯+Gz对大鼠海马组织的损伤.结果:±Gz组及单纯+Gz组大鼠在暴露后不同时间,卒中指数和神经症状评分均较对照组增高;光镜观察CA1区变性锥体细胞数,±Gz组和单纯+Gz组增多,与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义;电镜观察±Gz组与单纯+Gz组暴露后6h和24h可见大鼠海马CA1区部分神经元及血管出现程度不等的损伤.结论:两种方式的脑缺血再灌注均可造成海马组织较为严重的损伤.     

针刺对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠海马细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨针刺对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠海马区细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:SD大鼠共75只,随机分为假手术组(sham)、脑缺血再灌注损伤模型组(CIRI)和针刺治疗组(CIRI+AC),利用大脑中动脉栓塞法制备CIRI大鼠模型,CIRI+AC组大鼠接受针刺“大椎”、“水沟”、“百会”穴治疗。Garcia评分法检测大鼠神经功能,TTC染色法检测大鼠脑梗死面积,免疫组织化学染色检测海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量,Western Blot检测海马区caspase-9表达,TUNEL检测细胞凋亡。结果:针刺前,CIRI组和CIRI+AC组神经功能评分较sham组显著降低(P<0.01);针刺24、72 h后,CIRI+AC组神经功能评分较CIRI组显著升高(P<0.01),脑梗死面积比缩小(P<0.05),患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.01);与针刺24 h后比较,72 h后CIRI组患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率及海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量增加(P<0.05),CIRI+AC组患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率及海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量明显降低...     

葛根素对大鼠后肢缺血再灌注损伤骨骼肌和周围神经的保护作用

目的 研究葛根素在大鼠后肢缺血再灌注损伤中对骨骼肌及周围神经的保护作用.方法 30只健康雌性SD大鼠按随机原则分为手术+葛根素组(P组)及手术 + 生理盐水组(N组)、假手术+生理盐水组(S组),术前1 h开始分别行腹腔注射药物.手术采用橡皮筋套圈阻断大鼠左后肢髂总动、静脉4 h再恢复血运,建立肢体缺血再灌注损伤的动物...     

人参皂苷Rg1对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡的影响

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对脑缺血-再灌注大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡的影响。方法60只健康大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,人参皂苷Rg110、20、40mg/kg组,尼莫地平组,每组10只。采用线栓法制作大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。术后24h采用电镜及TUNEL法对海马CA1区的神经元凋亡情况进行检测。结果模型组部分神经元坏死,可见神经元凋亡,有时有凋亡小体形成。Rg1各组与模型组比较,Rg1各组海马CA1区粗面内质网肿胀及线粒体嵴断裂均有不同程度的减轻,凋亡细胞数量显著降低(P<0.05)。Rg140mg/kg组凋亡细胞数低于尼莫地平组(P<0.05),尼莫地平组凋亡细胞数低于10mg/kg组(P>0.05)与20mg/kg组相当。结论人参皂苷Rg1可以通过干预神经元凋亡过程发挥对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

脑缺血及再灌流早期大鼠海马CA1区NMDA受体的变化

探讨脑缺血和缺血再灌流早期海马CA1 区NMDA受体的变化规律,选用雄性SD大鼠 48只,随机分为:假手术对照组、单纯脑缺血 15min、20min和 30min组及脑缺血 15min再灌流 0min、30min和 24h组,参照Pulsinelli Brierley(4VO)法制作脑缺血模型,取脑,连续冰冻冠状切片,NR1免疫组化染色并进行图像分析及计算阳性单位PU值。结果显示: (1 )单纯脑缺血 15min、20min和 30min组PU值分别为 5. 89±0. 92、5. 18±1. 63和 4. 89±2. 69,与对照组PU值 7. 56±2. 35相比,下降 22. 09% ~35. 32% (P≤0.05); (2)再灌流 30min和 24h组PU值分别为 4. 20±1. 37和 2. 99±1. 28,与对照组PU值相比,减少 44. 44% ~60. 45%,有统计学意义(P<0.05),均明显降低; (3)再灌流 0min、30min和 24h组两两比较, 24h和 0min组的NMDA受体减少有统计学意义(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,脑缺血和缺血再灌流早期海马CA1 区NMDA受体存在下行调节,这可能是脑缺血后自身的一种保护性调节。     

Hyperglycemia increases superoxide production in the CA1 pyramidal neurons after global cerebral ischemia

Transient global cerebral ischemia results in selective neuronal death in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in a delayed manner. Hyperglycemia accelerates and exacerbates neuronal damage in this region. The object of this study was to determine whether hyperglycemia-enhanced damage is associated with increased production of superoxide anion after ischemia. The results showed that hyperglycemic ischemia caused a significant increase of superoxide production in the hippocampal CA1 neurons compared to normoglycemic animals after 18 h of recirculation, suggesting that enhanced superoxide anion production may mediate the hyperglycemia-accelerated and -enhanced neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 area after ischemia and reperfusion.     

Transient enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons after cerebral ischemia

Pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 regions are highly sensitive to cerebral ischemia. Alterations of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission may contribute to the ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration. However, little is known about the changes of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus following reperfusion. We examined the GABA_A receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons 12 and 24 h after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. The amplitudes of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) were increased significantly 12 h after ischemia and returned to control levels 24 h following reperfusion. The potentiation of eIPSCs was accompanied by an increase of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) amplitude, and an enhanced response to exogenous application of GABA, indicating the involvement of postsynaptic mechanisms. Furthermore, there was no obvious change of the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of eIPSCs and the frequency of mIPSCs, suggesting that the potentiation of eIPSCs might not be due to the increased presynaptic release. Blockade of adenosine A1 receptors led to a decrease of eIPSCs amplitude in post-ischemic neurons but not in control neurons, without affecting the frequency of mIPSCs and the PPR of eIPSCs. Thus, tonic activation of adenosine A1 receptors might, at least in part, contribute to the enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in CA1 neurons after forebrain ischemia. The transient enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission might temporarily protect CA1 pyramidal neurons, and delay the process of neuronal death after cerebral ischemia.     

Alterations of single potassium channel activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia.

Selective neuronal injury in the CA1 zone of hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia has been well documented. Extracellular potassium concentration markedly increases during ischemia/hypoxia. Accumulating evidence has indicated that the outward potassium currents, including delayed rectifier potassium current, not only influence membrane excitability but also mediate apoptosis. It has been shown that the amplitude of delayed rectifier potassium current in CA1 neurons significantly increased after cerebral ischemia. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes of potassium currents following ischemia, single potassium channel activities of rat CA1 neurons were compared before and after transient forebrain ischemia. Using cell-attached configuration, depolarizing voltage steps activated outward single channel events. The channel properties, the kinetics and pharmacology of these events resemble the delayed rectifier potassium current. After ischemia, the unitary amplitude of single channels significantly increased, the open probability, mean open time and open time constant also significantly increased while the conductance remained unchanged. These data indicate that the increase of single channel activity is responsible, at least in part, for the increase of delayed rectifier potassium current in CA1 neurons after cerebral ischemia.     

食欲素-B抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的研究食欲素-B(orexin-B,OXB)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注的神经保护作用及其分子机制。方法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型(MCAO),将大鼠随机分为:假手术组(control)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)、缺血再灌注+PBS组(I/R+PBS)和缺血再灌注+orexin-B组(I/R+OXB);通过神经功能评分确定模型是否成功;TTC染色法测定大鼠脑梗死体积;Western blot检测海马区食欲素受体2(OX2R)、p-AKT和p-GSK-3β蛋白表达;跳台实验检测大鼠学习与记忆。结果 I/R组海马中OX2R及p-AKT蛋白表达较对照组减少(P<0.05),p-GSK-3β蛋白表达增加(P<0.05),而I/R+OXB组上述变化明显减轻(P<0.05);I/R+OXB组脑梗死体积明显减少,I/R组潜伏期时间减少,错误次数增多(P<0.05),而I/R+OXB组上述变化显著减小(P<0.05)。结论食欲素-B抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤,可能与增强p-AKT活性、抑制p-GSK-3β活性有关。     

他米巴罗汀减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨他米巴罗汀(Am80)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIR)的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为:假手术组(sham)、模型组(I/R)和他米巴罗汀干预组(Am80,灌胃给予Am80 6 mg/kg)。采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。术后24 h断头取脑,在处死前采用双盲法进行神经行为学评分;TTC染色测定脑梗死体积;Western blot和RT-q PCR法分别检测RARα、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果 Am80可显著改善MCAO大鼠神经功能缺损,有效地降低脑梗死体积(P0.01),上调RARα和Bcl-2表达(P0.01),降低Bax的表达(P0.01)。结论他米巴罗汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠有保护作用,其作用可能与抗凋亡有关。     

Xanthoangelol alleviates cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury accounts to be a prime cause of neurological deficit following stroke. This study aimed to explore the neuro-protective effects of Xanthoangelol (XAG) on I/R-induced injury in both in vivo and in vitro models. Our data demonstrated that XAG can shrink infarct size and brain edema in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. In addition, XAG was capable of alleviating the neurological deficit in rats that have undergone MCAO procedure. Meanwhile, antiapoptotic activities of XAG against I/R-induced neuronal injury were evidenced and further illustrated that XAG elicits antiapoptotic activities by suppressing excessive oxidative stress via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 activation. Overall, our study revealed that XAG displayed the potential to be utilized as a neuroprotective agent against I/R-induced neurological injury.     

Control of IsAHP in mouse hippocampus CA1 pyramidal neurons by RyR3-mediated calcium-induced calcium release

In several neuronal preparations, the ryanodine-sensitive calcium store was reported to participate in the generation of slow afterhyperpolarization currents (IsAHP) involved in spike frequency adaptation. We show that calcium release from the ryanodine-sensitive calcium store is a major determinant of the triggering of IsAHP in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings in hippocampus slices show that the intracellular calcium stores depletion using an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (5 μM cyclopiazonic acid), as well as the specific blockade of ryanodine receptors (100 μM ryanodine) both reduced the IsAHP by about 70%. Immunohistology, using an anti-RyR3 specific antibody, indicates that RyR3 expression is particularly enriched in the CA1 apical dendrites (considered as the most important site for sAHP generation). We show that our anti-RyR3 antibody acts as a functional RyR3 antagonist and induced a reduction in IsAHP by about 70%. The additional ryanodine application (100 μ M) did not further affect IsAHP, thus excluding RyR2 in IsAHP activation. Our results argue in favor of a specialized function of RyR3 in CA1 pyramidal cells in triggering IsAHP due to their localization in the apical dendrite.     

Priming of intracellular calcium stores in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons

Repetitive synaptic stimulation evokes large amplitude Ca²⁺ release waves from internal stores in many kinds of pyramidal neurons. The waves result from mGluR mobilization of IP₃ leading to Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release. In most experiments in slices, regenerative Ca²⁺ release can be evoked for only a few trials. We examined the conditions required for consistent release from the internal stores in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We found that priming with action potentials evoked at 0.5–1 Hz for intervals as short as 15 s were sufficient to fill the stores, while sustained subthreshold depolarization or subthreshold synaptic stimulation lasting from 15 s to 2 min was less effective. A single episode of priming was effective for about 2–3 min. Ca²⁺ waves could also be evoked by uncaging IP₃ with a UV flash in the dendrites. Priming was necessary to evoke these waves repetitively; 7–10 spikes in 15 s were again effective for this protocol, indicating that priming acts to refill the stores and not at a site upstream to the production of IP₃. These results suggest that normal spiking activity of pyramidal neurons in vivo should be sufficient to maintain their internal stores in a primed state ready to release Ca²⁺ in response to an appropriate physiological stimulus. This may be a novel form of synaptic plasticity where a cell's capacity to release Ca²⁺ is modulated by its average firing frequency.