带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

The retrograde neurocutaneous island flap of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve: anatomical basis and clinical application

It is well known that a cutaneous artery is constantly located near a cutaneous peripheral nerve, forming a vascular plexus around it. This vascular axis can be either a true artery or an interlacing network, ensuring the vascularization of the nerve and giving off several neurocutaneous perforators to the skin. The anatomy of the accompanying arteries of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve (DBUN) and their relationships with the dorsal branch of the ulnar artery (DBUA) were investigated in 22 fresh upper limbs injected with colored neoprene latex. A constant perineural vascularization of the terminal branch of the DBUN was observed in the fourth web space, connected distally with the corresponding dorsal metacarpal or palmar digital arteries. Our findings therefore provide anatomical bases for a new neurocutaneous island flap. Moreover, they allow us to describe a precise surgical technique in order to raise this flap over the larger branch of the DBUN, in the fourth intermetacarpal space. The flap is harvested on the medial aspect of the dorsum of the hand, and its point of rotation is located in the fourth web space, 1 cm proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joint. It is supplied by a reversed flow originating from distal anastomoses of the perineural vessel with the dorsal metacarpal and digital palmar arteries in the fourth web space. This flap does not involve in its pedicle the distal course of the DBUA. It represents a pure neurocutaneous flap.     

腓动脉皮支链皮瓣的应用解剖*

目的：为腓动脉皮支链皮瓣的切取提供解剖学数据。方法：新鲜男尸正常下肢标本进行显微解剖,观测 腓动脉皮支的数量、直径、蒂长、穿出点的相对距离,血管吻合链的位置;观测铸型标本的腓动脉皮支;观测 聚乙烯醇- 氧化铋灌注标本X线血管造影腓动脉皮支的吻合情况。结果：每侧标本的腓动脉共发出皮支（5.8± 0.8）条,直径（0.9±0.1）mm。腓动脉发出的皮支在前后面（ 前后面以腓骨小头与外踝连线为长轴划分）分布 无差异。以腓骨头与外踝连线为标准距离[100%,（34.9±0.3）cm],腓动脉远段皮支血管丛聚集点在（30.7±1.2）% 的位置,约小腿远端1/3处位置,包含皮支（ 2.8±1.2）条 ;近段皮支血管丛聚集点在（78.7±1.3）%位置,约小 腿近端1/5位置,包含皮支（ 3.3±0.8）条 ;远、近2段皮支的直径差异无统计学意义,蒂长差异无统计学意义。 结论：相邻皮支间吻合形成与腓动脉平行走行的血管链。了解腓动脉皮支的特点和分布规律,为以腓动脉皮支为 蒂的皮支链皮瓣的设计提供解剖学基础。     

Anatomic basis of a pedicled extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap

The vascularization of the extensor digitorum brevis is ensured on its deep aspect by branches of the anterior tibial artery, but also by a lateral arterial arch anastomosing with these branches. The lateral vascular arch of the extensor digitorum brevis was constantly found in 37 anatomic specimens: 17 formolized and 20 fresh. This arch derives from the perforating peroneal branch, the terminal anterior branch of the peroneal artery. Its variable caliber, assessed by arteriography of the foot, seemed adequate for the peroneal artery to serve as a pedicle for the extensor digitorum brevis without interruption of the anterior-tibial axis.     

外踝上皮瓣皮支来源的解剖学研究和临床意义

目的　研究外踝上皮瓣皮支的起源,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　对30侧红色乳胶灌注的新鲜下肢标本进行解剖,对8例接受外踝上皮瓣修复的患者进行术中观测,记录外踝上皮瓣皮支的起始位置、相关动脉外径等数据。 结果　30侧标本中有22侧（73.3%）以及8例手术患者中有5侧的外踝上皮瓣皮支起自腓动脉和胫前动脉在下胫腓联合近侧的动脉弓,另有8侧标本（26.7%）和3侧手术患者的皮支起自腓动脉的骨间膜终末穿支或腓动脉主干。 结论　外踝上皮瓣皮支主要起自腓动脉和胫前动脉在下胫腓联合近侧的动脉弓,临床应用该皮瓣时应注意明确皮支的起源。     

Enlarged perforating branch of peroneal artery and extra crural fascia in close relationship with the tibiofibular syndesmosis

We found an extremely large perforating branch of peroneal artery in an 89-year-old female cadaver’s left ankle. The anterior tibial artery could not reach to supply the ankle and dorsum of the foot. The perforating branch of peroneal artery continued as the dorsalis pedis after giving off an anterior lateral malleolar artery branch. The posterior tibial artery was thinner than usual. On the anterior side of the ankle, there was an extra crural fascia in addition to the regular crural fascia, under the anterior crural muscles. This strong fascia was tightly overlying the perforating branch of peroneal artery and anterior tibiofibular ligament. It is important to know the relationship of these vessels to the surrounding structures. Surgeons must be careful while dissecting this area since the perforating branch of peroneal artery might be anomalously enlarged as well as crossing in front of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in order to prevent vascular injury.This study presented as poster presentation at “22nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and 4th Joint International Meeting with the British Association of Clinical Anatomists July 20–23, 2005, New York City, NY, USA”.     

腓血管在胫腓骨远段的分布及临床意义

目的:为临床手术提供解剖学基础。方法:在成人下肢标本上解剖观测腓动脉至胫腓骨远段的分支。结果:腓血管行至小腿中部时,位于腓骨内侧面、胫骨的后外侧;腓动脉至胫骨远段的分支可以发自吻合支或直接发自腓动脉;腓动脉至腓骨远段的分支为弓形动脉。根据解剖观测结果,设计了以腓血管为蒂的胫腓骨远段后面联合骨(膜)瓣。结论:带腓血管蒂的胫腓骨远端后面联合骨(膜)瓣可以移位修复胫骨骨不连、骨缺损或逆行行踝关节融合术。     

以腓动脉终末穿支降支为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复软组织缺损

本文根据 Masguelet 的解剖研究学,应用以腓动脉终末穿支的降支为蒂的外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部的软组织缺损4例获得成功.以腓动脉终末穿支的降支为蒂的外踝上皮瓣.其蒂可游离至跗骨窦附近,皮瓣的旋转幅度比较大。文中对皮瓣的设计,切取方法等做了介绍.     

Sural flap vascularization in arteritic patients: an anatomic study of 24 amputation specimens

Obliterating arteriopathy of the lower limbs is a classic contraindication for neurocutaneous islands flaps, particularly the sural flap. But recent literature reports examples of its successful application in arteritic patients. The aim of this work was to study the vascular anatomy of the sural flap in patients suffering from arteriopathy and its possible clinical application. Twenty-four specimens of leg amputation were studied. The mean age of the amputated patients was 68.5 years. The clinical signs of arteriopathy had been present for 3–16 years. In 10 cases amputation was carried out directly, in 14 cases after failed revascularization. The results of the dissection showed the theoretical possibility of a sural flap in almost all the cases (23 of 24) despite certain anatomical peculiarities. In the upper part of the leg the arterial network of the sural communicating nerve dominates that of the sural nerve; this should allow the use of a sural flap centered on this vascular axis. In the lower part, the arterial network of the sural communicating nerve is sustained by the perforators of the peroneal artery, then by the branches of the calcaneal artery, and finally by the lateral tarsal artery, which should allow the use of a sural flap with a very distal pedicle. The authors propose a theory which suggests that the progressive evolution of arteriopathy and the concomitant development of a supply network involving the vascularization of the sensory nerves induces the "anticipation" of a sural flap.

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Vascularisation du lambeau sural chez les patients artéritiques. Etude anatomique sur 24 spécimens d'amputation

Résumé L'artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs est une contre-indication classique des lambeaux loco-régionaux neuro-cutanés, en particulier du lambeau sural. La littérature récente rapporte cependant des succès dans son utilisation chez l'artéritique. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier l'anatomie vasculaire du lambeau sural chez le porteur d'une artériopathie et ses possibilités d'application chirurgicale. Vingt-quatre pièces d'amputation ont été étudiées. L'âge moyen des patients amputés était de 68,5 ans. Les manifestations cliniques de l'artériopathie étaient présentes depuis 3 à 16 ans. Dans 10 cas l'amputation fut réalisée d'emblée, dans 14 cas après échec de revascularisation. Les résultats de la dissection montraient la possibilité théorique de réalisation d'un lambeau sural dans la quasi-totalité des cas (23 sur 24) malgré la présence de certaines particularités anatomiques. A la partie supérieure de la jambe, le réseau artériel accompagnant le nerf cutané sural latéral prédomine sur celui accompagnant le nerf cutané sural médial, ce qui doit permettre la levée d'un lambeau sural décalé sur cet axe vasculaire. A la partie inférieure de la jambe, le réseau artériel périneural du nerf cutané sural médial est alimenté par les perforantes de l'artère péronière, puis par les branches de l'artère calcanéenne, et enfin par les branches de l'artère tarsienne latérale, ce qui doit permettre la levée d'un lambeau sural à pédicule très distal. Les auteurs proposent une théorie selon laquelle l'évolution progressive de l'artériopathie et le développement concomitant d'un réseau de suppléance, intéressant également la vascularisation des nerfs sensitifs, entraîne "l'anticipation" d'un lambeau.

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小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣在足踝部软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的：报道足踝部软组织缺损修复的方法和体会。方法：应用小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足踝部缺损62例，其中腓肠神经营养血管蒂小腿后侧逆行筋膜皮瓣34例，腓动脉穿支小腿外侧逆行筋膜皮瓣20例（21块皮瓣），胫后动脉穿支小腿内侧筋膜皮瓣8例。结果：58块皮瓣完全成活，4块部分坏死、1块完全坏死者经补充植皮治愈。随访1～6a，外形及功能恢复良好。结论：该组筋膜皮瓣血供良好、操作简单，不损伤小腿主要血管，尤其适合修复足跟及踝部缺损。     

远端蒂尺侧上副动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为远端蒂尺侧上副动脉穿支皮瓣设计提供解剖学基础。 方法　通过对14侧红色乳胶灌注的新鲜成人上肢标本进行显微解剖,观测尺侧上副动脉穿支的起源、走行、数量、外径及吻合情况。 结果　尺侧上副动脉起点距肱骨内上髁上方（16.6±1.9）cm,外径（1.6±0.2）mm,穿支动脉出现率93％,在尺侧上副动脉全程都有分布,管径0.5～1.3 mm之间,并在深筋膜表面形成纵向稠密的血管吻合网。远端穿支位置相对恒定,距肱骨内上髁上方距离(3.3±1.2)cm,管径(0.9±0.3)mm,并与尺侧下副动脉、尺侧返动脉发出的皮肤穿支形成血管吻合,有1～2条伴行静脉,直径(0.8±0.4)mm。 结论　尺侧上副动脉穿支所形成的血管吻合网血供可靠,远端穿支管径较粗、位置恒定,以肱骨内上髁上方3 cm尺侧上副动脉远端穿支穿出点为皮瓣旋转点,以臂内侧中下部皮肤为供区,不携带尺侧上副动脉,设计远端蒂尺侧上副动脉穿支皮瓣,可用于修复肘关节皮肤缺损。     

手持多普勒超声在股前外侧皮瓣修复足部缺损中的应用

目的　利用手持多普勒超声观察研究股前外侧皮瓣（anterolateral thigh flap,ALTF）穿支血管的体表位置与数量,为ALTF 设计提供依据。 方法　术前在髂前上棘与髌骨外上缘连线（α线）,其中点（A点）与腹股沟韧带股动脉搏动点（B点）连线（β线）,β线即为旋股外侧动脉降支的体表投影。应用手持多普勒超声于β线及以A点为中心半径为3 cm圆形区域内寻找皮穿支,予以标记,以穿支搏动最明显处设计股前外侧皮瓣。我科于2016.04-2019.09,临床应用8例,均为下肢软组织缺损,皮瓣最大21 cm×10 cm,最小8 cm×6 cm。 结果　股前外侧皮瓣皮穿支大部分位于A点周围,其中粗大的穿支均位于A点下外侧。本组皮瓣8例,7例全部成活,1例皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死,经换药后自行愈合。术后门诊随访5~12个月,皮瓣成活,外形及功能良好。 结论　术前应用手持多普勒超声,能有效定位股前外侧皮瓣可靠的穿支,从而提高皮瓣切取的准确性与安全性,减少手术时间。     

手持多普勒超声在股前外侧皮瓣修复足部缺损中的应用

目的　利用手持多普勒超声观察研究股前外侧皮瓣（anterolateral thigh flap,ALTF）穿支血管的体表位置与数量,为ALTF 设计提供依据。 方法　术前在髂前上棘与髌骨外上缘连线（α线）,其中点（A点）与腹股沟韧带股动脉搏动点（B点）连线（β线）,β线即为旋股外侧动脉降支的体表投影。应用手持多普勒超声于β线及以A点为中心半径为3 cm圆形区域内寻找皮穿支,予以标记,以穿支搏动最明显处设计股前外侧皮瓣。我科于2016.04-2019.09,临床应用8例,均为下肢软组织缺损,皮瓣最大21 cm×10 cm,最小8 cm×6 cm。 结果　股前外侧皮瓣皮穿支大部分位于A点周围,其中粗大的穿支均位于A点下外侧。本组皮瓣8例,7例全部成活,1例皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死,经换药后自行愈合。术后门诊随访5~12个月,皮瓣成活,外形及功能良好。 结论　术前应用手持多普勒超声,能有效定位股前外侧皮瓣可靠的穿支,从而提高皮瓣切取的准确性与安全性,减少手术时间。     

同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的解剖学对比

目的 探讨同体两侧股前外侧（ALT）皮瓣的解剖学差异,为术前进行供侧大腿选择的必要性提供解剖学依据。 方法 10具新鲜尸体标本（共20例）上行双侧ALT皮瓣制取,寻找皮瓣的营养穿支,记录穿支类型和数量,并逆向追溯到血管蒂;测量各穿支、血管蒂的长度和管径,统计学数据采用均值±标准差。 结果 10具标本中有3具两侧股前外侧皮瓣为肌间隔穿支和肌皮穿支双供血型;其余7具两侧穿支类型不同。7具标本两侧皮瓣的穿支数量不同,另外3具的穿支数量相同。肌间隔穿支走行于股直肌与股外侧肌之间的肌间隙内,肌皮穿支或垂直或斜形穿过股外侧肌,其穿支长度各异。皮瓣穿支全部发自旋股外侧动脉（LCFA）降支的有14例,另有6例（30%,源于5具标本）皮瓣既有降支又有斜支参与供血,其中1具标本两侧均由斜支与降支双重供血,其余4具标本均只有1侧为斜支与降支双重供血。10具标本共20例皮瓣的两侧主要穿支和血管蒂管径及长度差别不大(P>0.05)。 结论 同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的营养穿支在类型、数量、走行、血管蒂来源上存在差异,穿支的种类及走行对于皮瓣制取的难易及操作时间有直接影响。术前进行供侧大腿的选择有助于股前外侧皮瓣精准、快捷的制取。     

Similarities and dissimilarities of the blood supplies of the human sciatic,tibial, and common peroneal nerves

The aim was to investigate the arterial supply of the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves. Thirty‐six lower limbs of 18 human fetuses were studied. The fetuses had been fixed in buffered formalin and the blood vessels injected with barium sulfate. Fetal age ranged from 12 to 28 weeks of gestation. Microdissection of the fetal lower extremities was done under ×5 magnifying lenses. The sciatic nerves of 10 lower extremities were dissected and excised and radiographs taken. The extraneural arterial chain of the sciatic nerve was composed of 2–6 arterial branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery, the perforating arteries, and the popliteal artery. The extraneural arterial chain of tibial nerve was composed of 2–5 arteries, which were branches of the popliteal, the peroneal, and the posterior tibial arteries. Radiographs showed the presence of complete intraneural arterial chains in the sciatic and tibial nerves, formed from anastomosing vessels. Dissection showed that, in 97.2% of the specimens, the common peroneal nerve was supplied only by one popliteal artery branch, the presence of which was confirmed radiologically. The sciatic and tibial nerves are supplied by numerous arterial branches of different origins, which provide for collateral circulation. In contrast, the common peroneal nerve is most frequently supplied only by one elongated longitudinal blood vessel, a branch of the popliteal artery. Such a vascular arrangement may make the common peroneal nerve less resistant to stretching and compression. Clin. Anat. 26:875–882, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨应用穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法在1998年2月至2008年6月间海口市人民医院应用胫后动脉内踝上穿支皮瓣8例和腓动脉外踝上穿支皮瓣7例分别修复小腿及足踝部组织缺损。结果术后12例穿支皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣发生边缘或表皮坏死,经换药后治愈,1例皮瓣坏死达1/2,经换药后再次植皮修复治愈,随访2月～4年,皮瓣外观良好,足踝部功能恢复,行走正常。结论内踝上或外踝上穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损效果良好。     

以骨间后血管及其返支为蒂串连皮瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的 :为以骨间后血管及其返支为蒂串连皮瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 40侧上肢标本上观测了骨间后动脉及其返支的来源、走行、分支、分布及吻合情况。结果 :前臂背侧下 2 / 3区的皮瓣由骨间后动脉供血 ,而上 1/ 3区由骨间后动脉返支 (或骨间返动脉 )供血。骨间后动脉起点外径 1.5mm ,管蒂长可达 15cm ,骨间后动脉返支起点外径 1.1mm ,血管蒂长 5cm。结论 :以骨间后动脉及其返支为蒂截取的串连皮瓣 ,向下可修复手部大面积组织缺损 ;向上可修复肘关节周围及臂下部大面积组织缺损     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

Septocutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery relative to the fibula: anatomical basis of the use of pedicled fasciocutaneous flap

There are many studies describing the perforating branches of the peroneal artery but none of them identifies their locations relative to fibula. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the locations of the perforators relative to the fibula and to present a case, treated with an adipofascial flap, based on one of these small arteries. In this study, nine fresh male cadavers’ legs injected with colored latex were dissected for demonstration of the longitudinal axis of these perforators. A large incision was made on the lateral part of the leg from the head of the fibula to the ankle. The peroneal perforating vessels were displayed. The posterior margin of the fibula was marked with needles from proximal to distal just above every perforator. The distance between the needle and the perforator was recorded. Their diameters were measured at the level of fascial emergence. There were four to seven perforating vessels; the larger vessels were near the proximal end of the fibula with an average of 1.1 mm and a minimum of 0.8 mm. We found that these branches were not parallel to fibula, but aligned in an oblique projection from posterior to anterior and from distal to proximal because of the course of the intermuscular septum between the soleus and peroneus longus muscles. The lowermost vessel was 1.7 cm away from the posterior margin of the fibula while the uppermost vessel was 0.25 cm away from the posterior ridge of the fibula. Adipofascial or fasciocutaneous flaps, which have important advantages in covering small to medium sized defects, can be based on the perforators of the peroneal artery. But for the centralization of the flap pedicle, the locations of the perforators, which are aligned from the lateral malleolus to the fibular head in oblique direction and from the posterior to the anterior must be taken into consideration. This knowledge is crucial for the flap design and the centralization of the vessels.