卡托普利逆转压力负荷增加大鼠左室重构的机理研究

目的观察卡托普利逆转压力负荷增加大鼠左室重构的作用及其机理。方法36只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、卡托普利组。建立腹主动脉狭窄所致充血性心力衰竭左室重构大鼠模型 ,观察左室质量指数 (LVMI) ,采用免疫组织化学染色方法观察心肌Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的改变 ,采用RT-PCR方法观察心肌Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原mRNA的表达 ,并采用放射免疫分析方法检测血浆和心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ ) ,血浆心钠素 (ANF) ,血清醛固酮 (ALD)水平。结果模型组LVMI、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原、Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达明显高于假手术组 (P<0.001,P<0.01 ,P<0.05) ,卡托普利组LVMI、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原、Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达与模型组比明显下降 (P<0.05 ,) ;模型组Ⅲ型胶原mRNA与假手术组比较有显著升高(P<0.05) ,卡托普利组较模型组下降无显著差异(P>0.05)。模型组血浆AngⅡ、左室心肌AngⅡ、血浆ANF和血清醛固酮水平较假手术组显著升高 (P<0.001 ,P<0.01) ,卡托普利组明显降低血浆AngⅡ、左室心肌AngⅡ、血浆ANF和血清醛固酮水平 (P<0.01 ,P<0.001)。结论压力负荷增加大鼠心肌Ⅰ和Ⅲ型胶原及其mRNA的表达增加 ,具有左室重构的改变。卡托普利降低压力负荷增加大鼠心肌Ⅰ和Ⅲ型胶原及其mRNA的表达 ,具有逆转左室重构的作用。卡托普利逆转左     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对动力性肺动脉高压左室心肌细胞凋亡及纤维化的影响

目的观察先天性心脏病（congenital heart disease，CHD）合并肺动脉高压（PAH）患儿心肌细胞凋亡、心肌纤维化及与血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ含量的关系。方法根据有无合并肺动脉高压将20例CHD患儿分为2组，CHD组（n=8）和CHD合并PAH组（n=12），对照组（n=5）为单纯缺血缺氧性脑病患儿。采用TUNEL标记法检测心肌组织中的凋亡细胞，用免疫组化法检测左室心肌细胞Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达，采用放射免疫法测定血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度。结果CHD组和CHD合并PAH组心肌细胞凋亡指数明显高于对照组，两组左室心肌组织Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白呈强阳性表达，与对照组相比差异有统计学意义；CHD及CHD合并PAH组血浆AngⅡ水平均显著高于对照组，CHD合并PAH组高于CHD组，且两组相比较有统计学意义。血浆AngⅡ与心肌细胞凋亡指数和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达量呈正相关关系，而肺动脉压与心肌细胞凋亡指数和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达量及Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达量无相关关系。结论在CHD患儿左室心肌细胞凋亡和纤维化的过程中，AngⅡ可能比肺动脉压力发挥着更重要的作用，所以应用ACEⅠ阻断肾素-血管紧张素加以降低肺动脉压对提高降低病死率有重要意义。     

别嘌呤醇降低大鼠心肌非梗死区胶原重塑

目的探讨黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂别嘌呤醇对大鼠非梗死区心肌胶原重塑的影响。方法结扎冠脉前降支制作大鼠心肌梗死模型,随机分为假手术组,心肌梗死组和别嘌呤醇组,每组分别于7、14、21和28d时测定心肌组织胶原含量,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原容积分数(CVF)、mRNA的改变及Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比值,黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)和清除活性氧活力。28d时另检测XO蛋白表达及左心室病理改变。结果心肌梗死组心肌胶原含量,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型CVF及mRNA升高,Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比值先下降后升高,XO活力增加,清除活性氧活力降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。别嘌呤醇组明显缓解了上述指标的变化。结论别嘌呤醇能够降低非梗死区胶原沉积和Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比值,改善心肌梗死后心肌胶原重塑。     

Intermedin_(1-53)抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞合成胶原

目的探讨IMD1-53对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞胶原代谢的调节作用。方法培养新生SD大鼠心肌成纤维细胞,将其分成对照组、AngⅡ+不同浓度IMD1-53组。Westem blot法检测心肌成纤维细胞Ⅰ和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达。SYBR GreenⅠ荧光实时定量PCR检测IMD1-53受体样受体(CRLR)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA表达。结果 IMD1-53呈剂量依赖性抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌成纤维细胞合成Ⅰ和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白(P0.01,P0.05)。IMD1-53呈剂量依赖抑制成纤维细胞TGF-β表达(P0.05)。结论 IMD1-53抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌成纤维细胞胶原的合成,下调TGF-β表达,可能与IMD1-53抗心肌纤维化作用有关。     

Zacopride对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱发的心肌纤维化的影响

目的:研究内向整流钾通道(IK1)激动剂扎考必利(zacopride,Zac)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)诱导的心脏成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts,CFb)细胞活力和凋亡的影响,探讨其抑制心肌纤维化的机制。方法:以组织块消化和差速贴壁法原代分离培养SD乳鼠心室成纤维细胞,用AngⅡ诱导细胞建立细胞活化模型。将分离培养的CFb随机分为空白对照组、AngⅡ模型组、Zac干预组、Zac+Ba Cl2干预组、Zac+氯喹干预组和AngⅡ+卡托普利阳性对照组。CCK-8法检测Zac对CFb活力的影响;ELISA法测定CFb上清液中Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot检测心肌内向整流钾通道蛋白Kir2.1表达的变化。结果:与空白对照组比较,AngⅡ模型组CFb活力及胶原合成显著增加,Kir2.1的表达降低(P0.05);与AngⅡ模型组比较,Zac干预组CFb活力及胶原合成显著降低,凋亡率显著升高,Kir2.1的表达明显上调(P0.05);IK1阻断剂Ba Cl2和氯喹可阻断Zac对IK1通道的激动效应,明显逆转Zac的抗心肌纤维化作用。结论:Zac可明显抑制AngⅡ诱发的心肌纤维化,其机制可能与激动心肌内向整流钾通道,进而抑制成纤维细胞活力并诱导其凋亡有关。     

Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原基因mRNA在Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠房室结的表达及变化

目的:探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠房室结内Ⅰ、Ⅲ型间质胶原重塑及胰岛素对其的影响。方法:高糖高脂饮食加小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射制备Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型,并随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和胰岛素治疗组,半定量RT-PCR方法检测Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原基因mRNA在各组房室结的表达及变化。结果:糖尿病组Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原纤维在房室结内明显增加,而治疗组较糖尿病组呈显著下降。图像分析结果显示Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达量为糖尿病组治疗组对照组。糖尿病组Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比例明显较对照组上升。结论:Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠房室结16周后出现间质胶原重塑,胶原类型比例失衡;Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠行胰岛素降低血糖后可不同程度下调房室结间质胶原的沉积,一定程度上逆转胶原类型比例紊乱。     

HO-1/CO系统抑制AngⅡ诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡

目的 探讨血红素氧合酶-1/一氧化碳(HO-1/CO)系统对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法 原代培养新生Wistar大鼠心肌细胞,随机分为:对照组、AngⅡ组、AngⅡ+氯化血红素(hemin)(HO-1诱导剂)组和AngⅡ+锌原卟啉-9(ZnppIX)(HO-1抑制剂)组.用real-time PCR及Western blot检测心肌细胞HO-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,比色法测定细胞培养上清液中碳氧血红蛋白(COHb)含量,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡.结果 AngⅡ组心肌细胞HO-1 mRNA、蛋白、COHb含量和细胞凋亡均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),AngⅡ+hemin组HO-1mRNA、蛋白、COHb含量进一步升高(P＜0.05),而细胞凋亡回降(P＜0.05),但仍高于对照组(P＜0.05),AngⅡ+ZnPPIX组仅细胞凋亡湿著升高(P＜0.05),其他指标无显著变化.结论 HO-1/CO系统对AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞凋亡具有抑制作用.     

Ⅰ型、Ⅲ胶原mRNA在Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠窦房结的表达及变化

目的:探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠窦房结(SAN)内Ⅰ、Ⅲ型间质胶原重塑及胰岛素对其的影响。方法:高糖高脂饮食加小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射制备Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型,并随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组和胰岛素治疗组(每只3 U/d股内侧皮下注射),对照组和糖尿病组注射等剂量的生理盐水(股内侧皮下注射)每天1次,持续喂养4个月;以半定量RTPCR检测Ⅰ型、Ⅲ胶原mRNA在各组窦房结的表达及变化。结果:与对照组比较,糖尿病组Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原纤维在窦房结内明显增加;治疗组较糖尿病组呈显著下降。图像分析结果显示Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达量为糖尿病组治疗组对照组。糖尿病组Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原基因mRNA表达比值明显较对照组上升。结论:Ⅱ型糖尿病可致窦房结胶原重塑,胰岛素治疗可使其发生逆转。     

KKAy糖尿病鼠心肌损伤及葛根素的干预作用

目的：观察糖尿病心肌损伤出现的时间,分析其发生机制,探讨葛根素注射液的干预作用。方法: 全自动生化法检测17周、20周、24周和28周龄KKAy糖尿病模型鼠血清生化指标;流式细胞术检测小鼠心肌细胞凋亡百分率;RT-PCR 法检测小鼠心肌细胞bax、bcl-2 mRNA表达;免疫组化法检测小鼠心肌细胞caspase-3蛋白表达。结果: 与正常对照小鼠相比,除血糖增高外,20周、24周和28周龄KKAy糖尿病模型鼠血清中甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）含量明显升高（P<0.01）。从28周起KKAy模型鼠心肌细胞开始凋亡;bax mRNA表达升高,bcl-2 mRNA表达降低;caspase-3蛋白表达升高。葛根素能减少心肌细胞的凋亡率,降低bax mRNA的表达水平,提高bcl-2 mRNA表达水平（P<0.01）,抑制心肌细胞caspase-3蛋白的表达（P<0.01）。结论: KKAy糖尿病模型鼠第28周存在心肌损伤;细胞凋亡的线粒体途径可能参与了损伤过程;葛根素可抑制KKAy糖尿病鼠心肌细胞凋亡。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原酶分离心肌细胞的效果比较及分析

目的 比较Ⅰ型和Ⅱ胶原酶对大鼠心肌细胞分离的分离效果，并对其成因进行分析。 方法 利用Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原酶分别消化心肌组织，比较两种酶对心肌细胞的分离效果；采用免疫组织化学、免疫荧光和Western blotting技术检测成年大鼠心肌组织中是否存在Ⅱ型胶原；用大鼠剑突软骨部组织的Ⅱ型胶原和心肌组织的Ⅲ型胶原作为阳性对照；用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测Ⅱ型胶原酶试剂的成分。 结果 Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原酶分别消化心肌组织，所获心肌细胞数量分别为 (5.66±0.83)×106和(5.61±1.01)×106，心肌细胞存活率分别为（74.17±6.27）％及（75.50±9.07）％，两者差异无显著性。分离的心肌细胞大部分不搏动，极少数细胞保持自律性收缩；Ⅱ型胶原在成年大鼠心肌组织中呈阴性表达，在剑突的软骨组织中呈阳性表达，Ⅲ型胶原在心肌组织中呈阳性表达；Western blotting检测显示，心肌组织中并无Ⅱ型胶原表达；SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示，Ⅱ型胶原酶试剂是一种包括5种蛋白的混合物。 结论 成年大鼠心肌组织中无Ⅱ型胶原，用Ⅱ型胶原酶分离大鼠心肌细胞不具有针对性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.