D-二聚体和P-选择素及B型钠尿肽的检测对于窦性心律心力衰竭患者的临床意义

目的通过检测窦性心律的慢性心力衰竭患者血浆中D-二聚体、P-选择素和B型钠尿肽(BNP)的水平,探索窦性心律心力衰竭患者抗凝、抗栓治疗的必要性及治疗的时机。方法选取窦性心律慢性心力衰竭患者68例。根据射血分数(EF)进行分组:A组EF≥45%,20例;B组45%EF35%,22例;C组EF≤35%,26例。分别测定血浆D-二聚体、P-选择素、BNP水平。结果 C组患者血浆D-二聚体[(4.7±2.79)μg/m L比(3.01±1.15)μg/m L]、P-选择素[(17.2±2.4)μg/L比(14.6±3.7)μg/L]、BNP[(1347.8±158.4)μg/L比(478.9±26.0)μg/L]明显高于B组,B组患者血浆D-二聚体、P-选择素、BNP明显高于A组[(3.01±1.15)μg/m L比(2.15±0.28)μg/m L,(14.6±3.7)μg/L比(10.9±2.5)μg/L,(478.9±26.0)μg/L比(264.5±27.1)μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在窦性心律的心力衰竭患者中,发现BNP升高与D-二聚体,P-选择素升高成正相关。     

术前血浆D-二聚体测定在大肠癌中的临床意义

目的 研究大肠癌患者血浆D-二聚体浓度的变化及意义.方法 按随机原则设立大肠癌组34例,良性病对照组31例.分别于术前采血检测其血浆D-二聚体水平并对其进行统计分析.同时大肠癌组按照Dukes分期标准分为4个亚组,并对组间D-二聚体水平进行比较.结果 大肠癌组的血浆D-二聚体水平显著高于对照组[(394.12±105.21)μg/L与(129.03±8.29)μg/L,P<0.05.在大肠癌组的各亚组比较中,Dukes D期患者的D-二聚体水平明显高于其他各期,分别为D期(800.00±287.94)μg/L、A期(180.00±58.31)μg/L、B期(170.00±33.50)μg/L、C期(250.00±86.60)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 大肠癌患者血浆D-二聚体水平显著升高,并且对大肠癌的分期及预后可能有一定的指导意义.     

急性心肌梗死患者血清可溶性CD40配体和纤维蛋白原的改变及其临床意义

目的 观察急性心肌梗死患者血清可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)水平和血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)的变化以及与临床预后的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法测定60例急性心肌梗死患者血清sCD40L水平,用全自动血凝分析仪测定血浆Fg,患者出院后随访2年,观察心血管事件.结果 急性心肌梗死患者sCD40L水平(15.36±7.32)μg/L显著高于正常对照组(5.79±2.78)μg/L(P<0.001).急性心肌梗死患者中Fg水平(4.60±1.37)g/L显著高于正常对照组(3.03±0.82)g/L(P<0.001).发生心血管事件患者的sCD40L(18.14±6.34)μg/L和Fg(4.97±1.33)g/L显著高于无心血管临床事件患者的sCD40L(14.38±6.67)μg/L和Fg(4.20±1.24)g/L(P<0.05).sCD40L水平≥14.5 μg/L或Fg≥4.4 g/L的患者的心血管事件发生增多(P<0.05).合并糖尿病的急性心肌梗死患者sCD40L水平(18.38±6.71) μg/L显著高于不合并糖尿病的急性心肌梗死患者(14.46±6.48)μg/L(P<0.05).相关性分析显示在AMI患者中sCD40L与Fg正相关(r=0.27,P<0.05),Fg与左室射血分数负相关(r=-0.319,P<0.05).结论 急性心肌梗死患者血清sCD40L水平和Fg升高,sCD40L和Fg明显升高的患者发生心血管事件的风险明显升高,糖尿病是sCD40L升高的临床危险因素,sCD40L和Fg是急性心肌梗死患者的预后指标,在急性心肌梗死的病理生理过程中起重要作用.     

非永久性房颤患者复律前后血浆脑钠肽水平的变化

目的:研究心功能正常的非永久性心房颤动患者转为窦性心律前后血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的变化,探讨血浆BNP水平在控制房颤发生中的作用。方法:测定74例心功能正常的非永久性房颤患者转律前后的血浆BNP变化,并与30例窦性心律患者作比较。结果:房颤患者在复律成功后,血浆BNP水平明显降低(均P<0.01)。40例阵发性房颤患者的血浆BNP水平由复律前(69.2±17.8)pg/mL降至(27.8±15.2)pg/mL,25例持续性房颤患者的血浆BNP水平由复律前(74.6±19.5)pg/mL降至(28.9±17.3)pg/mL。结论:血浆BNP水平可预测房颤的发生和终止。     

ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体的变化

目的 探讨ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者与冠状动脉造影阴性者纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体含量的差异.方法 选取我院2005年1月至2007年12月诊断为STEMI并行直接经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的患者100例.同时选取冠状动脉造影阴性者100例为对照组.比较2组间纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体含量.结果 2组性别、年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史和吸烟史差异无统计学意义(P均0.05).STEMI组血浆纤维蛋白原含量为(2.38±0.91)g/L,对照组为(2.65±0.68)g/L,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.34,P<0.05).D-二聚体的平方根STEMI组为(13.23±5.08)μg/L,对照组为(9.40±5.03)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=5.36,P<0.01).血浆D-二聚体与纤维蛋白原含量比值的平方根STEMI组为(9.11±4.13),对照组为(5.92±3.35),差异有统计学意义(t=5.99,P<0.01).结论 STEMI患者的纤维蛋白原低于冠状动脉造影阴性的对照组,D-二聚体高于对照组,提示在STEMI急性期存在急性血栓形成和继发纤溶.     

非瓣膜性房颤合并动脉粥样硬化患者的高凝状态研究

目的 观察持续性非瓣膜性房颤合并动脉粥样硬化患者凝血相关指标的变化。方法 选择符合入选标准患者143例,其中持续性非瓣膜性房颤患者89例,窦性心律患者54例,根据有无房颤和动脉粥样硬化分为房颤合并动脉粥样硬化、房颤不合并动脉粥样硬化、窦性心律合并动脉粥样硬化和窦性心律不合并动脉粥样硬化组。所有患者记录一般临床资料,检测凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FG）、D-二聚体（DDI）水平,由专人进行颈动脉彩超检查判断动脉粥样硬化。结果 房颤合并动脉粥样硬化组PT、APTT明显低于房颤不合并动脉粥样硬化和窦性心律组;房颤合并动脉粥样硬化组FG、DDI水平明显高于房颤不合并动脉粥样硬化和窦性心律组。分别以DDI和FG为自变量,多个临床因素为因变量进行Logistic回归分析发现,房颤、左室射血分数和左房内径是DDI的预测因素,房颤、动脉粥样硬化和左房内径是FG的预测因素。结论 非瓣膜性房颤合并动脉粥样硬化患者明显处于高凝状态,应加强抗凝治疗。     

阵发性房颤患者血中纤维化指标的水平及意义

目的研究阵发性房颤患者血中纤维化指标的水平及意义。方法60例阵发性房颤患者及60例正常对照组分别测定血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)、透明质酸(HA)和层黏连蛋白(LN)并进行组间比较。结果阵发性房颤组血清中PCⅢ、CIV、HA及LN水平分别为(156.1±10.5)μg/L(、119.6±11.5)μg/L(、126.3±10.0)μg/L(、127.5±7.3)μg/L,明显高于正常对照组[(88.6±11.3)μg/L、(71.6±11.0)μg/L、(69.6±9.7)μg/L(、97.9±6.8)μg/L],均P<0.05。结论阵发性房颤患者血清中纤维化指标水平增高,提示阵发性房颤患者存在心房间质的纤维化。     

肺血栓栓塞患者D-二聚体测定的临床应用

目的研究使用Innovance D-Dimer试剂盒检测的D-二聚体水平与肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的相关性,为临床排除、诊断和治疗提供辅助依据。方法收集大连医科大学附属第一医院PE患者68例,其他肺部疾病(肺炎、支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺疾病)患者184例以及体检健康人60例,检测血浆D-二聚体水平,分析其与肺血栓栓塞症的相关性。结果 68例PTE患者血浆D-二聚体水平为(3 077±2 008)μg/L纤维蛋白原等量单位(FEU),其D-二聚体水平阳性率为100.0%(68/68)。184例其他肺部疾病患者血浆D-二聚体水平为(655±564)μg/L,其D-二聚体水平阳性率为39.7%(73/184)。60例健康人血浆D-二聚体水平为(290±130)μg/L,其D-二聚体水平阳性率为1.7%(1/60)。68例肺血栓栓塞患者血浆中D-二聚体水平分别明显高于其他肺部疾病组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。68例肺血栓栓塞症患者治疗后血浆D-二聚体水平为(788±543)μg/L,其D-二聚体水平阳性率为52.9%(36/68),有效溶栓治疗后血浆D-二聚体明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血浆D-二聚体水平的检测对于临床肺血栓栓塞症有着重要的临床诊断价值,肺血栓栓塞症患者在得到有效的溶栓治疗后,血浆D-二聚体水平下降。     

阿司匹林对慢性心力衰竭患者凝血状态的干预作用

目的:了解慢性心力衰竭患者体内凝血状态的变化,并观察短期使用小剂量阿司匹林对其凝血状态的干预作用。方法:选择2004-01/2005-07安徽医科大学第一附属医院收治的60例慢性心力衰竭患者(心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级),随机分为标准抗心力衰竭组30例及阿司匹林组30例。标准抗心力衰竭组接受标准抗心衰治疗,包括血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂单用或加用利尿剂,合用地高辛0.125～0.25mg/d,心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级患者加用β-受体阻滞剂;阿司匹林组在标准抗心衰治疗基础上,加阿司匹林75～100mg/d。在进入试验第1天和治疗2周后采集血标本,分别测定血浆P-选择素、血浆血管性假性血友病因子、D-二聚体水平。以30例同期健康体检者为正常对照组。结果:90例受试者全部进入结果分析。①慢性心力衰竭患者血P-选择素、血管性假性血友病因子和D-二聚体水平明显高于正常对照组眼(21.17±4.05),(16.78±3.26)g/L;(175.63±28.16)%,(125.78±24.95)%;(0.86±0.24),(0.51±0.15)mg/L,P均<0.05演。②标准抗心力衰竭组治疗后P-选择素、血管性假性血友病因子和D-二聚体水平较治疗前均下降眼(18.02±2.65),(21.45±3.97)g/L;(156.23±20.13)%,(175.23±25.6)%;(0.62±0.19),(0.87±0.21)mg/L;P均<0.05演。③阿司匹林组治疗后P-选择素、血管性假性血友病因子和D-二聚体水平较治疗前也显著下降眼(16.39±3.05),(20.87±4.06)g/L;(149.21±23.56)%,(176.01±28.12)%;(0.56±0.20)mg/L,(0.84±0.19)mg/L;P均<0.05演。④标准抗心力衰竭组和阿司匹林组患者治疗前血P-选择素、血管性假性血友病因子和D-二聚体水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);治疗后阿司匹林组组各指标均低于标准抗心力衰竭组,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:慢性心力衰竭患者体内存在高凝状态,有血栓形成的倾向,短期使用小剂量阿司匹林对心衰的凝血状态影响小,慢性心力衰竭患者阿司匹林使用的剂量及疗程有待于进一步研究。     

心房纤颤心室率对心力衰竭患者血清NT-proBNP浓度的影响

目的 探讨心房纤颤(简称房颤)心室率对心力衰竭患者血清N-端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)浓度的影响.方法入选101例心力衰竭患者,按心电图诊断分为快速型房颤组(心室率大于100次/分,n=33)、普通型房颤组(心室率60～100次/分,n=32)和窦性心律组(n=36),再按纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级标准分为心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级3个亚组.采用胶体金法检测受试者血清NT-proBNP浓度并进行统计学分析.结果快速型房颤组、普通型房颤组及窦性心律组患者血清NT-proBNP浓度随NYHA心功能分级增加呈增高趋势,每组各亚组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).窦性心律组、普通型房颤组、快速型房颤组患者血清NT-proBNP浓度在一定程度上呈增高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在相同心功能分级亚组,快速型房颤组患者血清NT-proBNP浓度显著高于窦性心律组和普通型房颤组(P＜0.05),而普通型房颤组与窦性心律组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 血清NT-proBNP浓度与心力衰竭严重程度相关;房颤对心力衰竭患者血清NT-proBNP浓度有一定影响,房颤心室率增快(超过100次/分)对血清NT-proBNP浓度影响越明显.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.