The influence of continuous epidural bupivacaine analgesia on the second stage of labor and method of delivery in nulliparous women

A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and influence of continuing an epidural infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine beyond a cervical dilatation of 8 cm in nulliparous women. When the cervix was greater than or equal to 8 cm dilated, coded study solution was substituted for the known 0.125% bupivacaine solution. The study solution for 46 patients was 0.125% bupivacaine; 46 patients received saline. During the first stage of labor, 44 (96%) women in the bupivacaine group, and 45 (98%) in the saline group, had analgesia of excellent or good quality. During the second stage, 36 (82%) women in the bupivacaine group, versus 18 (41%) women in the saline group, had analgesia of excellent or good quality (P less than .0001). Six (13%) women in each group underwent cesarean delivery after the start of the study solution. Among the women who delivered vaginally, the mean (+/- S.D.) duration of the second stage of labor was 124 (+/- 70) min in the bupivacaine group, versus 94 (+/- 54) min in the saline group (P less than .05). Twenty-one of 40 (53%) women in the bupivacaine group, versus 11 of 40 (28%) in the saline group, underwent instrumental vaginal delivery (P less than .05). Twenty-eight of 40 (70%) women in the bupivacaine group, versus six of 40 (15%) in the saline group; had surgical perineal anesthesia for vaginal delivery (P less than .0001). There were no significant differences between groups in Apgar scores or umbilical cord blood acid-base values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Accidental dural puncture during labor analgesia and obstetric outcomes in nulliparous women

BackgroundThe effect of accidental dural puncture during labor epidural analgesia on obstetric outcomes remains unexplored. In this retrospective cohort study, we tested the hypothesis that accidental dural puncture is associated with prolonged second stage of labor.MethodsAnesthetic and obstetric data from nulliparous parturients who suffered an accidental dural puncture at term labor (n=89) during the years 2006–2012 were compared with randomly selected parturients with uncomplicated epidural analgesia (n=232). The primary outcome was the proportion of parturients with prolonged second stage of labor: secondary outcomes were the proportion of instrumented and cesarean deliveries. Statistical analysis included student t-test for continuous variables, chi-square test for binary variables, and logistic regressions for associations between accidental dural puncture and outcomes.ResultsDemographic and obstetric characteristics of parturients were comparable except for a non-significant increase in prolonged second stage of labor in the accidental dural puncture group (27% vs. 17%, P=0.06). After adjusting for known potential confounders, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed a significant association between accidental dural puncture and prolonged second stage of labor (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.99, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.82; P=0.037). This was not accompanied by an increase in instrumented (aRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.21; P=0.15) or cesarean delivery (aRR 1.83, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.77; P=0.10).ConclusionAccidental dural puncture during labor analgesia was associated with prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous parturients. Prospective studies are needed to assess the relationship between the quality of neuraxial block after accidental dural puncture and obstetric outcomes.     

Effect of intermittent versus continuous bladder catheterization on duration of the second stage of labor among nulliparous women with an epidural: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction and hypothesis

Catheterization type among women laboring with epidural analgesia who develop bladder retention has been reported to affect labor duration and mode of delivery. We aimed to compare the effect of continuous bladder catheterization (CC) with that of intermittent bladder catheterization (IC) on the duration of the second stage of labor.

Methods

In a randomized trial, term nulliparous women with singleton gestation who requested epidural analgesia and were unable to void spontaneously were eligible and randomized to either CC or IC. Epidural analgesia was maintained with patient control until delivery. The primary outcome was duration of the second stage of labor. Secondary outcomes were mode of delivery, and incidences of postpartum hemorrhage, bladder retention, and infection. It was assumed that, compared with IC, CC might better prevent bladder distention, which is thought to delay fetal descent. A sample size of 90 women in each group was calculated to be adequate to detect a reduction of 30 min in the duration of the second stage of labor among the CC group.

Results

Between July 2014 and May 2015, a total of 184 women were randomized and included in the analysis; 90 and 94 women in the CC and IC groups respectively. Demographic and obstetric characteristics were similar. Duration of the second stage was 121.0 ± 89.4 and 131.9 ± 87.5 min in the CC and IC groups respectively (p = 0.29). The two groups did not differ significantly with regard to delivery mode, third-stage duration, and incidences of postpartum hemorrhage, bladder retention, and urinary tract infection.

Conclusion

Duration of the second stage of labor is not influenced by bladder catheterization type in nulliparous women receiving an epidural.

     

产妇产程潜伏期罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果

目的观察产妇产程潜伏期和活跃期罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的效应，评价潜伏期镇痛的可行性。方法120例无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌症的单胎孕初产妇，随机分为2组。潜伏期组（L组）：当进入产程、但宫口〈3cm进行镇痛；活跃期组（A组）：当宫口≥3cm进行镇痛。硬膜外穿刺成功后，两组分别单次给予0．1％、0．15％罗哌卡因与0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼混合液10—15ml。30min后行硬膜外自控镇痛，药物为0．1％罗哌卡因和0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼的混合液，PCA量6ml，锁定时间20min（L组）、15min（A组）。行VAS评分和运动神经阻滞分级，记录产后产妇的不良反应，对新生儿行Apgar评分。结果两组镇痛后VAS评分均降低，与A组比较，L组镇痛前VAS评分降低，镇痛后20、30min VAS评分升高，下肢麻木发生率升高，镇痛前催产素使用率及镇痛后催产素追加率降低（P〈0．05）。两组产程、剖宫产率和器械助产率及镇痛满意度的优良率差异无统计学意义（均超过95％）（P〉0．05）。结论产妇产程潜伏期0．1％罗哌卡因混合0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛安全、有效。     

第二产程护理干预的研究进展

对第二产程护理干预的方法进行综述.目前常用的方法包括技巧的指导、分娩体位的指导、拉玛泽分娩法的应用、外阴热敷法、指压扩张阴道法等.提出产妇在分娩过程中,根据其自身状况采用相应的护理干预措施,可有效促进第二产程的进展,提高阴道分娩率.     

Levator function in nulliparous women

 Pelvic floor muscle exercises are one of the main conservative options for the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Despite this widespread use, there is very little information on `normal' pelvic floor function. In a prospective observational study the authors intended to define the spectrum of normality for pelvic floor function in women, assessing 206 nulliparous women recruited early in their first ongoing pregnancy. Levator function was evaluated using translabial ultrasound: cranioventral displacement of the bladder neck was utilized to quantify levator activity. The presence of a reflex contraction of the external perineal muscles and levator on coughing was registered, as was the strongest of at least three contractions. Only 41 of 206 womjen (20%) had ever been taught pelvic floor exercises by a health professional, and this had been exclusively verbal. Teaching had no influence on levator strength. Spontaneous contractions on request were obtained in 172 women (85%). Advice was necessary in 96 women (47%) in order to obtain an optimal contraction. Reflex muscle activation on coughing was documented in 118 women (57%) and was associated with a stronger contraction (P<0.001). Reported use of the levator muscle on intercourse was strongly associated with increased levator activity (P<0.001). Motivational factors mentioned were boyfriends, mothers, other female relatives and, most commonly, articles in popular magazines, e.g. Cosmospolitan and Cleo. Received: 11 March 2002 / Accepted: 2 July 2002 Acknowledgements The author was supported by a RANZCOG Mayne Nickless Research Fellowship for the duration of this study.     

Timing of epidural analgesia intervention for labor pain in nulliparous women in Taiwan: A retrospective study

BackgroundLabor pain is probably the most painful event in a woman's life. By the present consensus, epidural analgesia is the most effective and least depressive treatment for labor pain. Recent systematic reviews concluded that the risk of cesarean delivery or instrumental vaginal delivery for women receiving early epidural analgesia has not increased. However, studies designed for discussing this topic in Taiwan are few. In this study, the association of the intervention timing with labor outcomes in nulliparous women in Taiwan is discussed.MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review in parturients who underwent epidural analgesia for labor pain. Only nulliparae were included and divided into four groups based on the cervical dilatation width of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm when they underwent epidural analgesia. We retrieved each patient's demographic characteristics, the course of labor and delivery, and the management of epidural analgesia from the medical chart.ResultsA total of 799 nulliparae was included. The numbers of parturients with cervical dilatation width of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm were 119, 338, 258, and 84 respectively. There was no significant difference in demographic factors, regimen of epidural analgesia, loading volume, and anesthesiologist in charge among the four groups. The percentages of cesarean delivery in the four groups were 27.73%, 20.71%, 15.89%, and 20.24%, respectively, and there was no significant difference among these four groups (p = 0.0651). The incidences of instrumental delivery in four groups were 13.51%, 14.59%, 18.65%, and 21.43% respectively, and there was no significant difference among these four groups either (p = 0.2278).ConclusionOur results revealed that the timing of epidural intervention affects neither the cesarean delivery rate nor the instrumental delivery rate on nulliparae in Taiwan with the cervical dilatation width ranging from 1 cm to 4 cm. The fear of increasing cesarean section rate after early epidural analgesia is unfounded. Women in labor can choose pain relief at any time.     

第二产程侧卧位对低危初产妇分娩结局影响的范围综述

目的 了解第二产程侧卧位分娩的相关研究现状,明确该领域未来的研究方向,促进临床更合理地应用分娩体位。方法 使用澳大利亚JBI更新版范围综述的制作指南和理论框架作为方法学指导,同时采用PRISMA-ScR作为报告清单,检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、CINAHL Plus、ProQuest Dissertations & Theses、中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国博士/硕士学位论文全文数据库、中国学位论文全文数据库中针对第二产程侧卧位分娩的相关研究,检索时限为建库至2022年11月25日,并对所纳入的文献进行数据提取和分析。结果 共纳入45篇文献,各研究第二产程侧卧位分娩的干预措施差距不大,研究结果显示相较于传统体位,该干预措施能改善低危初产妇的母婴结局指标,但需满足更多助产士人力资源及助产护理等要求。结论 第二产程侧卧位分娩在改善低危初产妇母婴结局指标上具有优势,可考虑作为一种新型分娩体位应用于临床,但未来仍需要更多的高质量及大样本研究验证该体位在临床中的可行性。     

第二产程有背景剂量硬膜外分娩镇痛对产程和分娩结局的影响

目的探讨在产妇自控硬膜外分娩镇痛基础上加用背景剂量方案并持续至第二产程结束的镇痛效果及其是否增加围产期风险。方法本研究是一项回顾性队列研究,选择北京大学第一医院2014年3月和2015年3月所有接受硬膜外分娩镇痛的初产妇503例,按照镇痛方案分成两组,有背景剂量组(P组,n=245)和无背景剂量组(C组,n=258)。收集产妇的基线资料,围产期资料和NRS疼痛评分,分析不同镇痛方案对围产期不良事件的影响。结果 P组第二产程NRS疼痛评分[3(3~4)分vs.5(4~5)分]明显低于C组(P0.001)。P组第二产程时间[50(29~82)min vs.38(24~62)min]明显长于C组(P=0.001),产时出血量[200(100~250)ml vs.150(100~200)ml]明显多于C组(P=0.003)。两组的最终分娩方式(P=0.656)和产后出血发生率(9.8%vs.10.9%,P=0.697)差异无统计学意义。结论相比于单纯自控镇痛,加用背景剂量的硬膜外分娩镇痛提供更好镇痛效果的同时不增加围产期风险,可安全应用于临床。     

Cesarean delivery: a randomized trial of epidural analgesia versus intravenous meperidine analgesia during labor in nulliparous women

BACKGROUND: Controversy concerning increased cesarean births as a result of epidural analgesia for relief of labor pain has been attributed, in large part, to difficulties interpreting published studies because of design flaws. In this study, the authors compared epidural analgesia to intravenous meperidine analgesia using patient-controlled devices during labor to evaluate the effects of labor epidural analgesia, primarily on the rate of cesarean deliveries while minimizing limitations attributable to study design. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-nine nulliparous women in spontaneous labor at term were randomly assigned to receive either epidural analgesia or intravenous meperidine analgesia. Epidural analgesia was initiated with 0.25% bupivacaine and was maintained with 0.0625% bupivacaine and fentanyl 2 microg/ml at 6 ml/h with 5-ml bolus doses every 15 min as needed using a patient-controlled pump. Women in the intravenous analgesia group received 50 mg meperidine with 25 mg promethazine hydrochloride as an initial bolus, followed by 15 mg meperidine every 10 min as needed, using a patient-controlled pump. A written procedural manual that prescribed the intrapartum obstetric management was followed for each woman randomized in the study. RESULTS: A total of 226 women were randomized to receive epidural analgesia, and 233 women were randomized to receive intravenous meperidine analgesia. Protocol violations occurred in 8% (38 of 459) of women. There was no difference in the rate of cesarean deliveries between the two analgesia groups (epidural analgesia, 7% [16 of 226; 95% confidence interval, 4-11%] vs. intravenous meperidine analgesia, 9% [20 of 233; 95% confidence interval, 5-13%]; P = 0.61). Significantly more women randomized to epidural analgesia had forceps deliveries compared with those randomized to meperidine analgesia (12% [26 of 226] vs. 3% [7 of 233]; P < 0.001). Women who received epidural analgesia reported lower pain scores during labor and delivery compared with women who received intravenous meperidine analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia compared with intravenous meperidine analgesia during labor does not increase cesarean deliveries in nulliparous women.     

Minimum analgesic dose of epidural sufentanil for first-stage labor analgesia: a comparison between spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced labors in nulliparous women

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective, double-blind, sequential allocation study was to compare the effects of spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced labor on the minimum analgesic dose of epidural sufentanil in the first stage of labor. METHODS: Seventy healthy, nulliparous women, at more than 37 weeks' gestation with cervical dilatation from 2 to 4 cm, requesting epidural pain relief in labor were enrolled. The subjects were assigned to two different groups according to whether labor was spontaneous or induced with dinoprostone 0.5 mg. Parturients received 10 ml of the study solution through a lumbar epidural catheter. The initial dose was sufentanil 25 microg, and subsequent doses were determined by the response of the previous patient in the same group using up-down sequential allocation. The analgesic effectiveness was assessed using 100-mm visual analog pain scores. The up-down sequences were analyzed using the method of independent paired reversals and probit regression. RESULTS: The minimum analgesic dose of sufentanil in spontaneous labor was 22.2 microg (95% CI: 19.6, 22.8) and 27.3 microg (95% CI: 23.8, 30.9) in induced labor. The minimum analgesic dose of sufentanil in induced labor was significantly greater (P = 0.0014) than that in spontaneous labor (95% CI difference: 2.9, 9.3) by a factor of 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5). CONCLUSION: Prostaglandin induction of labor produces a significantly greater analgesic requirement than does spontaneous labor.