Characteristics of patients with TEL-AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with single or multiple fusions

BACKGROUND: The TEL-AML1 fusion in precursor-B ALL is generated by a cryptic 12;21 translocation that is detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It is generally considered a favorable prognostic indicator. Some TEL-AML1+ ALL patients present at diagnosis with extra copies of the fusion, enumerated by FISH. The aim of the study was to determine whether additional copies of TEL-AML1 have clinical significance. PROCEDURE: Charts of all TEL-AML1+ ALL patients at the UM and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota between 1996 and 2004 were reviewed. RESULTS: Eight patients (7 males/1 female, mean age 46 months) with two or more TEL-AML1 fusion signals and 24 with single TEL-AML1 fusion signals (18 males/6 females, mean age 52 months) were identified. There was no statistically significant difference in age or gender between the two groups. Patients with double TEL-AML1+ had a higher frequency of myeloid markers CD13 (P = 0.04) or CD33 (P = 0.003) than single TEL-AML1+ patients. Single TEL-AML1+ patients had higher WBC (P = 0.04) than double TEL-AML1+ patients. A trend toward slower therapy response was seen in double TEL-AML1+ patients versus single, (1 of 7 [14%] <5% marrow blasts on Day 7 vs. 13 of 23 [56%], P = 0.09). Double TEL-AML1+ patients had a higher relapse rate (P = 0.09) than single TEL-AML1+ patients. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing FISH to distinguish subgroups of TEL-AML1 fusion patients may have important prognostic implications. The presence of an extra fusion may portend poorer prognosis. A larger and longer-term follow-up study will be required to verify the possible clinical significance of the presence of multiple TEL-AML1 fusions.     

Loss at 12p detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH): association with TEL-AML1 fusion and favorable prognostic features in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A multi-institutional study.

BACKGROUND: Genetic aberrations provide prognostic information in childhood ALL. The proportion of patients with detectable aberrations can be increased by combining G-banding with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). PROCEDURE: We studied 79 children with ALL by CGH and G-banding, and explored the relationship of these findings to clinical features and outcome. RESULTS: CGH revealed DNA copy number changes in 57 patients (72%), 9 of whom had normal karyotype by G-banding. Gains were more frequent than losses, and changes of whole chromosomes more frequent than partial aberrations. Two frequent partial losses were found; at 9p and 12p. The 9 patients with loss at 12p were studied for the deletion of TEL (ETV6) gene and the fusion of TEL and AML1 genes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Eight out of the 9 children with loss at 12p harbored the TEL-AML1 translocation and all 9 had the deletion of a nontranslocated TEL allele. All 9 had precursor-B phenotype and L1 morphology, and 8/9 had WBC below 50 x 10(9)/liter. All children were treated according to Nordic ALL protocols, had a good response to treatment based on day 15 bone marrow morphology, and 7 out of the 9 survived in continuous complete remission (median follow-up 74 months). CONCLUSIONS: CGH is a valuable tool in screening for genetic aberrations in childhood ALL. DNA copy number losses detected at 12p associate with TEL-AML1 fusion as well as with favorable prognostic features.     

伴有t(12;21)易位的儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床和实验研究

目的　研究我国儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)中伴有t(12 ;2 1)易位者的发生率及其临床、免疫学和预后的特征。方法　采用套式逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术检测TEL AML1融合基因转录本 ,联合染色体R带核型分析和流式细胞仪免疫表型分析等方法。结果　在 5 5例儿童ALL(B系ALL 40例 ,T系ALL 13例 ,T、B系双表达ALL 2例 )中共发现 8例 (2 0 % )B系ALL有TEL AML1融合基因转录本 ,证实有t(12 ;2 1)易位存在。治疗后 8例均获完全缓解 (CR) ,随访至 1999年 5月 ,均在CR中 ,无一例复发。结论　t(12 ;2 1)B系ALL是儿童ALL中最多见且预后较好的一种亚型。RT PCR检测TEL AML1融合基因转录本是诊断t(12 ;2 1)ALL和监测其微小残留病最敏感有效的方法。     

TEL-AML_1阳性儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病近期疗效分析

目的探讨TEL-AML1融合基因阳性儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的临床和预后特征。方法应用RT-PCR技术,对213例初诊ALL患儿骨髓进行t(12;21)染色体检测和TEL-AML1融合基因检测。结果213例ALL中25例(11.7%)存在t(12;21)染色体改变和TEL-AML1融合基因阳性,25例患儿发病时平均年龄5.8岁(2～10岁),均为非T细胞系免疫表型,以普通型ALL为主,经诱导化疗后全部得到完全缓解。结论t(12;21)/TEL-AML1表达是儿童ALL较为常见的遗传学改变,该类型儿童ALL经化疗预后良好。     

160例急性淋巴细胞白血病MICM分型及其治疗和预后相关性的研究

目的 研究儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的MICM分型及其与治疗、预后的相关性。方法 采用细胞形态学检查、染色体R带或C带核型分析、流式细胞仪细胞免疫表型检测和套式逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）检测TEL－AML1、BCR－ABL融合基因转录本。结果 在160例儿童ALL中，76例为L1型，73例为L2型，5例为L3型，6例不能分类。在核型分析的151例中，75例（49．7％）有克隆性染色体异常。包括超二倍体16例，假二倍体12例，亚二倍体26例，染色体易位21例。后者包括t（4；11）7例，t（9；22）6例，其他少见易位8例。进行过免疫表型分析的128例中，64例（50％）为B系表达，38例（29．7％）为T系表达，14例（10．9％）为T、B混合表达，6例为B系、髓系混合表达，3例为T系、髓系混合表达，其他3例。套式RT－PCR检测到TEL－AML1融合基因转录本11例、BCR－ABL融合基因转录本2例。125例ALL患儿分别接受DOLP（柔红霉素、长春新碱、左旋门冬酰胺酶、泼尼松或左旋门冬酰胺酶、泼尼松或地塞米松）方案治疗，其中116例（92．85）获得完全缓解（CR）。CR达2年以上者16例，1年以上者28例，6个月以上者17例。结论 MICM分型由于能反映ALL的本质，因而比FAB分型更精确、完善，并且对于指导临床用药、提高ALL患儿缓解率和长期生存率有重要价值。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病常见融合基因的检测及意义

目的建立逆转录-巢式PCR检测融合基因的方法,检测4种常见融合基因在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中阳性率,并对阳性患儿进行初步临床资料分析。方法对收治的92例初发的急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿,于化疗开始前抽取骨髓标本1.5～2.0 ml,采用巢式RT-PCR方法检测最常见的4种融合基因:TEL/AML1、E2A/PBX1、m-BCR/ABL和AF4/MLL。结果92例ALL患儿中TEL/AML1阳性21例,阳性率22.8%,占B细胞性ALL的24.7%(20/81例);6例E2A/PBX1阳性(6.5%),在前B细胞性ALL中占20.0%(3/15例);2例AF4/MLL阳性(2.2%),在婴儿ALL中占33.3%(2/6例);仅检测到1例m-BCR/ABL阳性(1.1%)。结论巢式RT-PCR方法是检测融合基因有效、敏感的方法。TEL/AML1在儿童ALL中阳性率最高,尤其是在B细胞性ALL中,该融合基因阳性的患儿病情较轻。     

不同遗传学异常的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿微小残留病变化

目的 探讨不同遗传学异常的儿童B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（B-ALL）患儿在诱导化疗期间微小残留病（MRD）的变化。方法 以2004年2月至2013年4月收住院的271例初治B-ALL患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析不同遗传学异常患儿在诱导化疗第15天和诱导化疗结束时MRD的变化特点。结果 诱导化疗第15天,具有超二倍体患儿在MRD的3个检测界值上（分别MRD≥0.1%、1%和10%）的检出比例均明显高于非超二倍体患儿（均PP>0.05）。诱导化疗结束时,超二倍体患儿和BCR-ABL1阳性患儿在MRD的3个检测界值上（分别MRD≥0.01%、0.1%和1%）的检出比例分别与非超二倍体和BCR-ABL1阴性患儿比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;而TEL-AML1融合基因阴性患儿在上述3个检测界值上的检出比例均高于TEL-AML1融合基因阳性患儿（均PP结论 具有不同遗传学异常的B-ALL患儿在诱导化疗中及诱导化疗结束时的MRD水平是不同的,MRD的预后意义可能与不同遗传学异常相关。     

The incidence peaks of the childhood acute leukemias reflect specific cytogenetic aberrations

The correlation between age and karyotype was studied in 1425, 0 to 14.9 years old children who were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloblastic leukemia. Almost 80% of the non-Down B-cell precursor ALL cases in the 2 to 7 years frequency peak group who had aberrant cytogenetic results had either a high-hyperdiploid clone (51 to 61 chromosomes) or a translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22). Among B-cell precursor ALL cases, high white blood cell counts correlated with earlier age at diagnosis (rS=-0.23; P<0.001) being most evident for 11q23/MLL-aberrations, translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), and high-hyperdiploidy. Among acute myeloblastic leukemia patients, frequency peaks were found for those with MLL/11q23 rearrangements (peak: first year), Down syndrome (peak: second to third year), or cytogenetic abnormalities other than translocations t(8;21), t(15;17), and inv(16)/t(16;16) (peak: first to third year). The epidemiology of the cytogenetic subsets of acute leukemias questions whether age as a disease-related prognostic parameter has any relevance in childhood leukemia clinical research beyond being a surrogate marker for more important, truly biologic features such as cytogenetic aberrations and white cell count at diagnosis. Further research is needed to explore whether the 2 to 7 years age incidence peak in childhood ALL harbor yet unidentified cytogenetic subsets with the same natural history as the high-hyperdiploid and t(12;21)-positive leukemias.     

基于动脉自旋标记成像技术探讨支气管肺发育不良对早产儿脑血流量影响的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨儿童高超二倍体（high hyperdiploid,HHD）急性淋巴细胞白血病（acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL）的临床特征及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2011年4月—2020年12月福建省5家医院收治的1 414例ALL初诊患儿的临床资料。根据染色体核型,分为伴HHD组（172例）和不伴HHD组（1 242例）,比较两组的临床特征及疗效,并进一步探讨HHD ALL的预后影响因素。 结果 在1 414例ALL初诊患儿中,172例（12.16%）检出HHD。伴HHD组初诊有不良预后危险因素（起病年龄≥10岁或<1岁、初诊白细胞计数≥50×10⁹/L、T细胞表型）、常见融合基因（TEL-AML1、BCR-ABL1、E2A-PBX1、MLL基因重排）阳性的患儿比例均低于不伴HHD组（均P<0.05）,而诱导化疗后微小残留病（minimal residual disease,MRD）<0.01%的患儿比例高于不伴HHD组（P<0.05）。伴HHD组预期10年无事件生存（event-free survival,EFS）率及总生存率均高于不伴HHD组（P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,染色体数目58~66、10号染色体三体、17号染色体三体、诱导化疗第15天或第19天骨髓MRD<1%、诱导化疗第33天或第46天骨髓MRD<0.01%是高EFS率的影响因素（均P<0.05）;10号染色体三体与高总生存率有关（P<0.05）。Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,17号染色体三体与高EFS率密切相关（P<0.05）。 结论 儿童HHD ALL初诊时不良预后危险因素较少,总体预后佳;染色体数目及特定染色体三体与预后相关。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床分析

目的 分析初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床特征及远期疗效情况,提高急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的总生存率（overall survival,OS）和无事件生存率（event-free survival,EFS）.方法 收集2005年至2010年住院治疗的初诊急性淋巴细胞白血病80例患儿的临床资料,采用急性淋巴细胞白血病IC-BFM2002为基础的化疗方案,运用Kaplan-Meier法统计分析患儿的5年OS和EFS.结果 80例患儿,男女比例1.22∶1,中位年龄4岁3个月,标危33例（41.2％）,中危37例（46.3％）,高危10例（12.5％）,白细胞（WBC≥20×109/L）22例（27.5％）,BCR/ABL阳性3例（3.8％）;MLL基因重排1例（1.3％）;TEL/AML阳性17例（21.3％）.完全缓解79例（98.8％）,5年OS和EFS分别为（85.9±4.0）％和（79.2±4.7）％,其中标危组5年EFS（86.6±6.4）％,中危组5年EFS （81.1±6.4）％,高危组5年EFS（48.0±16.4）％,组间比较差异有统计学意义（x2=7.03,P＜0.05）.复发12例（15.o％）,中位时间23.5个月.死亡11例（13.8％）,中位时间13个月.结论 初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的疗效好,标准的分型诊断及危险度分层治疗有利于提高患儿的生存质量.     

CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗10岁以上儿童及青少年急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效分析

目的 探讨CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗10岁以上儿童及青少年初诊急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的长期疗效。方法 收集2008年4月至2015年4月采用CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗的150例10岁以上ALL患儿的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析评估患儿总体生存（OS）率和无事件生存（EFS）率。结果 150例患儿中,男87例（58.0%）,女63例（42.0%）,中位年龄11（10~15）岁;中危患儿84例（56.0%）,高危患儿66例（44.0%）;B-ALL患儿122例（81.3%）,T-ALL患儿28例（18.7%）;融合基因检测阳性51例（34.0%）,其中BCR-ABL阳性16例（31%）,TEL-AML1阳性11例（22%）,E2A-PBX1阳性8例（16%）,其他基因阳性16例（31%）。采用CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗1个疗程完全缓解率为96.0%（144/150）。150例患儿中位随访时间为52（3~122）个月,5年OS率为79.0%±3.5%,5年EFS率为67.3%±4.1%。中危患儿和高危患儿,以及B-ALL患儿和T-ALL患儿间5年OS率及5年EFS率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。诱导治疗结束时骨髓达完全缓解患儿的5年OS率及5年EFS率均高于骨髓未达完全缓解者（P < 0.05）。结论 10岁以上儿童及青少年ALL患儿采用CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗,其完全缓解率高,5年OS率及EFS率均较高。诱导治疗后未达到完全缓解患儿预后不良。     

Preponderant mitotic activity of nonleukemic cells plays an important role in failures to detect abnormal clone in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

At diagnosis, clonal chromosomal abnormalities are found in the bone marrow blasts in more than two thirds of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Practically, however, failure to detect these abnormalities is frequent and usually attributed to poor marrow sampling, inadequate metaphases, and/or a preponderant mitotic activity among nonleukemic cells. The authors applied fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to re-examine 30 cases of karyotypically "normal" childhood ALL to explore the role of preponderant mitotic activities of nonleukemic cells in failures to detect clonal abnormalities. The FISH test were performed using TEL/AML1 fusion gene probe and the centromere probes for chromosome 8 and 10 to detect the t(12;21) translocation and/or hyperdiploidy. Half of the karyotypically "normal" ALL cases examined have been found to have abnormal clones with t(12;21) rearrangement and/or hyperdiploidy by this specially designed FISH assay. Contrary to expectation, the authors found a higher incidence (52%) of clonal abnormalities in cases where over 20 metaphases had been examined than in cases (44%) where fewer than 20 metaphases had been analyzed. These findings suggest that a preponderant mitotic activity of nonleukemic cells plays an important role in failures to detect an abnormal clone by conventional cytogenetic studies. Therefore, karyotypically "normal" childhood ALL patients should undergo FISH studies to rule out the presence of t(12;21) and/or hyperdiploid clone.     

EVI1基因阳性的儿童急性髓细胞性白血病生物学及临床特征分析

目的 研究EVI1 基因在急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）患儿中的表达及EVI1 基因阳性AML 患儿的临床特征。方法 收集分析EVI1 阳性患儿的临床资料;采用RT-PCR 法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法（RQ-PCR）定性和定量测定EVI1 的表达;流式细胞术检测骨髓细胞免疫表型;多参数流式细胞术（MFC）监测微小残留白血病（MRD）;同时对染色体进行检查。结果 241 例AML 患儿中,有33 例EVI1 基因表达呈阳性（13.7%）;与EVI1 基因表达阴性的AML 患儿相比,EVI1 阳性AML 患儿的初诊年龄、外周血白细胞计数、血红蛋白含量和血小板计数差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但女性患儿比例增加（P<0.05）;EVI1 表达改变与临床缓解和MRD 改变不同步,部分患儿EVI1 转阴滞后于临床缓解和MRD 转阴,而部分患儿临床未缓解或MRD 仍呈阳性,但EVI1 已转阴;EVI1 常与其他融合基因共表达;免疫表型分析提示EVI1 阳性AML 患儿高表达CD33（100%）、CD38（88%）和HLADR（76%）;15 例患儿发现染色体结构或数目异常;EVI1 表达阳性AML 患儿第1 疗程完全缓解（CR）率明显低于EVI1 表达阴性患儿（P<0.05）。结论 EVI1 基因表达阳性的AML 患儿近期预后差;EVI1 基因在AML 的病程中活化不是孤立的,而是与其他基因相互作用或染色体异常的结果,其活化机制及功能还需进一步研究。     

RUNX1 aberrations in ETV6/RUNX1-positive and ETV6/RUNX1-negative patients: its hemato-pathological and prognostic significance in a large cohort (619 cases) of ALL

A large-cohort study (619) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) revealed an ETV6/RUNX1 (previously known as TEL/AML1) incidence of 18% in pediatric B-cell precussor ALL, indicating no geographical heterogeinity. Association of CD34-negative phenotype, peak incidence in the 3- to 7-year age group, and a comparatively low frequency of ETV6 homologue loss in ETV6/RUNX1-positive cases were distinct findings in this series. Additional genetic changes, such as ETV6 loss, extra RUNX1, ETV6/RUNX1 duplication, and MLL aberrations in the ETV6/RUNX1-positive group, supported the hypothesis of the ETV6/RUNX1 leukemogenic model that these secondary changes are necessary for leukemogenesis rather than progression of disease. This study disclosed RUNX1 alterations in the ETV6/RUNX1-negative group of BCP-ALL that encourages the investigation of RUNX1 at a large scale with longer follow-up, which will focus on the prognostic importance and the underlying biology of disease.     

Hepatitis C virus infection associated with liver-kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1) autoantibodies in children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical pattern and evolution of chronic hepatitis C in children with liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 autoantibodies (LKM1). STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, retrospective study, including the following groups of children with hepatitis C virus infection: (1). 21 consecutive LKM1-positive patients, (2). 42 age- and sex- matched LKM1-negative patients, and (3). 4 interferon-induced LKM1-positive cases. LKM1 reactivity to human microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) was assayed by immunoblotting. RESULTS: Clinical and biochemical features overlapped in LKM1-positive and LKM1-negative children, but a fibrosis score >3 (range 0-6) was significantly more frequent (P =.04) in the former. Reactivity to microsomal protein and CYP2D6 was significantly (P =.02) associated with LKM1 titers >or=1:320 and was found in 39% of patients, including severe cases and both children (of 4 treated) who achieved a sustained alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization after steroid treatment. Five of 7 LKM1-positive children treated with interferon had an ALT exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS: LKM1-positive hepatitis C in children is characterized by a wide spectrum of biochemical, serologic, and histologic features. Whether autoimmunity may contribute to liver damage in a subgroup of patients with more severe liver disease, high LKM1 titers, and reactivity to CYP2D6 is a question deserving further investigation.