经鼻快诱导插管在颌骨骨折切开复位固定术的应用

目的　探讨快速诱导经鼻气管插管在颌骨骨折切开复位固定术的应用。方法　选择 4 2例颌骨骨折不超过 2周 ,张口受限Ⅱ°以上 ,行快速诱导经鼻气管插管 ,记录诱导前 (T0 ) ,诱导后 (T1 )和插管后 (T2 )患者血压、心率和SPO2 各值 ,以及注药至插管成功时间 (t1 )和无通气期时间 (t2 )。结果　插管后 (T2 )患者生命体征与诱导前(T0 )比较无统计学意义 (t2 均少于 2分钟 ) ,成功率为 10 0 %。结论　非陈旧性颌骨骨折切开复位固定术采用快速诱导经鼻气管插管是安全可行的方法     

口腔患者全麻慢诱导下插管反应的防治

目前临床上多数全麻患者是在快速麻醉诱导下进行气管内插管 ,但有些口腔外科患者由于张口受限和手术需经鼻插管 ,我们采用慢诱导条件下进行气管内插管。其插管难度和插管反应的强度明显增加。本文结合我院对 17例患者慢诱导条件下插管反应症状及防治 ,总结如下。　　作者单位 :2 10 0 0 8南京市口腔医院麻醉科一、临床资料17例患者 ,男 11例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 19岁～ 5 7岁。颌骨骨折 8例 ,颈清术后复发 4例 ,颌骨整形 3例 ,颞颌关节强直2例。全麻慢诱导前用 1%地卡因喷雾或气管表面麻醉。麻醉慢诱导采用咪唑安定 0 .1ｍｇ/ｋｇ和 /或丙泊酚 2…     

经鼻盲探插管在小儿困难气管插管中的应用

目的:探讨小儿困难气管插管的方法。方法:95例困难气管捕管患儿,经鼻盲探气管插管。结果:全部病 例均顺利完成气管插管,平均插管时间(9.2±5.9)min;插管期间,患儿安静入睡,能较好地配合操作;发生呼吸抑 制4例、鼻衄5例、喉痉挛1例;术中、术后生命体征稳定,无并发症。结论:在完善的鼻咽喉表面麻醉和适当的安 定镇痛下经鼻盲探插管是解决小儿困难气管插管的有效方法。     

正颌外科手术的麻醉特点及技术改进(附168例病例报道)

总结168例正颌外科手术的麻醉特点及技术改进,为临床提供指导。方法：选择正颌外科手水患者168例,观察其插管方式、麻醉方法、术中生命体征及术后呼吸道管理。结果：168例均经鼻腔盲探插管成功,采用静吸复合麻醉顺利完成手术。术后78例保留气管导管,平均为72h。拔管后无一例发生呼吸道梗阻及其它并发症。结论：鼻引导管为正颌外科手术所需经鼻盲探插管技术提供保证。而术后保留气管导管,不仅避免了常规气管切开的各种不利因素,同时保证呼吸道的通畅及生命安全。     

鼻腔盲探插管术的护理配合

鼻腔盲探插管是解决张口困难患者插管的重要方法之一,其成功取决于麻醉医师的插管经验及技术水平,同时手术室护士的密切配合及辅助作用也不可忽视。本文就手术室护士如何配合麻醉医师顺利完成鼻腔盲探插管作一探讨。 临床资料 本组85例均为颞颌关节强直无法张口患者,其中男性45例,女性40例;年龄5～58岁(小儿占38例);盲探插管时间最长1小时05分,最短1分05秒,平均7分21秒。85例中82例盲探成功,2例因盲探失败而改期手术,1例患儿因诱导期出现急性呼吸道梗塞而紧急行气管切开术。     

正颌外科手术的麻醉特点及技术改进

目的：总结１６８例正颌外科手术的麻醉特点及技术改进，为临床４提供指导 颌外科手术患者１６８例，观察其插管方式，麻醉方法，术中生命体征及术后呼吸道管理。结果：１６８例均经鼻腔盲探插管成功，采用静吸复合麻醉顺利完成手术。术后７８例保留气管导管，平均为７２ｈ。拔管后无一例发生呼吸道梗阻及其它并发症。结论：鼻引导管为正颌外科手术所需经鼻盲探插管技术提供保证。     

超声引导下喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉在清醒气管插管中的应用

目的:探讨超声引导下喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉在清醒气管插管中的应用效果.方法:选择在全麻下实施手术的ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的困难气道患者30例,随机分为超声引导组(U组,n=15)和解剖定位组(A组,n=15).全部患者均选择纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻腔气管插管.U组在超声下显示呈高回声的甲舌膜,观察到无回声的喉上动脉穿出甲舌膜,喉上神经内支位于喉上动脉内侧,通过超声引导下平面内技术在此区域注入局麻药,以相同的方法阻滞对侧喉上神经内支.超声下显示呈高回声的环甲膜,通过超声引导下平面内技术进行环甲膜穿刺,气管内表面麻醉.A组依靠传统的解剖标志定位方法触诊舌骨大角和甲状软骨上角,进行双侧喉上神经阻滞.触诊甲状软骨和环状软骨等解剖标志,通过环甲膜穿刺进行气管内表面麻醉.确定气管插管成功后,各组患者均进行快速麻醉诱导.比较2组患者间环甲膜穿刺成功率、各级呛咳发生率和围插管期血流动力学变化.应用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:与A组相比,U组患者的环甲膜穿刺成功率更高(P＜0.05),呛咳发生率更低(P＜0.05).与A组相比,U组患者T1(入室后)、T2(插管前)和T5(插管后3min)HR、SBP、DBP的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T3(插管时)、T4(插管后1min)心率增快和血压增高的幅度较小(P＜0.05).结论:超声引导下双侧喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉,在清醒气管插管时安全、有效、优势明显.     

广泛性口腔癌手术时气管切开术的应用

作者研究广泛性口腔癌手术时气管切开术的应用,共施行口腔癌手术252例,分两组,第1组188例,手术计划中包括气管切开术,肿瘤位于舌前2/3者49例,舌根31例,口底69例,颊部23例,腭弓和下颌牙槽突各8例。先作气管切开,经气管切口插管麻醉96例,用于肿瘤位于口咽部、舌体后部、口底和磨牙后部,或由于经口经鼻插管麻醉妨碍手术操作,或因开口受限不作气管切开插管困难。其余92例经鼻插管麻醉,肿瘤切除后再作气管切开术。     

鼻导管通气下静脉麻醉在腮腺手术中的应用

目的:观察鼻导管通气下丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)行腮腺手术的麻醉效果。方法:选择60例择期行腮腺手术的患者,ASA I～II级,年龄18～65岁,体重50～90 kg。随机分成气管插管组(A,n=30)和鼻导管通气组(B,n=30),2组均采用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼诱导,A组诱导后行气管内插管,B组诱导后置入鼻导管吸氧,术中调整丙泊酚的浓度以维持麻醉深度,并记录患者基础值(T0)、插管即刻(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)时的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、脑电双频指数(BIS)。比较2组血流动力学、血气分析和麻醉后恢复的情况。结果:2组T1时BP、BIS均较T0值降低(P<0.01);与T1比较,2组T2时BP均升高(P<0.01),而在T3、T4时变化无差异(P>0.05);A组HR在T3、T4时低于T0(P<0.05或P<0.01);组间比较,B组BP、HR在T2、T3时均低于A组(P<0.01)。2组苏醒时间、拔管时间、术中动脉血气pH值和PCO2差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:鼻导管通气下行丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在腮腺手术中能获得较满意的麻醉效果,血流动力学较气管插管组稳定。     

颌面部手术全麻困难插管的原因及对策

气管内插管术是临床麻醉不可缺少的一个组成部分，是麻醉医师必须掌握的最基本操作技巧。成功的气管内插管是保证全身麻醉顺利实施的关键一环。由于颌面外科患者的病理生理特征决定了气管插管以经鼻明视和盲探法为主，这样就给气管内插管增加了不同程度的困难。总结分析我科６年来困难气管插管的原因和对策，以为今后的临床工作提供有价值的参考。１　临床资料１９９１～１９９６年间在神经安定镇痛（ＮＬＡ）状态下经鼻明视和盲探气管插管共１５２５例，困难者６４例，占４％，其中明视法３０例，盲探法３４例。置管时间、年龄、性别、病种…     

Variation in periodontal referral in 2 regions in theUK

This study investigated the periodontal referral patterns of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Northern Ireland (NI) and North West England (NWE). A questionnaire dealing with periodontal referral was sent to all 520 GDPs registered in NI and to 274 GDPs in NWE. A usable return was made by 355 (68%) in NI and 189 (70%) in NWE. The NI dentists made significantly more periodontal referrals (median 5, range 0-80) in the year preceding the survey than those in NWE (median 2, range 0-50), p<0.001. Distance was the only factor significantly related to the referral rate in both regions with those who practised more than 25 miles from a specialist referring significantly fewer patients in both regions. In NI, there was a trend towards increased periodontal referral by GDPs who had attended more postgraduate courses; however, in NWE, this was not the case. The GDPs in NWE were significantly less likely than those in NI to refer patients with medical conditions. It is concluded that there is considerable variation in periodontal referral both within and between the 2 regions studied. It is further concluded that in many cases, non-disease factors, such as the accessibility of the specialist service, have powerful effects on the decisions made by dentists and patients in these regions (NI and NWE) in relation to periodontal referral. Much of the variance in referral in North West England, as in Northern Ireland, remains unexplained.     

Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden

Celeste RK, Nadanovsky P, Fritzell J. Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39: 204–212. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objectives: To describe the dynamics of trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden among adults, to assess whether trends follow expected patterns according to the inverse equity hypothesis. Methods: In Sweden, we obtained nationally representative data for the years 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2000, and in Brazil, for 16 state capitals in 1986 and in 2002. Trends in the prevalence of ‘edentulism’ and of ‘teeth in good conditions’ were described in two groups aged 35–44 with lower and higher economic standards, respectively. Results: There was an annual decline in disparities in ‘edentulism’ of 0.4 percentage points (pp) (95% CI = 0.2–0.7) in Brazil and 0.7pp (95% CI = 0.5–0.9) in Sweden, as a result of improvements in both income groups. Concerning ‘teeth in good conditions’, in Brazil, there was improvement only in the higher income group and absolute disparities have increased (0.5pp annually), while in Sweden, there was a nonsignificant decrease (0.3pp annually) with improvements in both groups. Since 1991 in Sweden and in 2002 in Brazil, our measures of socioeconomic disparities in ‘edentulism’ were not statistically significant. Trends did not differ by sex or dental visit. Conclusions: Despite improvements in both income groups and a decrease in disparities in ‘edentulism’, the poorer group in Brazil has seen no improvement in ‘teeth in good conditions’ and disparities have increased. It appears that Brazil and Sweden reflect different stages of trend for ‘teeth in good conditions’ and the same stages for ‘edentulism’, represented by the inverse equity hypothesis.     

Fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water in central Nigeria

Abstract– Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water among children aged 12–15 years in the states of Plateau and Bauchi, Nigeria. Methods : Children ( N =203) were examined using WHO criteria. The children were from two schools and permanent residents of the communities in which the schools are located (Tilden Fulani and Kanadap). Intra-examiner reliability for determining fluorosis scores was 80%. Results : Fluoride levels in the water ranged from 0.0–0.4 mg/L. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the sample was 51%. Forty-one percent had very mild fluorosis, 7% had mild fluorosis and 3% had moderate to severe fluorosis. The lowest DMFT was observed in the school where the fluoride level of the water ranged between 0.0 and 0.4 mg/L, and in the group with very mild fluorosis. Conclusion : Fluoride levels in water for central Nigeria were appropriate for oral health. In the areas where the children were permanent residents, factors other than the fluoride levels of the water contributed to the severity of dental fluorosis.     

Trends in endodontic claims in Italy

According to the scant data available in the literature, endodontic claims are common among dental professional liability cases and the second most common type of claim. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of endodontic claims in Italy and the most frequently disputed errors, and the discussion below includes consideration of ethical and medico‐legal aspects thereof. We retrospectively analysed 120 technical reports written on cases of professional malpractice in endodontics in the last 5 years. The complainant patients were males in 22.5% of the cases, while females made up the remaining 77.5%. In the dentist sample, male operators were more often involved in litigation cases (80%) than female operators. The most frequently claimed technical errors were: lack of a complete filling of root canal/s (71.7%), the perforation of tooth structure (12.7%), extrusion of sealing materials beyond the apex of the tooth (9.6%) and the fracture of an endodontic instrument (5.9%). In 1.7% of cases it was found that the expert did not make any errors performing the endodontic therapy. In only very few cases (2.7%) no therapy was considered necessary, while the most common therapeutic solution involved in endodontic misconduct was tooth extraction (53.0%). In many cases the dentist preferred to extract the endodontically undertreated tooth and substitute it prosthetically rather than trying to re‐treat it. The discrepancy between the total number of cases examined and those that eventually go to court leads us to believe that the majority of endodontic malpractice cases are resolved in out‐of‐court settlements.     

Human Herpesviridae in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in children in Nigeria

Herpesviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human periodontitis. The present study investigated whether herpeasviruses are present in the lesions of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Sixty-two Nigerian children, aged 3–14 years, were studied. Twenty-two children had acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and were also malnourished, 20 exhibited no acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis but were malnourished, and 20 were free of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and in a good nutritional state. Polymerase chain reaction methods were used to determine the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus type 1 and type 2 (EBV-1, EBV-2), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in crevicular fluid specimens collected by paper points. Of the 22 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis patients, 15 (68%) revealed viral infection and 8 (36%) viral coinfection. Thirteen (59%) acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis patients demonstrated HCMV, 6 (27%) EBV-1, 5 (23%) HSV and 1 (5%) HHV-6. Only 2 (10%) subjects from each group not affected by acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis showed viral presence, and no control subject revealed viral coinfection. These findings suggest that HCMV and possibly other herpesviruses contribute to the onset and/or progression of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in malnourished Nigerian children.     

Changes in caries prevalence in Japan

In Japan, the mean DMFT at 12 years of age increased from 2.8 in 1957 to 5.9 in 1975. From the 1981 survey (DMFT=5.43), conversely, the mean DMFT decreased and reached 3.64 in 1993. The increase in caries prevalence can, without doubt, be explained by an increment of sugar consumption, since the intake of sugar increased after World War II and exceeded 18.25 kg/year (50 g/day) in 1965 and reached a maximum value (29.3 kg/year) in 1973 in Japan. On the other hand, the reason why the DMFT has decreased since 1981 is not clear. In many industrialized countries, a caries reduction has been achieved with acceptable fluoride exposure, although sugar consumption was still at a high level. However, fluoride usage was still limited during the last 2 decades in Japan. There is no community where fluoridated drinking water has been supplied since 1972. Fluoride tablet use was also discontinued for children in the 1970s. Fluoride mouthrinsing programs were available for only 19r of school children in 1992. Moreover, the market share of fluoridated dentifrices stayed at 10% until 1986 and became 30% only in 1988. An excellent correlation (r=0.91; P 0.01) is observed between the DMFT in 12-year-olds and per capita sugar consumption per year between 1957 and 1987 in Japan.     

Advances in local anesthesia in dentistry

Local pain management is the most critical aspect of patient care in dentistry. The improvements in agents and techniques for local anesthesia are probably the most significant advances that have occurred in dental science. This article provides an update on the most recently introduced local anesthetic agents along with new technologies used to deliver local anesthetics. Safety devices are also discussed, along with an innovative method for reducing the annoying numbness of the lip and tongue following local anesthesia.     

Localization of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro

Jäger A, Götz W, Lossdörfer S, Rath‐Deschner B. Localization of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0765.2009.01227.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Cementum and bone are rather similar hard tissues, and osteocytes and cementocytes, together with their canalicular network, share many morphological and cell biological characteristics. However, there is no clear evidence that cementocytes have a function in tissue homeostasis of cementum comparable to that of osteocytes in bone. Recent studies have established an important role for the secreted glycoprotein sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, as an osteocyte‐derived signal to control bone remodelling. In this study, we investigated the expression of sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo as well as the expression of SOST and sclerostin in periodontal ligament cell cultures following induction of mineralization. Material and Method: Immunolocalization of sclerostin was performed in decalcified histological sections of mouse and human teeth and alveolar bone. Additionally, periodontal ligament cells from human donors were cultured in osteogenic conditions, namely in the presence of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate, for up to 3 wk. The induction of calcified nodules was visualized by von Kossa stain. SOST mRNA was detected by real‐time PCR, and the presence of sclerostin was verified using immunohistochemistry and western blots. Results: Expression of sclerostin was demonstrated in osteocytes of mouse and human alveolar bone. Distinct immunolocalization in the cementocytes was shown. In periodontal ligament cultures, following mineralization treatment, increasing levels of SOST mRNA as well as of sclerostin protein could be verified. Conclusion: The identification of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes and mineralizing periodontal ligament cells adds to our understanding of the biology of the periodontium, but the functional meaning of these findings can only be unravelled after additional in vitro and in vivo studies.