Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella typhi.

The distribution of phage types was studied among 577 strains of Salmonella typhi from Indonesia. Chemotype, colicinogeny, and tetrathionate reductase activity were also studied for most of these strains. The current phage type formula for Java was determined to be: A, D2, D6, E1a, E2, M1, and 46, but two other large groups of strains were also found, I + IV and degraded Vi+ strains. Significant differences in S. typhi strain distributions were noted between two localities on Java with respect to phage type and tetrathionate reductase activity. Comparisons were made with past phage typing studies in Jakarta as well as with more recent studies in other parts of south-east Asia. Phage types A, D1, D2, and E1 persisted at a rather steady level in Jakarta for 28 years. Evidence was found for epidemiological links to European and Asian areas. Antibiotic resistance among these Indonesian S. typhi strains was rare.     

Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage-type of Salmonella oranienburg obtained from hospitalized patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.

During a survey in Jakarta, Indonesia, 158 cultures of Salmonella oranienburg, consisting of two phage types, were obtained from 150 hospitalized patients with diarrhoea. Phage type I, though found notably in young children, was found in all age groups while phage type II was found almost exclusively in young children aged 0-7 years. Phage type I may produce a more severe clinical picture affecting all age groups alike, while phage type II may result in hospitalization of only the very young, who are more susceptible to dehydration. Phage type I was significantly more resistant than phage type II to the individual antibiotics: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and neomycin. However, there was no difference in their respective antibiotic resistance patterns as measured by disk and MIC assay. All cultures were sensitive to gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 1:19.     

A statewide outbreak of Salmonella bovismorbificans phage type 32 infection in Queensland.

Between 30 May and 1 June 2001, 10 cases of Salmonella Bovismorbificans infection were reported to Public Health Services, Queensland Health. Investigations included enhanced surveillance, case interviews, a matched case control study, environmental audit and microbiological testing of faecal isolates (phage typing) and implicated food products. Forty-one cases of S. Bovismorbificans infection were detected, 36 cases were phage type 32. A matched case control study identified that illness was associated with consumption of food from 15 outlets of a fast food chain, Company A (matched odds ratio [MOR] 17.5, 95% CI 2.0-657.3, p = 0.004) and consumption of a particular product, Product X (MOR undefined, p < 0.001) in the week before onset of illness. Manufacturers of Product X ingredients were audited. Deficiencies were identified in equipment cleansing at the salad mixture processing plant (Manufacturer M). A swab of food residue behind the cutting wheel rim of the lettuce shredder was positive for S. Bovismorbificans phage type 32. This appears to be the first reported Australian outbreak of salmonellosis associated with a lettuce product. The investigations suggest that inadequate maintenance of cutting equipment to prepare lettuce ingredients for Product X by Manufacturer M was a key factor in this statewide outbreak. The statewide nature of this outbreak demonstrates the role of timely serovar identification of Salmonella isolates by a reference laboratory as an aid to outbreak identification, and the importance of adherence to appropriate food safety procedures in the manufacture and preparation of mass produced food items for the public.     

Salmonella paratyphi A rates, Asia

Little is known about the causes of enteric fever in Asia. Most cases are believed to be caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the remainder by S. Paratyphi A. We compared their incidences by using standardized methods from population-based studies in China, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan.     

Drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in India

The incidence of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A has been increasing in India since 1996. In 1998, the incidence of enteric fever caused by drug- resistant S. Paratyphi A abruptly increased in the New Delhi region. In the first 6 months of 1999, 32% of isolates were resistant to both chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole and another 13% were resistant to more than two antibiotics.     

耐萘啶酸甲型副伤寒沙门菌gyrA基因突变研究

目的 研究绍兴地区耐萘啶酸甲型副伤寒沙门菌(SPA)gyrA基因突变情况.方法 对52株SPA进行基因扩增,PCR产物纯化后进行双向测序,用OMIGA2.0软件对DNA促旋酶A亚单位序列进行分析比对,确定gyrA基因突变.结果 耐萘啶酸SPA在gyrA喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR)氨基酸残基83或87位点发生点突变;其中51株在83位发生突变,1株在87位点发生突变;未发现两个位点同时突变菌株;gyrA QRDR其他部位未发现突变.结论 gyrA基因83位突变与SPA耐萘啶酸有直接关系,gyrA基因87位单突变也可导致对萘啶酸耐药;绍兴地区近两年耐萘啶酸SPA主要为83位的TCC→TTC(Ser→Phe)突变.     

甲型副伤寒沙门菌外环境中存活力研究

目的 了解甲型副伤寒沙门菌在蛏子、水体及物体表面等外环境中的存活力，为防控甲型副伤寒的流行提供实验依据。方法将活蛏养殖在适量甲型副伤寒沙门菌污染的海水中，观察不同温度下甲型副伤寒沙门菌在蛏体内的存活时间；在海水、井水、河水、污水、自来水中加入适量甲型副伤寒沙门菌后保存，分别观察不同温度情况下甲型副伤寒沙门菌存活时间；在玻璃表面污染适量甲型副伤寒沙门菌，自然干燥后，置于不同温度保存，观察甲型副伤寒沙门菌存活时间。结果甲型副伤寒沙门菌在4～8℃养殖的蛏子体内可存活10d以上；在井水、河水、污水中可存活3d，在自来水中〈6h，在27℃以下海水中存活3～5d。在27℃以上海水中可存活1～2d，在干燥非吸水性物体表面存活1～2d。结论甲型副伤寒沙门菌在实验蛏体内可存活至蛏子死亡，在温度较低海水中的存活时问比井水、河水、污水、自来水长，环境温度越高死亡越快。     

外环境中甲型副伤寒沙门菌分离培养方法的比较研究

〔目的〕选择最佳增菌液、增菌时间、分离平板 ,提高外环境甲型副伤寒沙门菌检出率。〔方法〕11种不同种类不同产地沙门菌增菌液用不同来源不同菌量的甲型副伤寒沙门菌作增菌效果比较 ;制备贝壳类海产品、大便、水模拟标本作不同增菌液不同菌量甲型副伤寒沙门菌增菌效果比较 ;不同菌量模拟标本三种平板分离甲型副伤寒沙门菌效果比较 ;模拟标本不同增菌时间甲型副伤寒沙门菌检出率比较。〔结果〕11种增菌液 ,其中一种甲型副伤寒沙门菌菌不生长 ,二种较差 ,八种较好 ;在模拟标本甲型副伤寒沙门菌增菌效果比较中 ,亚硒酸盐增菌液对海产品、大便标本增菌效果较好 ,氯化镁孔雀绿增菌液对水样中甲型副伤寒沙门菌增菌效果较好 ;甲型副伤寒沙门菌在沙门菌显色平板上菌落特征明显 ,分离效果优于SS平板 ;贝壳类海产品甲型副伤寒沙门菌模拟标本 37℃增菌 6h甲型副伤寒沙门菌菌量最多。〔结论〕贝壳类海产品用亚硒酸盐增菌液 37℃增菌 6h ,水样用氯化镁孔雀绿增菌液 4 2℃增菌 12～ 18h,用沙门菌显色平板分离甲型副伤寒沙门菌效果最好。     

The geographical distribution of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A and B phage types during the period 1 January 1970 to 31 December 1973. A report of the International Federation for Enteric Phage-Typing (IFEPT).

The frequency distribution is presented of the Vi-phage types of Salmonella typhi and of the phage types of S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B, examined by the National Centres represented in the IFEPT from 1970 to 1974. The most common types encountered in this international study were A and E1 (= E 1 a), as has been previously observed. There was, however, a wide range of types, many of which are characteristic of particular geographical zones. The occurrence of such types out of their habitual context indicates their ''exotic'' origin, providing a useful clue to their probable source. Plasmid-mediated chloramphenicol resistance appeared in epidemic typhoid fever for the first time during this period. It occurred in Mexico, India, Vietnam and Thailand, and has assumed important proportions. All the plasmids concerned belonged to compatibility group H 1. The study of this phenomenon continues, and the findings will appear in future reports.     

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens in Australia.

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium within the Australian chicken industry has been studied and documented on an Australia-wide and state-by-state basis. A total of 1799 strains of S. typhimurium were obtained from Australia-wide sources and phage typing categorized 1498 of these isolates into 30 distinct phage types, with the remaining 301 strains untypable. Five phage types, 6, 26, 31, 135 and 179, accounted for 76% of the total strains typed, with the remaining 24% of strains being distributed among 25 phage types. Of the major phage types, type 31 was restricted to Victoria and Western Australia, but the other types were distributed throughout Australia. In addition, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the various phage types was determined and only five of the 30 phage types showed appreciable levels of resistance.     

A large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with eggs from overseas.

In February 1989 the largest reported outbreak to date in the United Kingdom of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection occurred following a wedding reception at a hotel. One hundred and seventy-three people met the case definition of illness of whom 118 had the organism isolated from their stools. A further 17 were found to be S. enteritidis PT4 positive, but were asymptomatic. Lightly-cooked, egg-based sauces were the epidemiologically proven vehicles of infection. Investigations showed this outbreak to be the first to implicate imported European eggs as the source of infection. An unusual feature of this outbreak was a reported incubation period of less than 3 h for some of the confirmed cases of salmonellosis.