肥胖与大肠腺瘤相关性的研究

目的 初步探讨体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰臀比(WHR)与大肠癌的癌前病变腺瘤的相关性.方法 2006年12月至2007年12月选择无大肠癌病史且年龄在25～88岁的结肠镜检查患者,测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围,根据肠镜检查及活检病理结果纳入大肠腺瘤组(250例)和正常对照组(289例),利用多因素Logistic回归进行相关性分析.结果 肥胖或腹型肥胖(以WC划分)患大肠腺瘤的调整后OR值分别为2.48(95%CI=1.19～5.20)和1.75(95%CI=1.15～2.66),P<0.05和P<0.01,其中男性调整后的OR值分别为4.10(95%CI=1.26～13.31)和1.70(95%CI=1.00～2.88),P均<0.05,超重组未达到统计学差异;肥胖者患进展期和非进展期腺瘤的调整后OR值分别为2.71(95%CI:1.01～7.29)和2.39(95%CI:1.05～5.47),P均<0.05;腹型肥胖者(以WC划分)患非进展期腺瘤的调整后OR值为2.03(95%CI=1.25～3.28),P<0.01;但在进展期腺瘤组未达到统计学差异.超重组在进展期和非进展期腺瘤的患病风险较正常人群均无明显统计学差异.以WHR划分的腹型肥胖在各种分析中均无统计学意义.结论 肥胖尤其是腹型肥胖与大肠腺瘤的发生显著相关,肥胖男性患病风险明显大于女性,肥胖对各期腺瘤的发生均显著相关.     

不同年龄段ST段抬高型心肌梗死男女患者院内病死率的性别差异

目的研究不同年龄段ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者不同性别院内病死率的差异。方法入选1994年1月1日至2006年12月31日首都医科大学宣武医院心脏科收治住院的STEMI患者1189例,其中男性869例,女性320例,年龄23~91岁。根据年龄分为3组:A组(65岁)571例;B组(65~74岁)419例;C组(≥75岁)199例。收集患者年龄、性别、2型糖尿病、血脂、血压等方面的临床资料。结果 A组中,与男性STEMI患者比较,女性(3.1%vs.8.3%)院内病死率升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。在B组中,与男性STEMI患者比较,女性院内病死率升高(11.9%vs.20.1%)。C组中,男性与女性STEMI患者病死率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。三组中,随着年龄增长,女性对男性院内病死率的优势比(OR)亦呈逐步下降趋势(2.861 vs.1.875 vs.1.143)。通过多因素分析,校正混杂因素后,在A组,年龄(OR=1.154,95%CI:1.052~1.264),高血压(OR=7.685,95%CI:2.276~25.946)为STEMI患者院内病死的独立危险因素,急诊再灌注治疗(OR=7.685,95%CI:0.007~0.098)为STEMI患者院内病死的保护因素。在B组,女性(OR=1.875,95%CI:1.088~3.232)是STEMI患者院内病死的独立危险因素。结论女性STEMI患者院内病死率较男性高,年龄越大其差异越小。在65岁人群中,年龄,高血压为STEMI患者院内病死的危险因素,急诊再灌注治疗为保护因素;在65~74岁人群中,女性为STEMI患者院内病死的危险因素。     

上海市1999-2006年新登记老年肺结核患者死亡情况及影响因素分析

目的 描述上海市60岁及以上的老年肺结核患者的死亡情况,探讨其可能的影响因素。方法 上海市1999-2006年期间新登记并确诊的痰分枝杆菌培养阳性肺结核病患者共14589例,其中≥60周岁的老年患者共5068例（34.7%）,<60岁的非老年患者共9521例（65.3%）。研究描述了两组患者人口学、临床特征、细菌学、死亡情况等方面的特征,并以logistic回归逐步前进法鉴别老年患者中可能与死亡有关的危险因素。结果 老年患者中男性4167例,占82.2%,非老年患者中男性6699例,占70.4%（χ²=244.8, P<0.01)、老年复发患者1447例,占28.6%;非老年患者1240例,占13.0%（χ²=536.3, P<0.01);老年有合并症患者1472例,占29.0%,非老年患者1172例,占12.3%（χ²=624.2, P<0.01);老年涂阳患者4313例,占85.1%,非老年患者7625例,占80.0%（χ²=31.6, P<0.01)。两者比较差异均有统计学意义。老年患者中肺部影像学检查显示有空洞者(1480例,占29.2%)显著低于非老年患者（3120例,占32.8%）,两者比较有统计学差异（χ²=11.9, P<0.01)。老年患者病死率(668例,13.2%)显著高于非老年患者(139例,1.5%),两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=479.7, P<0.01)。在5068例老年组患者中,经多因素logisitic回归逐步前进法分析显示,70～<80岁(OR=1.89, 95%CI＝1.54～3.32,P<0.01)、80岁及以上 (OR=3.71, 95%CI＝2.91～4.74, P<0.01)、男性(OR=1.72, 95%CI＝1.34～2.21,P<0.01)、有合并症(OR=1.53, 95%CI＝1.28～1.83,P<0.01)、涂阳(OR=1.33, 95%CI＝1.02～1.72, P=0.03)、居住地区为郊县(OR=1.49, 95%CI＝1.24～1.79,P<0.01)和耐多药(OR=1.95, 95%CI＝1.10～3.48,P=0.02)与死亡相关。结论 上海市老年肺结核患者病死率远高于非老年患者。高龄、男性、有合并症、涂阳、居住于郊县和耐多药是死亡的危险因素。     

老年冠心病患者植入药物洗脱支架的预后研究

目的 比较老年与非老年冠心病患者接受药物洗脱支架(DES)植入的预后,并比较老年冠心病患者不完全血运重建与完全血运重建预后的差异. 方法入选接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)并植入DES的患者,根据患者的年龄分为75～89岁组、60～74岁组和40～59岁组,并将60～89岁的患者分为完全和不完全血运重建两组,分别比较各组的临床特征及预后情况. 结果手术成功率75～89岁组、60～74岁组和40～59岁组间比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).75～89岁组的院内病死率高于其他两组(分别为1.5%与0.4%,0.1%,均P<0.05);随访期死亡和脑卒中发生率也高于其他两组(分别为3.1%与2.3%、0.7%;1.5%与1.3%、0.3%,P<0.01或P<0.05).Cox回归分析结果显示,影响60～74岁组和75～89岁组患者住院及随访期病死率增加的主要因素为血肌酐水平(OR=2.961,95%Ci为1.643～5.338,P<0.01)、年龄(OR=2.687,95%CI为1.329～5.434,P<0.01)、性别(OR=2.661,95%CI为1.376～5.145,P<0.01)、陈旧性心肌梗死(OR=2.041,95%CI为1.026～4.061,P<0.05)和多支冠状动脉病变(OR=1.735,95%CI为1.132～2.661,P<0.05).60～74岁组中,不完全血运重建组的病死率高于完全血运重建组(分别为1.5%和0.2%,P<0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析结果提示,血运重建(OR=0.307,95%CI为0.011～8.467,P>0.05)不是不完全血运重建患者住院病死率增加的因素. 结论 75～89岁组老年冠心病患者接受PCI及DES植入的预后较40～59岁组患者差.完全血运重建使老年冠心病患者获益更大,但不完全血运重建不影响患者远期预后.     

不同性别脑卒中危险因素类型及预后的比较研究

目的 了解不同性别脑卒中患者常见危险因素、类型及预后的差异,以利于进行针对性防治.方法 前瞻性连续登记2002年3月至2006年10月于四川大学华西医院神经内科连续入院脑卒中患者2912例,收集相关的危险因素,对所有的缺血性脑卒中患者进行TOAST病因分型,并对所有脑卒中患者随访3个月,比较男女脑卒中患者常见发病危险因素、类型及预后方面的不同.结果 女性脑卒中患者的平均年龄高于男性(P<0.05),logis-tic多元回归分析显示:糖尿病(OR=0.728,95%CI:0.568～0.933)和心房颤动(OR=0.537,95%CI:0.393～0.732)是女性脑卒中患者的重要危险因素.吸烟(OR=8.330,95%CI:6.210～11.173)和饮酒(OR=4.819,95%CI:3.366～6.900)是男性脑卒中患者的重要危险因素.脑梗死及脑出血中男性的比例高于女性(P=0.001).女性心源性栓塞型卒中的比例明显高于男性(P<0.001),而女性小动脉闭塞型卒中的比例低于男性(P<0.05).女性患者3个月随访的残疾率高于男性(P<0.001).结论 男女脑卒中患者常见发病危险因素及类型存在着差异,女性患者3个月功能恢复较男性差.     

高龄女性冠心病患者冠状动脉造影特点及介入治疗的疗效

目的:探讨高龄女性冠心病患者的冠状动脉造影介入治疗特点及近远期的疗效。方法:在2004年1月~2006年3月行冠状动脉介入治疗的患者中,入选183例女性患者,根据年龄分为高龄女性组(年龄≥75岁,48例)和非高龄女性组(年龄<75岁,135例),同时入选同期77例高龄男性组患者作为对照。回顾性分析这些患者的临床及冠状动脉病变特点、即刻手术成功率和近远期主要心脏不良事件。结果:与非高龄女性组相比,高龄女性组表现为更多的危险因素及基础疾病丛集(P<0.05),多见冠状动脉多支病变及复杂病变(P<0.01),住院期间及远期随访严重心脏不良事件发生率高。与高龄男性组相比,高龄女性也表现为更多的危险因素及基础疾病丛集(P<0.05),尽管冠状动脉病变分布及严重程度相似(P>0.05),但住院期间及远期随访严重心脏不良事件发生率高(P<0.05)。高龄女性与高龄男性患者的总病死率差异无统计学意义,在校正了基线特征后,女性患者的危险降低(OR=0.82,95%CI0.675~0.989,P<0.05)。结论:高龄女性冠心病患者常伴有多种危险因素及基础疾病,冠状动脉病变严重复杂,近远期主要心脏不良事件发生率高,总病死率与高龄男性患者差异无统计学意义。     

老年高血压患者性别差异的相关性研究

目的探讨老年高血压患者的性别差异。方法通过随机整群抽样的方法,选择西安局部地区老年高血压患者329例,其中男性185例,女性144例。对不同性别老年高血压患者进行一般人口学特征、慢性病、辅助检查及心理健康等调查,并比较和分析影响因素。结果男性与女性老年高血压患者在教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、慢性阻塞性肺病、骨关节病、空腹血糖、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、尿酸、肌酐、抑郁症状等方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。生活不规律、受教育程度是男性老年高血压患者的影响因素(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.018².542,P=0.042;OR=0.678,95%CI:0.5532.542,P=0.042;OR=0.678,95%CI:0.553⁰.832,P=0.000),高TG、受教育程度是女性老年高血压患者的影响因素(OR=1.486,95%CI:1.1310.832,P=0.000),高TG、受教育程度是女性老年高血压患者的影响因素(OR=1.486,95%CI:1.131¹.950,P=0.004;OR=0.710,95%CI:0.5971.950,P=0.004;OR=0.710,95%CI:0.597⁰.844,P=0.000)。结论受教育程度是男性和女性老年高血压患者共同保护因素。男性影响因素为生活不规律,女性为高TG。     

河北省任丘市老年居民颈动脉粥样硬化危险因素分析

目的调查任丘市老年城乡居民颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)患病情况,分析其危险因素。方法随机整群抽样法选择任丘市常住居民5010例,男性2163例,女性2847例,进行面对面健康问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检测和颈部血管超声检查。CAS包括颈动脉狭窄和斑块形成。分析CAS的危险因素。结果 5010例调查者中,颈动脉正常567例,内膜中层厚度增厚1671例,颈动脉斑块形成2490例,颈动脉狭窄282例。CAS多因素logistic回归分析提示:校正混杂因素后,男性(OR=3.405,95%CI:2.704⁴.289,P<0.01)、年龄(OR=1.142,95%CI:1.1034.289,P<0.01)、年龄(OR=1.142,95%CI:1.103¹.181,P<0.01)、脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(OR=1.910,95%CI:1.3421.181,P<0.01)、脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(OR=1.910,95%CI:1.342².718,P<0.01)、吸烟(OR=1.799;95%CI:1.4292.718,P<0.01)、吸烟(OR=1.799;95%CI:1.429².264;P<0.01)、使用抗血小板药物(OR=1.313,95%CI:1.0682.264;P<0.01)、使用抗血小板药物(OR=1.313,95%CI:1.068¹.615,P<0.05)、收缩压(OR=1.011,95%CI:1.0071.615,P<0.05)、收缩压(OR=1.011,95%CI:1.007¹.015,P<0.01)、空腹血糖(OR=1.151,95%CI:1.0621.015,P<0.01)、空腹血糖(OR=1.151,95%CI:1.062¹.248,P<0.01)、LDL-C(OR=2.038,95%CI:1.7641.248,P<0.01)、LDL-C(OR=2.038,95%CI:1.764².354,P<0.01)、HDL-C(OR=0.787,95%CI:0.6382.354,P<0.01)、HDL-C(OR=0.787,95%CI:0.638⁰.971,P<0.05)为CAS的独立危险因素。结论任丘市600.971,P<0.05)为CAS的独立危险因素。结论任丘市60⁷0岁人群CAS的患病率高,收缩压、血糖、LDL-C、吸烟是CAS重要的可干预的危险因素,有效控制血压、血糖、血脂,积极推进戒烟运动,延缓CAS病变,可进一步减少心脑血管病的发生。     

高血尿酸增加高血压靶器官损害的性别差异

目的:探讨中国农村高血压患者高血尿酸增加高血压靶器官损害是否存在性别差异.方法:本研究为横断面研究,通过阶段性随机整群抽样入选河南信阳7个社区4 163例40～75岁高血压患者,进行问卷、体检、生化检查等确定合并危险因素及血尿酸和血肌酐水平,进行心脏超声检查明确左心室肥厚情况.结果:男性血肌酐升高者(>115 μmol/L)显著高于女性(>107 μmol/L)(5.2%vs.1.5%,P<0.001),左心室肥厚者显著低于女性(33.8%vs.41.9%,P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义.男、女性血肌酐升高者较血肌酐正常者血尿酸水平显著升高(均P<0.001),差异有统计学意义.女性左心室肥厚者血尿酸水平显著高于无左心室肥厚者[(264.5±70.1)vs. (250.6±66.5)μmol/L,P<0.001],差异有统计学意义,但在男性中无显著差异(P>0.05).Lo-gistic回归分析调整多个危险因素后发现与血尿酸水平Ⅰ分位组比较,血尿酸水平Ⅳ分位组显著增加男性血肌酐升高危险(OR,15.8,95%CI:3.3～77.2),而在女性未治疗高血压患者中显著增加左心室肥厚危险(OR,1.51,95%CI:1.13～2.03).结论:高血尿酸增加高血压靶器官损害存在性别差异,在女性中显著增加左心室肥厚危险,在男性中增加肾脏损害.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对不同性别急性缺血性脑卒中发生率和结果的影响

正背景:男性和女性PCI术后脑卒中发生率和结局的比较数据有限。方法:我们对2003年1月1日～2016年12月31日国家住院患者样本中选取了进行PCI住院治疗的患者,比较男性与女性PCI术后脑卒中发生率和院内并发症、病死率以及PCI术后脑卒中费用。结果:在8 753 574例PCI加权住院患者中,有49 097例(0.56%)伴有缺血性脑卒中。PCI术后女性脑卒中发生率较男性高,对于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者,女性为1.4%,男性为0.8%(OR=1.69,95%CI:1.62～1.77,P0.001),对于非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者,女性为1.1%,男性为0.7%(OR=1.59,95%CI:1.52～1.63,P0.001),不稳定性心绞痛患者为0.5%,稳定性缺血性心脏病患者为0.3%(OR=1.66,95%CI:1.61～1.72,P0.001)。风险调     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.