梅毒螺旋体TpN15抗原基因的扩增、克隆及表达

目的用基因工程技术表达梅毒螺旋体TpN15重组抗原,为进一步研制梅毒预防性疫苗和诊断试剂盒打下基础.方法采用PCR技术扩增梅毒螺旋体TpN15基因,然后克隆到原核表达载体pET28b中表达TpN15重组抗原蛋白.结果成功的构建了pET28b-TpN15重组表达载体,重组的TpN15蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21中得到稳定表达.结论梅毒螺旋体TpN15基因在大肠杆菌中的成功表达为建立梅毒血清学诊断的新方法奠定了基础.     

梅毒螺旋体抗原基因的克隆、表达及其在临床检验中的应用

目的　克隆、表达并纯化梅毒螺旋体相对分子质量为 47× 10 3 抗原 ,并检测梅毒患者的血清标本。方法　应用基因扩增技术分离此蛋白的全长基因 ,采用基因工程的方法 ,应用融合表达载体pGEX 2T ,重组、克隆得到带有梅毒螺旋体 47× 10 3 特异性抗原基因的重组菌株 ,经大肠杆菌表达系统获得重组融合蛋白。再经亲和层析获得纯品 ,并联合应用ELISA检测梅毒患者的血清标本 30份 ,同时检测非梅毒患者的血清标本 30份。结果　纯化后获得了梅毒螺旋体相对分子质量为 47× 10 3 的特异性抗原。ELISA检测梅毒患者血清结果均阳性。非梅毒患者血清均阴性 ,无非特异性交叉反应。结论　此项方法具有操作简便、准确的特点 ,为临床检测梅毒开辟了新的领域     

化学发光法检测受血者梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体的方法学评价

目的 通过与梅毒螺旋体微量血凝试验(TPHA)和蛋白印迹试验法(WB)比较评估梅毒血清学筛查法化学发光法(CLIA)的性能.方法 回顾性研究18 494例受血者血清标本CLIA和TPHA检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体结果,对CLIA和(或)TPHA结果阳性177例标本用WB检测确认.同时用CLIA、TPHA和WB检测了81例各期梅毒患者血清、55例有潜在干扰的患者血清和250例阴性对照血清梅毒抗体.结果 以WB检测结果为金标准,CLIA方法的灵敏度为98.4％,显著高于TPHA(94.4％)(x2=5.76,P＜0.05);CLIA方法特异性为100％,高于TPHA方法特异性(99.7％),但差异无统计学意义(x2=1.0,P＞0.05).结论 CLIA法具有高度敏感性和特异性,适合于临床实验室进行梅毒筛查.     

酶联免疫吸附法检测与甲苯胺红不加热血清试验在梅毒检验中应用价值的比较

目的探讨酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测与甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)在梅毒检验中应用价值。方法回顾分析260例梅毒患者,均应用ELISA法与TRUST法检测血清梅毒螺旋体,比较梅毒螺旋体检出率,并分析其敏感性及特异性。结果 ELISA法对梅毒螺旋体检出率为95.8%(249/260),显著高于TRUST法64.6%(168/260),比较具有统计学差异(P0.05);ELISA法诊断梅毒螺旋体的特异性为35.4%(92/260),阳性预测值为59.7%(249/417),阴性预测值为89.3%(92/103),准确率为65.6%(341/520)。结论 ELISA法对梅毒螺旋体检出率较高,可作为大样本梅毒筛查检验,值得临床选择。     

梅毒螺旋体Tp0453和TpN47蛋白的表达纯化和在梅毒检测中的应用

近年来,梅毒检测方法的研究已成为性传染病防治中的一个研究热点.在众多梅毒螺旋体(Treponema pallidum,rp)基因编码的蛋白中,研究热点包括TpN47(Tp0574)、TpN17(Tp0435)、TpN15(Tp0171)、TPN44.5(TmpA)等抗原.本研究以表达纯化的TpN47和Tp0453蛋白为对象,探讨其在梅毒血清学检测中的应用效果.     

TP47蛋白在梅毒血清学诊断中的应用

目的采用原核基因工程技术重组表达梅毒螺旋体TP47蛋白,探讨其在梅毒血清学诊断中的应用。方法PCR扩增获得TP47基因片段并构建pET28b-TP47原核表达重组质粒,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,以IPTG诱导蛋白质表达。经镍柱纯化后通过质谱技术进行鉴定。采用免疫印迹法测定其与梅毒患者血清的免疫反应性。建立基于重组TP47抗原的ELISA间接法并对30份TPPA阳性血清和75份TPPA阴性血清进行方法学验证。结果PCR扩增获得约1．1kb的基因片段,成功构建原核表达载体pET28b-TP47。重组蛋白在细菌中以包涵体形式表达,约占菌体蛋白含量的70％,分子量约39000Mr,经纯化后其纯度约95％。经质谱分析表明重组蛋白为TP47蛋白。免疫印迹法证实TP47蛋白能够与梅毒患者血清发生特异性反应,ELISA测定TPPA阳性血清和阴性血清的符合率分别为97％（29／30）和97％（73／75）。结论通过DNA重组技术成功获得了梅毒螺旋体TP47蛋白,证实其与梅毒阳性血清具有良好的反应性,为研发新一代梅毒感染诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。     

梅毒螺旋体TP0772蛋白的原核表达和免疫反应性鉴定

目的 利用原核基因工程技术克隆表达梅毒螺旋体TP0772基因,探讨其在梅毒血清学诊断中的应用.方法 PCR扩增获得TP0772基因,构建pET-28b-TP0772重组质粒,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,以IPTG诱导蛋白质表达,经镍柱纯化后通过质谱技术鉴定.采用免疫印迹法测定其与梅毒患者血清的免疫反应性.建立基于重组TP0772抗原的ELISA间接法并对30份TPPA阳性血清和25份TPP阴性血清进行方法学评价.结果 PCR扩增获得约850 bp的基因片段,成功构建原核表达载体pET-28b-TP0772.目的蛋白分子量约为32kDa,以包涵体的表达形式存在,约占菌体总蛋白的30%.经质谱技术和免疫印迹分析证实重组蛋白为TP0772蛋白,并能够与梅毒患者血清发生特异性结合反应.ELISA测定TPPA阳性血清和阴性血清的符合率分别为93%（28/30）和96%（24/25）.结论 通过DNA重组技术成功获得了重组TP0772蛋白,其与梅毒阳性血清具有良好的免疫反应性,为优化梅毒的血清学诊断方法奠定基础.     

重组多肽酶联免疫吸附法检测抗LKM-1抗体的初步应用

目的：制备人自身抗原细胞色素P4502D6（CYP2D6）257-351位氨基酸片段融合蛋白作为自身抗原,探讨ELISA检测抗LKM-1抗体的敏感性和特异性。方法：以肝脏的cDNA混合文库为模板作PCR,将PCR产物与真核表达载体pEGH共同转化酿酒酵母Y258,碱裂解法进行质粒制备,PCR扩增鉴定。表达载体构建成功后,在半乳糖的诱导下表达产生重组融合蛋白,经GST亲和层析法进行纯化后,免疫印迹法鉴定抗原性,ELISA检测抗LKM-1抗体阳性血清及部分其他结缔组织病患者血清中的抗LKM-1抗体。结果：重组融合蛋白在宿主菌中获得表达,免疫印迹法鉴定表明其能与标准抗LKM-1抗体阳性血清反应,而与正常血清、其他抗血清无反应。在26份抗LKM-1抗体阳性血清中,6份抗HCV抗体阳性血清用重组多肽ELISA检测有5份呈阳性,其余20份血清用重组多肽ELISA检测均呈阳性；20份其他结缔组织病患者血清用重组多肽ELISA检测均为阴性。结论：重组的257-351位氨基酸片段是CYP2D6抗原的主要抗原表位区域,以重组多肽为基质ELISA检测抗LKM-1抗体的敏感性较高,为进一步研究抗体水平与临床病情变化的相关性奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌ClpP1重组蛋白的特性探讨及初步应用

目的用纯化结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)ClpP1重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备ClpP1多克隆抗体并检测其效价,间接ELISA法分析重组蛋白的抗原性,以初步评价其应用价值。方法通过SDS-PAGE确定ClpP1重组蛋白的主要表达形式,利用纯化包涵体方式对重组蛋白进行纯化;将纯化蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备ClpP1多克隆抗体并检测其效价;再分别以纯化蛋白为抗原,制备抗体为一抗,间接ELISA法检测临床诊断结核病患者血清中抗M.tb抗体和M.tb抗原。结果 SDSPAGE显示ClpP1重组蛋白主要以包涵体表达形式存在,将纯化蛋白免疫新西兰白兔4次,取血测抗体效价为1∶64 000;Western blot结果显示制备抗体可较好的与ClpP1蛋白特异性结合;间接ELISA法结果表明,以重组蛋白为抗原测患者血清中抗M.tb抗体和以制备抗体为一抗测血清中的M.tb抗原的2实验组分别与对照组相比均具有显著性差异。结论制备了具有免疫原性的M.tb ClpP1重组蛋白及效价较高的多克隆抗体,并得出ClpP1多克隆抗体具有较好的免疫反应性,为进一步研究ClpP1重组蛋白的特性及其应用奠定了基础。     

白癜风患者血清前黑素小体蛋白17自身抗体的检测

目的 获取重组前黑素小体蛋白17(Pmel 17)并用于检测白癜风患者血清中Pmel 17自身抗体的分布.方法 通过RT-PCR从原代黑素细胞中获得人的Pmel 17基因,先后插入克隆载体pMD19-T和表达载体pGEX-4T-1,以构建重组质粒.IPTG诱导Pmel 17蛋白表达后以亲和层析法进行纯化.间接ELISA检测白癜风患者血清中抗Pmel 17自身抗体的阳性率.结果 重组质粒经测序,与预期设计完全一致,同时Pmel 17蛋白成功表达和纯化.ELISA检测进展期白癜风患者血清中抗Pmel 17自身抗体阳性率为22％,稳定期白癜风患者阳性率仅为2％,健康对照组未检测到抗Pmel 17自身抗体,进展期和稳定期阳性率差异具有统计学意义.结论 成功表达了Pmel 17重组蛋白,证明Pmel 17自身抗体与白癜风的疾病严重程度有一定关系.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.