全胃切除治疗胃恶性肿瘤(例44附报告)

本文报告华西医大普外科1981～1989.2月间作了全胃切除的胃恶性肿瘤44例,手术死亡率2.27％,近期并发症31.8％,主要为胸部并发症,吻合口漏只1例。对远期生存者作了消化吸收功能研究,多数病人代胃空物功能良好。本文讨论了①全胃切除的指征;②如何降低手术死亡率及远期并发症;③推荐Roux-n-y,P型空肠袢代胃术或P型空肠袢间置代胃术,两者均为合理的消化道重建方式。     

Results of the surgical therapy of stomach cancer

1589 patients treated between 1965 and 1985 at the First Surgical Department of Vienna University were investigated to answer the following questions: 1. Development of postoperative mortality. 2. Is a palliative gastrectomy indicated? 3. Does gastrectomy en principe improve survival? 4. Quality of life after total gastrectomy. Postoperative mortality after distal resection was decreased from 8% to 1.2%. After total gastrectomy mortality was reduced from 20% to 4.3%. A significant factor in this improvement was the use of Y-Roux reconstruction as the only method during recent years. After palliative resections the mortality was not higher than in curative operations. Comparison of comparable tumour stages of the mid stomach revealed no benefit of gastrectomy over distal resection in terms of survival. This was found to apply to both cases of negative and positive lymph node involvement as well. Gastrectomy en principe does not seem to improve survival rates. The quality of life after total gastrectomy (Y-Roux) is satisfactory in most patients. Dumping and reflux were rare, diarrhoea occurred in 22%, anaemia in 30% of patients.     

D2 gastrectomy -- a safe operation in experienced hands

In the contemporary practice, surgery is the only potentially curative treatment available for gastric cancer. However, there is no consensus on the extent of surgical resection. Advantages of D2 gastrectomy in terms of morbidity, mortality, local recurrence and survival are confirmed in Japanese as well as some European trials. In our hospital, all patients with operable gastric cancer are treated with D2 gastrectomy along with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy followed by jejunal pouch reconstruction. The study was undertaken to evaluate our practice in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality. All the patients who had total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma from January 1995 to December 2000 were included in the study. During this 6-year period, 33 patients underwent potentially curative D2 gastrectomy. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 18 and 9%, respectively. There were no anastomotic leaks. Three (9%) patients developed dysphasia, of which two (6%) had anastomotic stricture requiring dilatation. We feel D2 gastrectomy with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy when performed electively is a safe procedure in experienced hands. Oesophago-jejunal anastomosis can be safely performed using circular stapler.     

Bacteria: a major pathogenic factor for anastomotic insufficiency.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of bacteria on the development of anastomotic insufficiency following gastrectomy in the rat. Fifty-seven male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups and subjected to gastrectomy. Group I (n = 20) was orally inoculated with 10(9) Pseudomonas aeroginosa organisms on postoperative day 1. Group II (n = 20) served as the control group. Group III (n = 17) was decontaminated with 320 mg of tobramycin, 400 mg of polymyxin B, and 500 mg of vancomycin per liter of fluid administered from preoperative day 7 to postoperative day 10. Swabs from the oropharynx and rectum were cultured and analyzed daily for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Surviving animals were sacrificed on postoperative day 10. All animals were autopsied immediately following death. Anastomotic insufficiency was defined as a histologically proven transmural defect at the suture line. Along with an effective reduction of pathogenic bacteria colonizing the oropharynx, the rate of anastomotic insufficiency could be reduced significantly, to 6% in decontaminated animals compared with 80% in controls (P < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test). Inoculation of group I animals with P. aeruginosa led to an increase of anastomotic insufficiency up to 95% and a significant increase in mortality (P < 0.05). We conclude that bacteria play a major role in the pathogenesis of anastomotic insufficiency following gastrectomy in the rat.     

Total gastrectomy as a risk factor for postoperative loss of skeletal muscle in minimally invasive surgery for patients with gastric cancer

Purpose

Loss of skeletal muscle mass after gastrectomy for gastric cancer leads to decreased quality of life and poor postoperative survival. However, few studies have examined the postoperative loss of skeletal muscle mass following minimally invasive gastrectomy. This study investigated the impact of minimally invasive total gastrectomy (MI-TG) on changes in skeletal muscle mass during the early postoperative period.

Methods

Patients who underwent MI-TG or minimally invasive distal or proximal gastrectomy (MI-nonTG) for cStage I-III gastric cancer were retrospectively analyzed (n = 58 vs. 182). Their body composition was measured before surgery and 2 months after surgery. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to clarify the impact of the surgical procedure on skeletal muscle index changes using clinically relevant covariates.

Results

Skeletal muscle mass decreased more in the MI-TG group than in the MI-nonTG group (median [interquartile range]; −5.9% [−10.6, −3.7] vs −4.5% [−7.3, −1.9], P = 0.004). In multivariable linear regression analysis using clinically relevant covariates, MI-TG was an independent risk factor for postoperative loss of skeletal muscle mass (coefficient − 2.6%, 95% CI −4.5 to −0.68, P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Total gastrectomy was a risk factor for loss of skeletal muscle mass during the early postoperative period. If oncologically feasible, proximal or distal gastrectomy with a small remnant stomach should be considered.     

Endoscopy-assisted anastomosis: a modified technique for laparoscopic side-to-side esophagojejunostomy following a total gastrectomy

Introduction: Esophagojejunostomy with a circular stapling device is sometimes difficult to perform in a laparoscopic setting. On the other hand, a side‐to‐side anastomosis with a linear stapling device is technically challenging. Methods: Between June 2002 and March 2008, 10 consecutive patients underwent a laparoscopy‐assisted total gastrectomy using a side‐to‐side anastomosis technique. Of these patients, four underwent a laparoscopy‐assisted total gastrectomy with a modified anastomosis technique. A small wound was created on the antimesenteric side of the jejunum 5 cm distal to the resected portion and then in the lower esophagus. A peroral endoscope was advanced to the hole, and the cartridge fork was introduced into the lower esophagus under endoscopic guidance. The device (45 mm, blue) was fired to create an antiperistaltic side‐to‐side anastomosis. The common entry hole was closed by transecting the jejunum and the esophagus with another linear stapler and by using an endoscope as a stent. Results: Four patients underwent the modified procedure and did not require an open procedure. One patient developed a pancreatic fistula, which was treated conservatively. The average operative time, reconstruction time and blood loss were 483 ± 133 minutes, 139 ± 31 minutes, and 199 ± 121 mL, respectively. An introduction of the stapler into the lower esophagus and a closure of the common entry hole were performed safely without any stress. Conclusion: Although several techniques must be compared to determine the ideal procedure for laparoscopic esophagojejunostomy, the modified side‐to‐side anastomosis technique may be useful in clinical settings.     

Risk factors for esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage after curative total gastrectomy combined with D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors associated with esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage (EJAL) after curative total gastrectomy combined with D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer.MethodsWe reviewed the data for 390 consecutive patients undergoing Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy reconstruction after total gastrectomy. Multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to identify the independent risk factors for EJAL.ResultsOf the 390 patients enrolled in this study, EJAL occurred in 10 patients (2.6%), and one patient (1/10) with EJAL died. Univariate analysis identified age, alcohol consumption, pulmonary insufficiency, and intraoperative blood loss as risk factors for EJAL. Of these four risk factors, age and alcohol consumption were retained as independent risk factors by multivariate analysis.ConclusionSurgeons should be very careful regarding anastomotic leakage after esophagojejunal anastomosis, perioperatively, especially in patients with advanced age and a history of alcohol consumption. Pulmonary insufficiency and intraoperative blood loss, although not identified as independent risk factors, should also be considered.     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术35例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治手术的根治程度、可行性及其特点。方法自2005年6月至2008年6月,对35例胃癌患者施行了腹腔镜手术,其中胃远端根治性胃大部切除术21例,胃体部癌行全胃切除3例,胃底贲门癌行腹腔镜近端根治性胃大部切除术11例。结果所有患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,无中转手术者。术中切除淋巴结个数为（21±5．8）;切缘距肿瘤距离近端为（5．2±1．2）cm,远端为（6．0±1．7）cm;手术时间（203±34）min;术中出血（123±22）ml;术后恢复胃肠道功能时间（42±6．5）h;术后住院时间平均7．5d。结论腹腔镜辅助下胃癌手术对Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和部分Ⅲ期胃癌具有创伤小且术后恢复快的特点,是一种较安全的手术,并与开腹手术具有相似的根治程度。     

直线切割吻合器在腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术Roux-en-Y式吻合术中的应用

目的 探讨直线切割吻合器在腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术（LDG） Roux-en-Y式吻合术中的应用效果。方法 选取2019年3月-2021年3月该院行LDG Roux-en-Y式吻合术的患者126例,按照随机数表法分为观察组（n=63）和对照组（n=63）,观察组采用直线切割吻合器实施Roux-en-Y式吻合术,对照组采用圆形吻合器实施Roux-en-Y式吻合术。统计并分析两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数量、阳性淋巴结数量、术后恢复排气时间、首次进流食时间、拔除引流管时间和术后并发症发生率,术后3个月采用健康调查量表36 (SF-36)比较两组患者的生活质量。结果 两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数量和阳性淋巴结数量比较,差异均无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;与对照组比较,观察组术后恢复排气时间、首次进流食时间和拔除引流管时间均较短（P <0.05）;两组患者住院总费用比较,差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）,观察组术后住院时间明显短于对照组（P <0.05）;与对照组比较,观察组并发症发生率更低（P <0.05）;术后3个月随访,观察组S...     

贲门癌穿孔的外科治疗

目的 :探讨贲门癌穿孔患者的外科治疗方法。方法 :对住院治疗的 2 1例贲门癌穿孔患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。结果 :住院死亡 3例 ,术前明确诊断 9例 ,一期行近端胃大部切除术 11例 ,全胃切除术 4例 ,瘘口大网膜堵塞缝合 6例 ,发生吻合口瘘 2例 ,行近端胃大部切除者 >3a生存者 6例 ,>5a生存者 3例。行单纯修补的均 <1a死亡。结论 :对贲门癌穿孔患者 ,只要生命体征平稳 ,全身状态许可 ,行一期近端胃大部切除术是可行的 ,也是对此类患者较好的一种治疗方法。     

全胃切除术后两种常用消化道重建方式的比较

目的探讨全胃切除术合理的消化道重建方式。方法回顾分析我院1999—2008年所开展全胃切除手术病例,选择其中最常采用的P袢空肠Roux—en—Y重建术和功能性空肠间置吻合术,对其手术难度、术后病人的并发症及营养差异进行比较。结果两种手术方法手术难度、术后并发症相差不太。P袢空肠Roux—en—Y重建术后早期适应性较好;功能性空肠间置吻合术后病人后期营养优于前者。结论全胃切除后,P袢Roux—en—Y吻合术和功能性空肠间置吻合术在改善患者术后症状和生活质量等方面是比较理想的重建术式,但功能性空肠间置吻合术是一种更符合生理,更能解决全胃切除后病人发生营养障碍的术式。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术819例术后早期并发症的分析及防治

目的分析腹腔镜胃癌根治术并发症的发生情况,探讨提高手术安全性的方法。方法总结我院2010年1月1日至2013年12月31日819例腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术后早期1个月内的临床资料,分析并发症发生情况。结果 819例腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者共发生术后早期并发症73例,发生率8.9%,死亡3例,死亡率0.4%。术前合并症、手术者经验、手术时间和淋巴结转移情况与腹腔镜胃癌根治术术后并发症的发生相关。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术具有较高的安全性,严格掌握手术适应证,术中规范操作,术后细致管理,可有效预防腹腔镜胃癌根治术并发症的发生。     

3D腹腔镜平行重叠吻合联合经自然腔道取标本在近端胃癌根治术中的应用价值

目的 观察女性近端胃癌患者3D腹腔镜根治术中行平行重叠吻合法消化道重建,并经自然腔道取标本在淋巴结清扫、术后胃肠功能恢复中的作用,探讨其治疗效果及安全性.方法 女性近端胃癌患者36例,其中16例行3D腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术,术中行平行重叠吻合法消化道重建,并经自然腔道取标本者为观察组;20例行2D腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术,术...     

The Present Status of the Treatment of Gastric Malignancy

Successful treatment of gastric cancer is related to early recognition of these tumors and dependent on more thorough surgical removal of all cancer tissue. In many cases this will mean a total gastrectomy. Radical surgery is indicated when more thorough removal of all cancer tissue is thus insured and when such extensive operations can be done without increased morbidity or increased mortality. Operative mortality with total gastrectomy is approximately that of partial gastrectomy. If our five year survival rate can be increased and the operative mortality not be increased, a more extensive operative procedure such as total gastrectomy is justified.     

腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术的手术配合

目的总结腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术的手术配合经验。方法对9例行腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术患者的手术配合要点进行分析和总结。结果9例患者腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术术程顺利,手术时间4-6h,平均5.1h;术中出血量30-100mL,平均46mL;术后随访1个月,无并发症发生。结论充分的术前访视评估,完善的物品准备,术中严格的无菌操作及医护人员的熟练默契配合是腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术手术成功的重要保证。     

Self-expanding covered metallic stent treatment of esophagojejunostomy fistulas

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the outcomes of the self-expanding covered metallic stent (SECMS) therapy in the management of the postoperative anastomotic leaks that seen after total gastrectomy–esophagojejunostomy (EJ) operations.

Materials and methods

Contrast radiography and endoscopy revealed EJ fistulas in 14 patients. SECMSs were implanted both fluoroscopically and endoscopically to seal fistulas. Postoperative fistula diagnosis times, postoperative covered stent implantation times, primary success rates, clinical success rates, postinterventional oral feeding beginning times, reduction of the drainage from the surgical drains, procedure-related mortality–morbidity, and mortality related with factors other than the procedure were noted.

Results

Technical success rate was 100 %. Clinical success rate was 79 %. Reduction of the fluid from surgical drains was observed in all patients. There were no procedure-related mortality. Recurrent fistula was observed in two patients (14 %) at the third and fifth day after the intervention. In one patient (7 %), stent dislocation was observed at the 10th day after the intervention. Non procedure-related mortality was 21 %. No anastomotic stricture, no in-stent stenosis was observed during the follow up period(11.09 ± 3.21 months).

Conclusion

From the above results we concluded that SECMS treatment for EJ fistulas is a safe, effective and technically easy procedure.     

管型吻合器在经腹全胃切除P型空肠袢代胃术中的应用

目的：探讨管型吻合器在经腹全胃切除P型空肠袢代胃术中的应用。方法：对126例经腹全胃切除P型空肠袢代胃术患者术中采用管型吻合器行食管-空肠、空肠-空肠（P型袢）及空肠-空肠（Roux-Y）吻合口吻合。结果：所有患者手术均获成功，手术时间2～2．5h，平均3．5h，其中3个吻合口吻合完成时间25～50min，平均40min；无手术死亡病例，无吻合口瘘、出血及狭窄等严重并发症。结论：经腹全胃切除P形空肠袢代胃术中采用管型吻合器行3个吻合口吻合具有操作简便、技术可靠及并发症少等优点。     

Ability of myoglobin to predict mortality in patients admitted for exclusion of myocardial infarction

Background

Myoglobin can be used as an early marker to diagnose myocardial infarction (MI); and although nonspecific for myocardial necrosis, it seems to be a strong mortality predictor. Because myoglobin elevations are often present in patients with renal insufficiency, it is possible that the predictive value of myoglobin is secondary to identifying patients with renal insufficiency.

Methods

Consecutive patients admitted for MI exclusion without ST elevation on the initial electrocardiogram underwent serial assessment of cardiac markers (creatine kinase [CK], CK–myocardial band [MB], and troponin I [TnI]). Myoglobin was assessed at the time of admission and/or 3 hours later. Renal insufficiency was defined as a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality.

Results

A total of 3461 patients were included in the analysis. Overall 30-day and 1-year mortality was 2.4% and 9.7%. Myoglobin was elevated in 675 (20%), CK-MB in 421 (12%), and TnI in 517 (15%). Among the 993 patients with renal insufficiency, myoglobin was elevated in 43%, CK-MB in 17%, and TnI in 21%. Independent predictors of 30-day and 1-year mortality were similar and included age ≥65 years, prior MI, and an ischemic electrocardiogram, whereas myoglobin was the strongest multivariate predictor (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-3.7), including those with renal insufficiency (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.4). Troponin I had borderline predictive value (P = .08, OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.96-2.0), whereas CK-MB was not predictive in either group.

Conclusions

Despite the absence of cardiac specificity, an elevated myoglobin strongly predicts mortality, even in patients with renal insufficiency.     

进展期胃中上部癌行腹腔镜与开腹根治性全胃切除术的围手术期疗效比较

目的：前瞻比较进展期胃中上部癌行腹腔镜辅助根治性全胃切除术与开腹根治性全胃切除术的疗效。方法：选取胃中上部癌患者共67例,随机分为两组,分别施行腹腔镜辅助及开腹根治性全胃切除（D2）,比较围手术期疗效。结果：腔镜组与开腹组相比,清扫淋巴结总数目基本一致,围腹腔动脉周围、贲门区域以及大小网膜区域清扫淋巴结数两组均无显著性差异;但围脾门区域和幽门区域清扫淋巴结数腔镜组比开腹组具有明显优势（P〈0.05）。腔镜组术中出血量较少（P〈0.05）,术后疼痛减轻（P〈0.05）,胃肠功能恢复快（P=0.053）,但手术时间较长（P〈0.05）,术后肺部感染发生率升高（P=0.067）。两组的标本上切缘与肿瘤距离及术后腹部并发症发生率基本一致。结论：对进展期胃癌,腹腔镜下行根治性全胃切除术（D2）具有较好的围手术期疗效,尤其在围脾门区域和幽门区域淋巴结清扫方面比开腹手术更具优势,但需注意加强术后肺部管理。     

应用国产缝合器行单侧肺减容术治疗极重度COPD的疗效分析

目的评价应用国产重复性缝合器行单侧肺减容术（LVRS）治疗极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的疗效、手术适应证,总结手术操作要点。方法选取2002年6月至2008年11月间住院的极重度COPD患者30例,行单侧肺减容术治疗。应用国产重复性缝合器切除过度充气破坏的肺组织。比较手术前后的呼吸困难程度、肺功能及生活质量等指标的变化,以评价单侧LVRS的手术疗效。结果第1秒钟用力呼气容积（FEV1）在术后6个月较术前提高45．7％;呼吸困难指数普遍改善Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。6min步行距离（6MWD）对比,术后6个月（310±75）m平均较术前（202±89）m增加53．5％。术后6个月Kamofsky评分（79±8．3）分较术前（25±4．5）分明显提高。本组病人术后6个月生存率为100％,无手术死亡病例。术后并发症发生率为43．3％。结论对符合指征的极重度COPD患者,行单侧肺减容术治疗可明显改善患者术后肺功能和生活质量,手术病死率低。国产重复性缝合器具有操作简单、质量可靠、安全实用等优点,可应用于单侧肺减容术,能明显降低医疗费用。