连翘提取物对RAW264.7细胞生成NO及表达iNOS的影响

目的:研究连翘的抗炎作用及分子机制。方法:以LPS刺激RAW 264.7细胞,用连翘提取物进行干预,测定NO和TNF-α含量,Western blot法检测iNOS和COX-2蛋白表达水平。结果:连翘在12.5～100μg·mL-1浓度范围内可明显抑制RAW 264.7细胞释放TNF-α及NO,并可显著抑制iNOS蛋白表达。结论:连翘通过下调iNOS蛋白表达,抑制炎症介质TNF-α及NO而发挥抗炎作用。     

青蒿素和二氢青蒿素的抗炎作用及机制

目的:研究并比较青蒿素和二氢青蒿素的抗炎作用及其分子机制.方法:用LPS刺激小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放TNF-α,IL-6,NO等炎症介质,评价药物对巨噬细胞释放以上炎症介质的抑制作用.以ELISA法检测TNF-α,IL-6的含量,以Griess法检测NO的含量,同时以MTF法评价细胞毒性.Western blot法检测iNOS,COX-2及内参蛋白β-actin水平.比色法检测COX-2酶活性.结果:二氢青蒿素在12.5～100μnol·L-1可明显抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放TNF-α,IL-6及NO,并呈现良好的剂量依赖关系.青蒿素仅对IL-6具有一定程度的抑制作用.结论:二氢青蒿素通过下调iNOS蛋白表达,抑制巨噬细胞释放炎症因子TNF-α,IL-6和炎症介质NO发挥抗炎活性,青蒿素可能通过代谢为二氢青蒿素发挥抗炎作用.     

独活挥发油对N-脂肪酰基乙醇胺水解酶的抑制作用及抗炎作用研究

目的:研究独活挥发油对内源性大麻素水解酶N-脂肪酰基乙醇胺水解酶(N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase,NAAA)水解活性的影响以及对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症反应模型的抗炎作用.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取独活挥发油,GC-MS检测化学成分;采用LC-MS检测NAAA水解活性;采用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞建立细胞炎症反应模型;采用LC-MS检测细胞内棕榈酸乙醇胺(N-palmitoylethanolamine,PEA)水平;采用实时定量PCR检测肿瘤坏子因子-α(TNF-α)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)mRNA表达;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测TNF-α含量;采用Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)含量.结果:独活挥发油可抑制NAAA水解活性,升高LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞内PEA水平;独活挥发油可下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症因子TNF-α,iNOS,IL-6 mRNA表达;独活挥发油可抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞TNF-α和NO释放.结论:独活挥发油能够抑制NAAA水解活性,升高细胞内PEA水平,降低炎症因子表达,具有一定的抗炎作用.     

芹菜素的抗炎作用及其机制

目的:研究芹菜素的抗炎作用及其分子机制。方法:用LPS刺激小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放TNF-α、IL-6、NO等炎症介质,评价药物对巨噬细胞释放炎症介质的抑制作用。以ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-6的含量,以Griess法检测NO的含量,同时以MTT法评价细胞毒性。Western blot法检测iNOS、COX-2及内参蛋白β-actin水平。比色法检测COX-2酶活性。结果:芹菜素在12.5～100μmol.L-1浓度范围内可明显抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放炎症介质TNF-α、IL-6、NO,并呈现良好的剂量依赖关系。Western blot结果表明芹菜素能够下调iNOS蛋白水平,但是对COX-2蛋白表达水平无明显抑制作用。比色法测定酶活性结果提示芹菜素对COX-2酶活性无明显抑制作用。结论:芹菜素通过下调iNOS蛋白表达水平,能明显抑制巨噬细胞释放炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和炎症介质NO,这可以为芹菜素以及相关制剂的临床应用提供一定的理论依据。     

蛇床子素的抗炎作用及其机制

目的研究蛇床子素的抗炎作用及其分子机制。方法用LPS刺激小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放TNF-α、IL-6、NO等炎症介质,评价药物对巨噬细胞释放炎症介质的抑制作用。以ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-6的含量,以Griess法检测NO的含量,同时以MTT法评价细胞毒性。Western blot法检测iNOS、COX-2及内参蛋白β-actin水平。比色法检测COX-2酶活性。结果蛇床子素在12.5～100μmol.L-1浓度范围内可明显抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放炎症介质TNF-α、IL-6、NO,并呈现良好的剂量依赖关系。Western blot结果表明蛇床子素能够明显下调iN-OS和COX-2蛋白表达水平。比色法测定酶活性结果提示蛇床子素对COX-2酶活性无明显抑制作用。结论蛇床子素通过下调iNOS和COX-2蛋白表达水平,能明显抑制巨噬细胞释放炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和炎症介质NO,这可以为蛇床子素以及相关制剂的临床应用提供一定的理论依据。     

黄精皂苷对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症模型的抗炎作用及其机制

目的在脂多糖诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)中研究黄精皂苷通过NF-κB/MAPKs信号通路发挥体外抗炎作用及其机制。方法 MTT比色法检测黄精皂苷对RAW264.7细胞活性的影响,Griess试剂法检测NO释放,ELISA试剂法检测细胞释放TNF-α、IL-6的水平,流式细胞仪检测细胞释放ROS的水平,JC-1荧光染色法检测胞内线粒体膜电位水平变化,Western blot法检测细胞iNOS、COX-2、p-IKKα/β、p-IκBα、p-p65、p-p38、p-ERK、p-JNK蛋白表达。结果黄精皂苷质量浓度为20、40、80μg/mL时对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性。不同质量浓度的黄精皂苷对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞导致的NO、TNF-α、IL-6、ROS的释放均有很好的抑制作用,对iNOS、COX-2、p-IKKα/β、p-p65、p-IκBα、p-p38、p-ERK、p-JNK蛋白表达也有抑制作用。结论黄精皂苷通过抑制NF-κB/MAPKs信号通路来发挥体外抗炎作用。     

木瓜三萜对脂多糖诱导下RAW264.7细胞炎症模型细胞因子的影响

目的:研究木瓜三萜对脂多糖诱导下RAW264.7细胞炎症模型细胞因子的影响。方法:用脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞建立细胞炎症模型。MTT法检测不同浓度木瓜三萜对RAW264.7细胞增殖的影响,用Griess法和ELISA法检测上清液中NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-4、IL-10含量,实时定量PCR检测RAW264.7细胞中i NOS、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-4、IL-10 mRNA表达,Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞中磷酸化核因子抑制蛋白-κB(p IκB-α)和核转录因子κB(NF-κB)p65和磷酸化NF-κBp65(p-NF-κBp65)蛋白表达。结果:当木瓜三萜浓度低于25μg/ml时,无论单用木瓜三萜还是与LPS联用均对RAW264.7细胞的生长无明显的影响;但是当木瓜三萜浓度大于50μg/ml时,单用和联用均对RAW264.7细胞生长呈现生长抑制效应;木瓜三萜可显著降低上清液中促炎因子NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量和细胞中i NOS、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表达,升高上清液中抗炎因子IL-4、IL-6含量和细胞中IL-4、IL-10 mRNA表达,抑制p IκB-α和p-NF-κBp65蛋白表达。结论:木瓜三萜可通过抑制RAW264.7细胞分泌i NOS、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等促炎因子,促进其分泌IL-4、IL-10抗炎因子来发挥抗炎作用,其作用机制与抑制IκB-α和NF-κBp65的磷酸化,进而恢复促炎因子和抗炎因子之间的平衡有关。     

表儿茶素对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞分泌炎症因子的影响

目的:观察表儿茶素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7分泌炎症因子的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:用脂多糖(1 mg·L-1)刺激生长良好的RAW264.7细胞24 h建立体外细胞炎症模型,以噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定不同浓度表儿茶素对RAW 264.7细胞的毒性作用,Griess试剂法检测一氧化氮(NO)含量,酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测细胞一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)磷酸化表达。结果:表儿茶素在100μmol·L-1时对RAW 264.7细胞无毒性作用。与空白组比较,LPS可明显诱导RAW264.7细胞分泌炎症因子NO,TNF-α,IL-1和IL-6(P0.01);与LPS组比较,25~100μmol·L-1的表儿茶素可以明显降低LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞释放炎症因子NO,TNF-α,IL-1和IL-6(P0.05,P0.01),抑制i NOS蛋白及MAPKs亚族p38,细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal regulated kinases,ERK)和c-jun氨基末端激酶(c-jun terminal kinase,JNK)蛋白磷酸化水平表达,并呈现浓度依赖关系。结论:表儿茶素可以抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应,其抗炎作用可能与减少炎症因子NO,TNF-α,IL-1和IL-6,抑制i NOS蛋白表达及p38MAPK,ERK1/2和JNK的磷酸化水平有关。     

麦冬不同提取部位对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌炎症因子的影响

目的:研究麦冬各提取物组对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7中炎症介质的影响,进而找出该药的抗炎有效部位群。方法:采用回流提取及有机溶剂萃取的方法制备麦冬总提取物及不同提取部位。各提取部位分别作用于RAW264.7巨噬细胞后,使用MTS法检测细胞活力;并对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应模型采用不同部位的麦冬提取物和LPS(脂多糖)进行药物干预24 h后,采用Griess法测定NO的分泌量;采用ELISA法检测细胞上清液中TNF-α的含量。结果:麦冬各提取物组都能明显抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞NO的分泌(P0.05),以及TNF-α的表达(P0.01),并呈现出良好的剂量依赖性。与其他组相比,其中水提取部位对NO分泌的抑制作用最突出,正丁醇提取部位对TNF-α表达的抑制作用最突出。结论:麦冬各提取物组可通过抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞NO的分泌与TNF-α的表达,从而发挥抗炎作用,试验结果表明麦冬水与正丁醇提取部位对炎症因子的抑制作用最强。     

祖师麻醋酸乙酯提取物体外抗炎作用及其机制

目的研究祖师麻醋酸乙酯提取物(EAEDGC)的体外抗炎作用及其机制。方法用γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和脂多糖(LPS)协同制备小鼠RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,Griess反应测定细胞上清液中NO生成量,MTT法测定细胞活力,三价铁还原抗氧化能力测试(FRAP assay)测定细胞总抗氧化能力,RT-PCR检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA的表达;Western blotting检测iNOS、COX-2、HO-1、p-ERK蛋白表达水平。结果 EAEDGC以剂量依赖方式抑制细胞上清液中NO的生成,提高细胞总抗氧化能力,下调iNOS、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA及iNOS、p-ERK蛋白的表达,上调HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达,同时不影响细胞生长;但对COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达影响不大。结论 EAEDGC部分通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)中的细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号转导通路抑制iNOS基因和蛋白的表达,从而抑制NO的生成,提高细胞总抗氧化能力,同时下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α炎症介质和上调抗炎介质HO-1的表达,进而发挥抗炎作用。     

In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin,a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Arctigenin, a bioactive constituent from dried seeds of Arctium lappa L. (Compositae) which has been widely used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine for dispelling wind and heat included in Chinese Pharmacophere, was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities but its molecular mechanism remains unknown yet.

Aim of the study

To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of arctigenin.

Materials and methods

Cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and THP-1 cells were used for the experiments. Griess assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of arctigenin on the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). ELISA was used to determine the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was tested by colorimetric method. Western blot was used to detect the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2.

Results

Arctigenin suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, including TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Arctigenin also strongly inhibited the expression of iNOS and iNOS enzymatic activity, whereas the expression of COX-2 and COX-2 enzymatic activity were not affected by arctigenin.

Conclusions

These results indicated that potent inhibition on NO, TNF-α and IL-6, but not COX-2 expression and COX-2 activity, might constitute the anti-inflammatory mechanism of arctigenin. Arctigenin suppressed the overproduction of NO through down-regulation of iNOS expression and iNOS enzymatic activity in LPS-stimulated macrophage.     

The chloroform fraction of Solanum nigrum suppresses nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages through inhibition of p38, JNK and ERK1/2

Solanum nigrum L., commonly known as black nightshade, is used worldwide for the treatment of skin and mucosal ulcers, liver cirrhosis and edema. We aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory active fraction of S. nigrum by serial extractions. S. nigrum was first extracted with methanol, then fractionated with chloroform and water. The effects of S. nigrum fractions, diosgenin and α-solanine on LPS/interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), or LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, in mouse peritoneal macrophages were determined. Western blotting analysis was used to detect LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK and ERK1/2. The chloroform fraction of S. nigrum was cytotoxic in a time and concentration dependent manner; however, the methanol and water fractions were not. The chloroform fraction reduced NO through inhibition of iNOS synthesis and inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 at the level of protein secretion; the methanol and water fractions showed a weak or no effect. The chloroform fraction also suppressed p38, JNK and ERK1/2. Diosgenin and α-solanine were cytotoxic at a high concentration. In particular, diosgenin was able to inhibit TNF-α and IL-6, but both compounds did not affect LPS-induced iNOS expression. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory compounds of S. nigrum exist preferentially in the nonpolar fraction, ruling out the possibility that diosgenin and α-solanine are the likely candidates. The inhibition of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 by the chloroform fraction may be partly due to the suppression of p38, JNK and ERK1/2. Further study is required to identify the active compounds of S. nigrum.     

藏药十八味党参丸提取物对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞Akt/p38MAPK信号通路及M1/M2极化影响的探究

目的探究藏药十八味党参丸(TEP)的提取物调控脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7的炎性反应及M1/M2极化分型的探究。方法 Alarmarblue法评价RAW 264.7活力;荧光酶标定量分析细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平;Griess法检测上清液中细胞一氧化氮(NO)的分泌情况;流式细胞术检测表面标志物CD206和CCR7蛋白的表达;RT-qPCR法检测细胞白介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、趋化因子2(CCL2)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、精氨酸酶(ARG)-1和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)基因表达的情况;Western blot法检测TEP调控细胞合成iNOS、蛋白激酶B(Akt)和p38丝裂原活化激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况。结果与模型组相比,TEP组一定程度上提高了RAW 264.7的细胞活性,同时抑制了LPS诱导的细胞内ROS水平的升高。经过LPS刺激后,模型组NO表达量显著升高,在24 h后表达量达到最高,而TEP组NO表达显著降低。模型组的CCR7表达升高,CD206表达下降,TEP干预后CCR7表达下降,CD206表达升高,且趋势呈现浓度依赖。与模型组相比,TEP组的IL-1β、IL-6、CCL2、iNOS、ARG和TNF-α基因表达以及iNOS、Akt和p38MAPK蛋白表达水平均显著降低。结论 TEP能够抑制细胞内ROS水平,降低NO分泌和炎性基因的表达水平,抑制细胞的M1表型,促进M2表型,其机制可能与细胞内iNOS、Akt和p38MAPK信号通路蛋白表达被抑制有关。     

Sclareol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in both lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model

Sclareol (1) is a natural fragrance compound used widely in the cosmetic and food industries. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced edema mouse paw model were applied to examine the anti-inflammatory potential of 1 and its possible molecular mechanisms. The experimental results obtained demonstrated that this compound inhibited cell growth, nitric oxide (NO) production, and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Compound 1 also reduced paw edema, the tissue content of NO, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), iNOS and COX-2 protein expression, and neutrophil infiltration within the tissues after λ-carrageenan stimulation. The present study suggests that the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 1 might be related to a decrease of inflammatory cytokines and an increase of antioxidant enzyme activity.     

藏药十八味党参丸提取物对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞Akt/p38MAPK信号通路及M1/M2极化影响的探究

目的探究藏药十八味党参丸(TEP)的提取物调控脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7的炎性反应及M1/M2极化分型的探究。方法 Alarmarblue法评价RAW 264.7活力;荧光酶标定量分析细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平;Griess法检测上清液中细胞一氧化氮(NO)的分泌情况;流式细胞术检测表面标志物CD206和CCR7蛋白的表达;RT-qPCR法检测细胞白介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、趋化因子2(CCL2)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、精氨酸酶(ARG)-1和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)基因表达的情况;Western blot法检测TEP调控细胞合成iNOS、蛋白激酶B(Akt)和p38丝裂原活化激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况。结果与模型组相比,TEP组一定程度上提高了RAW 264.7的细胞活性,同时抑制了LPS诱导的细胞内ROS水平的升高。经过LPS刺激后,模型组NO表达量显著升高,在24 h后表达量达到最高,而TEP组NO表达显著降低。模型组的CCR7表达升高,CD206表达下降,TEP干预后CCR7表达下降,CD206表达升高,且趋势呈现浓度依赖。与模型组相比,TEP组的IL-1β、IL-6、CCL2、iNOS、ARG和TNF-α基因表达以及iNOS、Akt和p38MAPK蛋白表达水平均显著降低。结论 TEP能够抑制细胞内ROS水平,降低NO分泌和炎性基因的表达水平,抑制细胞的M1表型,促进M2表型,其机制可能与细胞内iNOS、Akt和p38MAPK信号通路蛋白表达被抑制有关。     

Inhibitory effect of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii extract and its chloroform fraction on LPS or LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The aerial parts of the plant Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (PA) are traditionally used in folk medicine to treat cough, middle ear infection, sore throat, abscesses, and urinary problems. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying PA's possible anti-inflammatory effects are unknown.

Materials and methods

We examined the effect of a methanol extract of PA on the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6. We also examined the extract's effect on the activity of IκBα, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and STAT1 in macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS/interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We further fractioned the extract into chloroform and water to investigate which fraction possessed anti-inflammatory activity.

Results

We found that the PA methanol extract significantly reduced the production of NO, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. The extract also inhibited LPS-induced IκBα degradation and MAPK activation as well as LPS/IFN-γ-induced STAT1 activation, effects observed at a higher concentration than that required to suppress iNOS. The chloroform fraction possessed the anti-inflammatory activity of PA by inhibiting the expression of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 through downregulation of IκBα degradation and MAPK activation.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the PA methanol extract contains different anti-inflammatory compounds, some of which suppressed iNOS expression and some of which inhibited IκBα degradation and MAPK activity. Further research is warranted to identify these anti-inflammatory components of PA and validate its use in animal studies.