前列腺癌骨转移疼痛的^89锶（Sr）治疗

目的：探讨前列腺癌骨转移疼痛的^89锶（Sr）治疗。方法：本组11例明确诊断为前列腺癌，并有多个部位骨转移病灶伴有疼痛的病例，采用核素^89锶静脉内注射治疗。结果：^89Sr治疗后，疼痛缓解率3个月为78.6％；6个月为82.1％；12个月为75.0％。骨转移病灶数量也明显减少。结论：应用核素^89锶治疗中晚期前列腺癌伴骨转移性疼痛是一个比较有效的方法，其能够使患者的疼痛获得较得较为满意的缓解，甚至消失，从而改善他们的生活质量。     

前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛的综合治疗

目的 :探讨晚期前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛的综合治疗方法。　方法 :16例确诊为前列腺癌且有多个部位骨转移病灶伴有疼痛的患者 ,采用口服抗雄激素药物治疗的同时 ,辅以核素89Sr静脉内注射治疗和部分病灶放射治疗。　结果 :治疗后 ,疼痛缓解率 3个月为 75 .6 % ,6个月为 80 .5 % ,9个月为 6 3.4 % ;骨转移病灶数量明显减少。结论 :经过综合治疗后 ,本组晚期前列腺癌伴骨转移性疼痛的患者疼痛获得较为满意的缓解、甚至消失 ,从而改善了患者的生活质量。     

核素治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛疗效观察

目的:探讨前列腺癌骨转移疼痛的治疗方法,评价89SrCl2(二氯化89锶)治疗前列腺癌多发性骨转移的疗效,对12例前列腺癌骨转移疼痛患者,经静脉注射放射核素89Sr治疗后进行评价.结果:疼痛治疗的有效率为91.6％,但有患者出现轻度白细胞和血小板的降低现象,应予以重视.结论:放射性核素89 Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛较为安全,有效,可以提高患者生活质量.     

氯化锶治疗泌尿系肿瘤骨转移的应用价值(附8例报告及文献复习)

目的 :探讨氯化锶 (89SrCl2 )治疗泌尿外科肿瘤骨转移的临床应用价值。方法 :1996年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月应用89SrCl2 (0 .0 14 8× 10 10 Bq/次 )静脉注射治疗前列腺癌、膀胱癌及肾癌骨转移8例。随访 1年 1个月～ 4年 11个月。结果 :8例患者疼痛缓解 ,其中 2例前列腺癌骨转移病灶消失 ,1例大部分吸收 ,1例膀胱癌因全身多器官转移用药 4个月后死亡 ,1例前列腺癌用药 3个月后死于心脏病。结论 :89SrCl2 治疗泌尿系肿瘤所引起的骨转移既能缓解疼痛 ,亦可使部分病灶得到缩小 ,使大多数患者生活质量得以改善 ,病情缓解 ,寿命延长。     

放射性核素89Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛的临床研究

目的:探讨晚期前列腺癌骨转移疼痛治疗的方法,评价放射性核素89Sr的疗效与安全性。方法:对15例未接受过任何放疗的晚期前列腺癌骨转移疼痛患者,经静脉注射放射核素89Sr治疗。结果:疼痛治疗的有效率为86.7%,80%患者的肿瘤标记物PSA水平较治疗前轻度下降,26.6%患者出现造血功能抑制。结论:放射性核素89Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛较为安全、有效,可以提高患者生活质量。     

唑来膦酸联合放射性核素89Sr治疗晚期前列腺癌骨转移疼痛

目的探讨晚期前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛的理想治疗方法。方法23例确诊为前列腺癌且有多处骨转移病灶伴有疼痛患者，经静脉滴注唑来膦酸同时，辅以核素s9Sr静脉内注射内放疗及部分病灶外放射治疗。结果疼痛缓解率3个月为82．6％，6个月为91．3％，9个月为86．9％。骨转移病灶数量明显减少，肿瘤标志物PSA较前明显下降。结论该方案治疗前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛安全、有效，可以提高患者生活质量。     

~(89)Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移疗效分析

目的:评价89Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移的临床疗效。方法:对确认前列腺癌骨转移伴骨痛的116例患者,行双侧睾丸切除术+内分泌药物+89Sr治疗。89Sr治疗静脉给药,剂量1.48～2.22MBq(40～60μCi)/kg。随访分析临床疗效。结果:①33.6%的患者食欲明显改善,56.0%的患者睡眠明显改善,61.2%的患者止痛药用量显著减少;②骨转移性疼痛缓解总有效率为83.6%,24.1%的患者完全缓解;③骨痛缓解开始出现时间3～21d,平均10.2d;④骨痛缓解维持时间3～12个月,平均5.3个月;⑤31.9%的患者出现"闪烁"痛;⑥生活质量(KPS评分)平均升高20.0%;⑦治疗后18.1%的患者血液白细胞由正常水平下降至3.0～3.9×106/L(Ⅰ度血液毒性反应);⑧随访53例骨显像,治疗后73.6%(39例)骨转移灶数目较治疗前明显减少,18.9%(10例)稳定,7.5%(4例)恶化。结论:89Sr治疗能有效抑制骨转移,缓解骨痛,改善生存质量,不良反应轻,是前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛较理想的治疗方法。     

89锶治疗前列腺癌骨转移的疗效观察

目的：评价放射性核素^89锶(^89Sr)在前列腺癌骨转移中的治疗效果和不良反应。方法：观察31例前列腺癌骨转移患者使用^89Sr治疗后的止痛疗效、PSA变化、不良反应及血液学不良影响。结果：^89Sr治疗止痛总有效率为90．3％(28/31)．PSA均有下降；不良反应主要为轻度可逆性骨髓造血功能损害；^89Sr对肝肾功能及电解质无明显不良影响。结论：^89Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛效果明显．对前列腺癌骨转移灶亦有治疗作用．是一种安全有效的方法。     

~(89)Sr联合"云克"治疗前列腺癌骨转移疼痛

目的 评价~(89)Sr联合"云克"(~(99)Tc-MDP)治疗前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛的临床疗效.方法 确 认前列腺癌去势术后骨转移伴骨痛患者138例,年龄58～95岁,平均(69.3±8.2)岁,随机分组治疗.(1)对照组73例,单纯~(89)Sr治疗:一次性静注,剂量1.48～2.22 MBq(40～60 μCi)/kg.(2)联合组65例,~(89)Sr+云克治疗:~(89)Sr方案,同对照组:云克200rag,每日1次静滴,共计5次.每月一次随访临床疗效,两组对比分析.结果 (1)对照组与联合组骨痛缓解总有效率分别为73.97%和90.77%,差异具统计学意义;(2)"闪烁"痛发生率两组分别为30.14%和27.69%,差异无统计学意义;(3)治疗后分别有72.60%和83.08%的病例镇痛药量减少或停用,差异显著;(4)骨痛缓解持续时间,两组各平均为(4.41±1.57)个月和(5.64±2.52)个月,差异具统计学意义;(5)两组治疗后活动能力提高的例数百分比分别为64.38%和81.54%,差异显著.结论 ~(89)Sr联合云克治疗对缓解前列腺癌骨转移性疼痛有协同作用,可减少镇痛药用量,延长疼痛缓解的持续时间,改善患者的活动能力.     

~(89)Sr治疗前列腺癌骨转移的研究进展

89Sr发射最大能量为1.46MeV的纯β射线,物理半衰期50.5d,很快在体内被成骨组织摄取,完全滞留在成骨性骨转移病灶内。在转移灶内的生物半衰期大于50d,而在正常骨内只有14d。在前列腺癌患者的肿瘤骨吸收剂量是正常骨的2～25倍。在骨肿瘤中的吸收剂量是(21±4)至(231±56)cGy/MBq。89Sr是前列腺癌骨转移患者骨痛的有效缓解药物,对骨疼痛的止痛有效率为80%。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.