经颅彩色多普勒超声对前交通动脉瘤与大脑前动脉A1段优势血流的相关性研究

目的探讨前交通动脉瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现及其与大脑前动脉A1段优势血流的关系。方法采用经颅彩色多普勒血流显像结合脉冲波频谱多普勒观察57例前交通动脉瘤患者的颅内血流表现,并对比两侧大脑前动脉A1段的血流动力学参数。结果经数字减影血管造影证实的57例前交通动脉瘤患者中,55例存在A1段优势血流,其中左侧41例,右侧14例;彩色多普勒超声提示48例A1段优势血流,左侧38例,右侧10例,其中37例可见前交通动脉瘤。结论经颅彩色多普勒超声可无创地观察双侧大脑前动脉A1段不对称所致的血管解剖学变异及血流动力学变化,对前交通动脉瘤的诊断有重要的参考价值。     

经颅彩色多普勒评价颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后脑血管痉挛患者大脑前循环脑血流量

我院对31例颅内动脉瘤患者利用经颅彩色多普勒进行术前、术后反复的大脑中动脉榆查,结合颈内动脉入颅段血流动力学参数,探讨经颅彩色多普勒对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后脑血管痉挛及大脑前循环脑血流量变化的诊断价值.     

彩色多普勒颅内终末动脉血流参数对新生儿脑水肿的诊断价值

彩色多普勒超声观察新生儿脑水肿时需采用颅内血流变化参数,以血流速度及血流阻力指数(RI)作为分析指标,但多以大脑中动脉、前动脉、后动脉3支动脉主干为主,检查结果与往往与临床表现不一致[1-2].     

新生儿室管膜下出血早期血流动力学研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测新生儿早期室管膜下出血（SHE）血流动力学改变的价值.方法 检测早期SHE患儿25例,共35条大脑前动脉（ACA）的血流动力学指标,与25例（50条ACA）无颅内疾患新生儿相应指标进行对比分析,并对15例单侧SHE患儿患侧与健侧ACA血流动力学指标进行对比.结果 SHE组患侧大脑前动脉收缩期最大血流速度（SPV）及舒张期血流速度（DPV）高于正常新生儿SPV及DPV,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;SHE组中单侧SHE患儿的患侧SPV及DPV高于健侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 SHE患儿早期颅内血流动力学改变具有一定特征性,彩色多普勒超声检查可对其进行评价,并可协助临床早期诊断SHE及判断预后.     

经颅彩色多普勒血流成像与能量多普勒观察正常成人颅内动脉

目的研究正常成人颅内动脉的结构及血流动力学参数,生理状态下评价Willis环前、后交通动脉循环功能.方法216例正常成人按年龄、性别分组,采用经颅彩色多普勒血流成像(TCCDFI)与能量多普勒(CDE)技术,分别显示颅内动脉、测量其内径及血流动力学参数,通过压迫颈总动脉,判断交通动脉循环功能.结果①颅内动脉成功显示率男、女均随年龄增长而下降,血管内径、流速随之变小(P＜0.05),而搏动指数、阻力指数随之增大(P＜0.05),同一组男女间血管内径有明显差别(P＜0.05),而其他参数无明显差别;②前交通动脉功能开放率男女分别为88.9%、82.9%,后交通动脉左侧29.5%、34.1%,右侧35.2%、29.2%.结论TCCDFI与CDE能实时动态观察颅内动脉的结构及测量血流动力学参数,评价前、后交通动脉循环功能,可作为颅内动脉检查的首选方法.     

彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征颅内外动脉侧支循环的研究

目的探讨中度以上狭窄锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）颅内外动脉侧支循环方式及血流动力学的变化。方法选择中度以上狭窄SSS患者18例，应用彩色多普勒超声分别观察其颅内外动脉的彩色血流方向，并行频谱形态分析。结果13例患侧颅内外椎动脉双向血流（其中包括6例基底动脉双向血流），5例患侧颅内外椎动脉反向血流（其中包括1例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段和基底动脉反向血流、2例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段双向和基底动脉反向血流）。结论SSS患者具有三种颅内外动脉侧支循环途径，彩色多普勒超声能准确、实时评价SSS血流动力学改变。     

经颅超声多普勒检查方法学的再探讨

目的：重新探讨经颅多普勒检查(transcranial Doppler，TCD)方法。方法：利用经颅多普勒血流显像(transcranial Doppler flow image，TCDFI)和脉冲波多普勒(pulse wave Doppler，PW)检查1910例门诊及住院患者Willis环及其主要分支，测量血流参数，部分患者利用多普勒能量图(Doppler power image，DPI)和三维多普勒能量图(tri-dimensional Doppler power image，3DDPI)显示Willis环及其分支的空间结构。结果：经枕窗和颞窗检查，能够显示Willis环及其分支血流的共1739例，显示血管内血流后几乎均能显示满意的血流频谱；109例不能完整显示Willis环及其分支或椎动脉、基底动脉，39例通过枕窗不能显示椎动脉和基底动脉，23例通过颞窗不能显示同侧的大脑前、中、后动脉。结论；绝大多数患者(91．05％)可以经TCDFI检查满意地显示颅内Willis环及其分支和椎动脉、基底动脉，并且在TCDFI引导下可以校正颅内主要动脉与声束的夹角，更准确地测量血流参数、评价颅内动脉的血流动力学变化，并有可能显示颅内的解剖结构异常。     

正常新生儿颅内终末动脉的彩超检测

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测新生儿颅内终末动脉的敏感性及血流灌注情况。方法应用彩色多普勒技术对46例正常足月新生儿进行二维图像和血流检测,时间限于出生后3d以内。经新生儿前囟切入,切面选择旁正中和侧脑室全貌矢状面,血管条件垂直或几乎垂直于探头。结果所测皮质支及中央支动脉显示率为100%,其中,收缩期峰值流速(Vs)、阻力指数(RI)、彩色血流显示分别为:皮质支动脉选自胼缘动脉的分支,Vs(13.17±2.67)cm/s、RI0.45±0.07,彩色呈现网格交织以红色为主的红蓝镶嵌状血流;中央支动脉选自大脑中动脉分支Vs(12.70±2.19)cm/s、RI0.48±0.04,彩色呈现连续性多条细束扇状红色血流。结论皮质动脉、中央支动脉作为脑组织中的终末小动脉,直接反映了大脑皮质和中央区的血流灌注情况,由于所检血管细小,扫查途径和解剖结构的正确识别至关重要,这对今后评价新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的程度和指导临床治疗帮助较大。     

颅内动脉彩色多普勒检查在高血压病中的应用价值

颅内动脉彩色多普勒检查在高血压病中的应用价值杨华武心萍（江苏省淮阴市第二人民医院，淮阴２２３００２）应用双功能彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，观察了１９４例高血压患者颅内动脉血管走向、色彩和其血流频谱的各项参数，以探讨颅内动脉彩色多普勒检查在高血压病中的应用价...     

超声动态血流监测重度先兆子痫前期孕妇胎儿血流动力学变化的临床意义

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声动态检测重度先兆子痫前期孕妇胎儿脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流动力学变化的临床价值,为及时采取必要的干预措施提供依据.方法 检测30例正常孕妇(对照组)与30例重度先兆子痫前期孕妇(观察组)胎儿的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流参数,结果进行对比分析.结果 对照组胎儿脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流阻力指数随着孕龄的增加呈降低趋势,观察组胎儿脐动脉阻力指数较对照组明显增高,而大脑中动脉血流阻力指数和胎盘小血管阻力指数明显下降,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声动态血流检测晚孕期胎儿脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流参数指标可了解并评估胎儿宫内状况,为临床医师提供重要的诊断信息,降低孕产妇和新生儿的发病率及病死率.     

应用能量多普勒检测正常胎儿脑动脉的血流动力学

目的确定胎儿正常脑动脉血流参数的正常值. 方法用能量多普勒及脉冲频谱多普勒检测165例胎龄16～40周胎儿的大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)、后交通动脉(PCoA)的收缩期速度(Vs)、舒张期速度(Vd)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、收缩期/舒张期速度比值(S/D). 结果脑动脉血流速度参数两侧对比无显著性差异(P＞0.05),MCA、ACA、PCA的血流速度与妊娠周数存在显著正相关(P＜0.01),即随妊娠周数增加而增快,脑动脉的PI、RI与妊娠周数也存在显著相关(P＜0.01).在妊娠末期(36～40周),脑动脉的血流速度增至最大,而PI、RI、S/D则下降至最低. 结论本文的数据可作为胎儿脑动脉血流动力学正常值的参考,并可用于临床监测胎儿的生长发育.     

Transcranial Dopplersonography. Examination technique and normal reference values

The main application of ultrasound in neurology is the examination of extracranial arteries. Recently the Doppler sonographic measurement of flow velocity in the basal cerebral arteries through the intact skull was developed using a pulsed Doppler technique and 2 MHz emitting frequency. Doppler frequencies in systole and diastole were recorded in 51 healthy subjects at 0.5 cm steps along the middle (MCA), anterior (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) as well as the basilar artery (BA). The averaged Doppler shift in the MCA was 2.3 ± 0.4 kHz in systole and 1.15 ± 0.25 kHz in diastole, in the ACA 1.8 ± 0.35 kHz and 0.85 ± 0.22 kHz, in the PCA 1.5 ± 0.29 kHz and 0.74 ± 0.18 kHz, in the BA 1.45 ± 0.31 kHz and 0.72 ± 0.22 kHz. Separation in four age groups showed a decrease of Doppler shift in the MCA of 20% from a mean age of 17 to 67 years. Static and dynamic compression tests were evaluated to assign transcranial Doppler signals to the MCA, ACA and PCA. No compression test was necessary for the identification of the BA insonated through the occipital foramen.     

彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者侧支循环及血流动力学

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内动脉侧支循环代偿途径及血流动力学状况的价值.方法 对7例双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者(患者组)和对照组7名健康成人,应用彩色多普勒超声检测双侧眼动脉(OA)及颅内动脉,分别根据患者OA反向血流及大脑后动脉(PCA)P1段峰值血流速度(Vs)大于对照组((-x)+2s)来判断OA、Willis环后交通动脉侧支循环代偿途径,并比较患者组与对照组大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)的平均血流速度(Vm).结果 7例患者均存在双侧OA反向血流,双侧椎动脉、基底动脉Vm明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05);4例左侧PCA P1段和3例右侧PCA P1段Vs大干对照组;MCA、ACA Vm较对照组明显降低(P均＜0.05).结论 双侧ICA闭塞患者存在OA及后交通动脉两种侧支循环代偿途径,但其颅内动脉仍供血不足.彩色多普勒超声能实时评价颅内动脉侧支循环血供和血流动力学变化.     

Blood flow velocity using transcranial Doppler velocimetry in the middle and anterior cerebral arteries: correlation with sample volume depth

The baseline transcranial Doppler studies of the middle (MCA) and anterior cerebral (ACA) arteries of 135 patients were retrospectively reviewed. 3312 data points were classified according to gender, vessel, mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), systolic blood flow velocity (SBFV), diastolic blood flow velocity (DBFV) and sample volume depth (SVD). The flow velocities at each depth were averaged, and plotted against acquisition depth. The male MCA yielded a correlation coefficient (r), between MBFV and SVD of 0.999. For the female MCA, r = 0.986. For the ACA, male, r = 0.911, and female, r = 0.894. All other data showed r values >/= 0.563, with 11 of 12 r values >/= 0.808. These data suggest that BFV reduces with SVD in a highly predictable way for the MCA and ACA, from which expected BFV values may be estimated at any given SVD.     

Doppler changes in the main fetal brain arteries at different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in severe intrauterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the temporal evolution and regional distribution of arterial brain Doppler parameters in relation to different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in fetuses with severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: Thirty-six fetuses with severe IUGR ( 2 SD) were evaluated longitudinally with pulsed Doppler ultrasound at four different hemodynamic stages: Stage 1 (n = 36), mean UA-PI > 2 SD or absent UA end-diastolic flow; Stage 2 (n = 34), abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI (mean < 2 SD); Stage 3 (n = 30), reversed UA end-diastolic flow; Stage 4 (n = 12), absent or reversed atrial flow in the ductus venosus. In addition, 36 normally grown fetuses were studied for comparison. PI and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) in the MCA and the anterior cerebral (ACA), pericallosal (PER) and posterior cerebral (PCA) arteries were measured. RESULTS: In IUGR fetuses, PI values from all arteries were significantly reduced at Stage 2. At Stages 3 and 4, ACA-PI and PCA-PI did not change further, whereas MCA-PI and PER-PI showed a slight increase. In the ACA, MCA and PER, TAMXV in Stage 2 increased significantly. In Stages 3 and 4, ACA and PER-TAMXV remained unchanged, whereas MCA-TAMXV showed a slight decrease, mirroring the PI values. PCA-TAMXV values were similar to controls at all stages. CONCLUSION: In IUGR fetuses, the brain arteries differ in the magnitude and time sequence of Doppler parameters in relation to systemic hemodynamic adaptation, suggesting the existence of regional brain redistribution processes.     

Effects of Action Observational Training on Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes of Stroke Survivors: A fTCD Study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Action Observational Training (AOT) on cerebral hemodynamic changes, including cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cerebral blood flow volume (CBFvol) in healthy subjects and stroke survivors. [Subjects] This study had a cross-sectional design. Seven healthy subjects and six patients with a first-time stroke participated in this study. [Methods] All subjects were educated about AOT, and we measured their systolic peak velocity (Vs), mean flow velocity (Vm), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), before and after performance of AOT, using Functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) with a 2-MHz probe. [Results] Both healthy subjects and stroke survivors showed significant improvements of Vs and Vm in MCA, ACA and PCA after AOT. [Conclusion] Our findings indicate that AOT increases CBFV in healthy subjects and stroke survivors, because the brain requires more blood in order to meet the metabolic demand of the brain during AOT.Key words: Action observational training, Cerebral blood flow, Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD)     

超声评估远隔缺血适应对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑血流的影响

目的:探讨远隔缺血适应(RIC)对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者脑血流的影响。方法:选择2017年11月至2018年5月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科重症监护病房连续收治的aSAH患者24例,所有患者在aSAH后72 h内接受动脉瘤夹闭和栓塞治疗,术后7 d内进行RIC干预5次。在RIC干预前、后采用经颅超声多普勒(TCD)评估脑血流,包括前循环:双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)、双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)、同侧MCA/颈内动脉(ICA)终末段血流速度比值(ratio);后循环:双侧大脑后动脉(PCA)、双侧椎动脉颅内段(VA)、基底动脉(BA)。RIC干预结束后复查头颅CT或MRI,判断有无新发梗死。结果:RIC干预后,患者前循环血流R-MCA、L-ACA及R-ratio较干预前升高(均P0.05),升高幅度均20%,其余参数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。RIC干预后,患者后循环血流L-VA及BA较干预前升高(均P0.05),升高幅度均20%,其余参数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。RIC干预结束后,CT或MRI均未发现新发脑梗死。结论:RIC干预在aSAH应用中对脑血流影响不明显,未导致新发脑梗死,其安全性得到初步证实。     

Cerebral Blood Flow in Migraine with Aura: A Transcranial Doppler Sonography Study

Transcranial Doppler sonography examination was performed on 44 patients with migraine with aura and 88 controls. All patients were investigated in headache-free periods and 10 of them also during a migraine attack. During the headache-free period a not significant increase of mean flow velocity in patients compared to controls was obtained. The pulsatility index (PI) mean values were also higher in patients than in controls and the differences were significant in the MCA (p < 0.05). No difference between right and left side was observed. During the attack the mean flow velocity (MFV) decreased in all arteries but the decrease was significant only in MCA and ACA (p < 0.05). The mean PI increased in all arteries but not significantly. These variations were observed both on the headache and contralateral side. Nevertheless, the MFV decrease in all arteries was observed in four patients only. In four patients the MFV decrease was found in the anterior arteries and the MFV increase in the posterior arteries, while in two patients the MFV increase was observed both in the anterior and posterior arteries. The correlation between the variations of MFV values during the attacks and the time interval from the onset of attacks showed that the PCA and BA flow velocities were increased in patients examined between 0.5 and 3 hours, while an increase in MCA and ACA flow velocities were observed only in patients examined after 1.5 hours.     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的栓塞治疗和TCD监测

目的：评价国产钨丝螺旋圈栓塞颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效和栓塞前后ＴＣＤ监测的价值。方法：在神经安定麻醉下经右股动脉插管,脑血管造影证实后,微导管进入瘘口内,用２～４ｃｍ长钨丝螺旋圈栓塞至自觉血管杂音消失,海绵窦不再显影时结束操作,并于栓塞前后应用ＴＣＤ监测颈内动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉血流速度。结果：２３例１次成功,１例２次成功。无并发症发生。栓塞前患侧ＩＣＡ流速增加,ＭＣＡ、ＡＣＡ流速降低（１例ＡＣＡ信号翻转）,压闭患侧颈内动脉后,所有ＡＣＡ血流信号翻转,ＰＣＡ血流增快,提示脑底动脉环功能良好。栓塞后患侧ＩＣＡ流速降低,而ＡＣＡ和ＭＣＡ流速加快,提示瘘口消失,脑供血改善。结论：国产钨丝螺旋圈价格低廉,易操作,且颈动脉通畅率高,可作为颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的首选栓塞材料。栓塞前应用ＴＣＤ监测可粗略估计瘘口大小及侧枝循环情况,栓塞后可作为评价疗效的一种观察指标。     

双功能彩色多普勒经颅探查的方法研究

本文报告150例颅底主要血管的双功彩色多普勒检查方法。5例因颞骨鳞部过厚,经颞窗探查失败,其余145例大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉的检出率分别为99％(287/290);96.7％(281/290);99.7％(289/290);检出率较高。通过有关颅脑断层解剖的研究,结果表明熟悉超声解剖定位很易获得多普勒频谱及彩色血流图,有利于提高检出率,缩短探查时间。作者认为经颅彩色多普勒是一种快速、简便、准确的探查手段。