瘴蚤属-新亚种记述(蚤目:角叶蚤科)

本报道瘴蚤属刷状瘴蚤一种新亚种，据其特定名为刷状瘴蚤长指亚种ａｌａｒａｅｕｓ ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｇｅｒ ｌｏｎｇｉｄｉｇｉｕｓ，新亚种与刷状瘴蚤有角亚种Ｍ．ｐ．ａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ Ｔｓａｉ，Ｗｕ ｅｔ Ｌｉｎ，１９７４相似，但其可动突前缘平直，无前角；后缘两短圆钝刺鬃以下部分特长，占可动突全长的２／３，而有角亚种只占１／２。以上两点易将二得区别开来。     

青海省盖蚤属一新种（蚤目：角叶蚤科）

作者在整理玉树等地区的蚤类标本时，从中发现盖蚤属CallopsyllaWaxner．1934一新种，定名为青海盖蚤Callopsylla（Callapsylla）qinghaiens。ssp．nov．现记述如下（图1～5）。14别特征本新种与昌都盖蚤C．（C，·）changduens。sl，in·WuetWu，1966的形态特征较相似，但据下列特征可资鉴别：（）合抱器体不动突较长，其端缘达可动突前缘的3／4～4／5处；（2）可动突前缘角突位置较高，远在中点之上；（）阳茎钩突末端呈角状，有骨化峙；（）第8腹板末端垂膜分为背、瑞两叶，仅端叶有穗丝；（5）旱第7腹板后缘凹陷宽而深，其背叶特别…     

河北省长爪沙鼠寄生蚤的研究

为给今后制定鼠防对策提供科学依据，对1954年以来河北省的有关资料进行了统计，分析研究了长爪沙鼠寄生蚤的种类、构成、以及年度变化和季节消长。结果共发现寄生蚤3科11属17种。秃病蚤蒙冀亚种为优势种，其次为方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种和二齿新蚤。体蚤、巢蚤指数3，4月份较高，5，6月份较低。染蚤率、蚤指数年度间有较大差异，无明显规律。     

内蒙古察右后旗1988～2000年鼠疫监测结果分析

1988－2000年，按照《内蒙古自治区鼠疫监测方案》的要求，对察右后旗的鼠疫动物病进行了系统的监测。结果在13个年度中有4个年度从长爪沙鼠体内查出鼠疫F1阳性血清，1个年度检出鼠疫菌，说明该旗近年来存在鼠间鼠疫的微弱流行，在宿主动物中，长爪沙鼠（59．45％）为优势种，达乌尔黄鼠（2．98％）为常见种，布氏田鼠（35．89％）呈岛状分布，为个别地带的优势种，在媒介昆虫里，方形黄鼠蚤，二齿新蚤，秃病蚤和光亮额蚤合计占86．49％，为广布种，近代新蚤，短跗宗眼蚤，角尖眼蚤占11．38％，为常见种。     

青海省不同鼠疫疫源地内7种媒介蚤前胃形态结构Ⅲ.扫描电镜研究

媒介蚤在鼠疫的传播和流行中起着关键的作用，而媒介蚤的菌栓形成又和蚤前胃形态有着密切的关系。为深入探讨蚤的传病机理、分类等问题，本文应用扫描电镜技术，对青海省喜马拉雅旱獭(Maromota himalayana)和青海田鼠(Microtus fuscus)两块鼠疫疫源地内的7种媒介蚤前胃形态进行观察研究。     

宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物及其体外寄生虫调查

目的报告宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物及其体外寄生虫的种群组成与数量分布。方法采用鼠疫动物和昆虫监测方法,对捕获的鼠、蚤和螨类分类鉴定、统计计数。结果共发现啮齿动物4科5属5种,其中三趾跳鼠、小毛足鼠和小家鼠为区域优势种,子午沙鼠为常见种,黑线仓鼠为稀有种;发现寄生蚤1种,为长突眼蚤;革螨4科8属9种,其中仓鼠真厉螨占46.82%、格氏血厉螨占26.83%、毛足鼠赫刺螨占13.64%,为优势种;厩真厉螨占6.36%,常革螨未定种占4.09%,为常见种;淡黄赫刺螨占0.91%,阿尔及利亚厉螨、茅舍血厉螨和溜下盾螨分别占0.45%,为稀有种。结论宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物种类较多,其体外寄生蚤单一、革螨种类及数量丰富,目前该地区不具备动物鼠疫流行的条件。     

布氏田鼠主要寄生蚤数量变动及流行病学意义

布氏田鼠(Microtus Brandti)是锡林郭勒高原布氏田鼠鼠疫疫源地的主要宿主,研究其寄生蚤群落构成。数量变动与动物染疫时间的关系,以此评价各种蚤的媒介作用。1 群落构成 据历年调查,本疫源地共发现蚤5科18属38种,布氏田鼠寄生蚤3科11属25种。其中,近代新蚤(Neopsylla pleskei)占46％;光亮额蚤(Frontopsyl-la luculenta)25％;原双蚤(Amphipsylla primaris)20％;二齿新蚤(Neopsylla bidentatiformis)和方形黄鼠蚤(Citellophyllus tesquarum)共占8％;偶尔寄生蚤有多齿细蚤(Leptopsylla pavlovskii),秃病蚤(Nosopsylla laeviceps),角尖眼蚤(Ophthalmopsylla     

1995—1999年云南省龙陵县黄胸鼠体外寄生蚤调查

1　材料来自 1995～ 1999腊勐现史疫区 ,龙山镇历史疫区和龙新、象达、朝阳、平达、木城、勐糯、镇安、郝等、帮迈、河头等地开展鼠疫监测时捕获的黄胸鼠。2　结果( 1)共获活黄胸鼠 75 19只 ,染蚤鼠数 6 2 3只 ,染蚤率为8.2 1% ,获蚤 2 5 5 6只 ,隶属 4科 3亚科 10属 11种 ,以印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤为优势种 ,分别占获蚤总数的 12 .0 1%和6 9.13% ,其余 9种蚤占 18.88% ,见表 1。　　表 1　　龙陵县黄胸鼠体外寄生蚤检查结果年份印鼠客蚤缓慢细蚤棕形额蚤致痒蚤猫栉首蚤偏远古蚤无孔微棒蚤野韧棒蚤内曲古蚤绒鼠怪蚤近端远棒蚤1995 82 32 6 0 5 …     

宁夏六盘山、贺兰山自然保护区蚤类群落中主要蚤种性比分析

目的了解蚤类自然种群的性比。方法现场分层抽样,采用5 m夹线法,对捕获的小兽及其寄生蚤进行常规鉴定,分类计数,选择采集数量较多的蚤种作比较,进行雌雄性比分析与评价。结果六盘山、贺兰山自然保护区共统计37种蚤类,其中13种主要蚤类中,巨凹额蚤等7种蚤雌性大于雄性,占53.84%,个体性比在58.18%-69.88%之间;西迪米狭蚤、西伯二刺蚤和刷状瘴蚤指名亚种雄雌比例相同,占23.08%;而多刺多毛蚤等3种蚤雄性多于雌性,占23.08%,个体性比在51.72%-57.53%之间。结论宁夏六盘山、贺兰山自然保护区蚤类生态群落中,主要蚤种多数种类性比率雌高于雄。     

剑川鼠疫自然疫源地蚤类群落季节格局

对剑川鼠自然疫源地蚤类群落的季节格局分析结果表明：该地区蚤类群落季节变化的趋势和状态呈现出功能－结构－涨落的非线性机制，并达到有序的和谐；且主要由群落水平因素，其次是无值大锥蚤，二刺大维蚤，再次是棕形额蚤，特新蚤大，人蚤和方叶栉眼蚤等主导该地区蚤类群落季节格局。     

Study of the body surface of Haplorchis yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932) and H. taichui (Nishigori, 1924) (Trematoda:Heterophyidae).

The morphology of the surface of two heterophyid flukes, Haplorchis yokogawai and H. taichui, that can infect humans eating raw fish flesh, has been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The body surface of both species is covered with scale-like, serrated spines with the exception of areas around the oral sucker, ventrogenital opening and excretory pore. The species slightly differ by the dentation pattern of tegumental spines: H. yokogawai has finer and more numerous spine teeth (maximum tooth number 14-16) while H. taichui has more serrated spines, mostly with a lower number (up to 10-12) of somewhat more robust teeth. However, because of the variability, the shape and dentation of spines do not seem to be reliable diagnostic features enabling mutual differentiation of both species.     

南京血吸虫扫描电镜观察

目的用扫描电镜观察南京血吸虫体表形态和结构。方法用南京血吸虫的阳性钉螺逸出的尾蚴感染兔,每兔1 200条,感染45-80 d后解剖,获得的血吸虫用4％戊二醛固定。然后按扫描电镜观察要求,清洗、固定、脱水、干燥、镀金,用SX-40扫描电镜进行观察。结果大雄虫背中部体表有粗大的嵴和深的凹陷,腹中部有小棘。小雄虫整个背部和腹部均有小棘。大雌虫体表均有小棘。小雌虫背部和腹面均有小棘,但形状不同,旋转的尾部在同一平面显示出2种体棘;腹吸盘可见轮辐状。雌雄虫体表均可见有纤毛和没有纤毛的感觉乳突。结论南京血吸虫体表存在着与日本血吸虫不同的形态和结构。考虑为一新种血吸虫。     

Numerical Analysis of the Bond Strength between Two Methacrylic Polymers by Surface Modification

The creation of acrylic dentures involves many stages. One of them is to prepare the surfaces of artificial teeth for connection with the denture plates. The teeth could be rubbed with a chemical reagent, the surface could be developed, or retention hooks could be created. Preparation of the surface is used to improve the bond between the teeth and the plate. Choosing the right combination affects the length of denture use. This work focuses on a numerical analysis of grooving. The purpose of this article is to select the shape and size of the grooves that would most affect the quality of the bond strength. Two types of grooves in different dimensional configurations were analyzed. The variables were groove depth and width, and the distance between the grooves. Finally, 24 configurations were obtained. Models were analyzed in terms of their angular position to the loading force. Finite element method (FEM) analysis was performed on the 3D geometry created, which consisted of two polymer bodies under the shear process. The smallest values of the stresses and strains were characterized by a sample with parallel grooves with the grooving dimensions width 0.20 mm, thickness 0.10 mm, and distance between the grooves 5.00 mm, placed at an angle of 90°. The best dimensions from the parallel (III) and cross (#) grooves were compared experimentally. Specimens with grooving III were not damaged in the shear test. The research shows that the shape of the groove affects the distribution of stresses and strains. Combining the selected method with an adequately selected chemical reagent can significantly increase the strength of the connection.     

Scanning electron microscopic study of the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma sinensium

The SEM study of tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma sinensium reveals that the male tegument lacks tubercles or bosses; instead it is corrugated with small pits or perforated ridges. On the dorsal surface, spines are present whose number and size progressively increase towards the posterior end of the body. In addition, there are three types of papillae interspersed among the ridges and spines. The first type of papillae has crater-like holes surrounded by a circular doughnut-shaped elevation; some are ciliated and others are non-ciliated. They are generally found on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. The second is sensory papillae which are hemispherical in shape bearing apical cilia. They are found to be concentrated around the oral sucker and on the posterior end of the worm. The third is fungiform papillae without cilia which are found on the posterior end. There are short spines present on the tegument lining the gynecophoral canal of the male worm. The tegument of the female S. sinensium is corrugated with ridges on the ventral surface. Small spines are present on the anterior portion of the dorsal surface. They become larger and increased in number towards the posterior end of the worm. The three types of papillae are present but they are much fewer and less developed than those in the male worm.     

Surface ultrastructure of excysted metacercariae of Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae).

The morphology of newly excysted juvenile Haplorchis taichui was studied using a light and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reproductive organs were well developed. The whole body surface was covered with numerous transverse rows of scale-like spines, which had 3-11 points at the tip. The spines on the dorsal were similar with those on the ventral surfaces in shape, size and number of points. The spines in anterior were digitated into 10-11 points, then 8-9 points and 7 points. The presence of 3 points in each spine was observed in the area adjacent to the excretory pore. Two types of sensory papillae existed throughout the body: type I, ciliated knob-like swellings and type II, round swellings of the tegument. The rapid maturation of H. taichui results from the development of both internal and external organs during the newly excysted stage.     

High actin concentrations in brain dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities.

Antibodies against actin were used to corroborate the presence of actin as a major component protein of isolated brain postsynaptic densities. The same antibodies also were used as an immunohistochemical stain to study the distribution of actin in sections of intact brain tissue. This showed two major sites where actin is concentrated: smooth muscle cells around blood vessels and postsynaptic sites. In the postsynaptic area the highest concentration of actin occurs in postsynaptic densities and there also is intense staining in the surrounding cytoplasm, especially within dendritic spines. Antiactin staining was much weaker in other parts of neurons and in glial cells. The high concentration of actin in dendritic spines may be related to shape changes that these structures have been found to undergo in response to prolonged afferent stimulation.     

Histology of the alimentary canal in mature larva of Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense chen and zhang (Diptera: Simuliidae)

The histology of alimentary canal of Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense mature larva (with gill spots) was investigated by using paraffin serial section. The alimentary canal is composed of foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut includes pharynx, esophagus and proventriculus. The up-inside of buccal cavity invaginates to form the labral gland with irregular shape. Ossified cibarium exist in anterior pharynx. Canular proventriculus forms by the invagination of esophagus. The midgut begins with four big gastric caeca, and divides into three regions according to the epithelium cell shape. The hindgut consists of pylorus, ileum and rectal. The structure of the ileum is different from rectal. Four malpighian tubules diverge from the boundary between midgut and hindgut. The structure of silk duct is special     

兴义维蚋成熟幼虫消化道组织学研究

应用石蜡连续切片技术对兴义维蚋成熟幼虫(具鳃斑)消化道的组织学结构进行研究。其消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠等3部分组成。前肠分为咽、食道和前胃,口内侧上方内陷形成一对形状不规则的上唇腺,咽前段存在骨化食窦,食道内陷形成套管样前胃。中肠以4个大型胃盲囊为起点,根据肠壁细胞形态差异分为3个区域。后肠由幽门、回肠和直肠组成,回肠与直肠结构差异明显。4条马氏管从中肠与后肠的分界处分出。纺织腺形态特异。     

Ontogeny of ghrelin mRNA expression and identification of ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Peking duck, Anas platyrhychos

Ghrelin is an acylated peptide and an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), and stimulates growth hormone release and food intake in mammals. Peking duck is a very fast growing species of poultry. Although the sequence and structure of ghrelin have recently been determined, the expression of ghrelin in Peking duck has not been studied. Here, we investigated the tissue expression and distribution of ghrelin by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in Peking duck at different stages of development. Ghrelin mRNA expression was mainly detected in the proventriculus and proventriculus-gizzard junction. It was first expressed, but weakly, on embryonic day 14 (E14); the expression increased by embryonic day 21 (E21), and was maintained at high levels between post-hatching-day 1 (P1) and post-hatching-day 60 (P60). Weak expression of ghrelin mRNA was also found in the gizzard and duodenum. In the gastrointestinal tract of growing Peking duck in P60, the largest number of ghrelin-ip cells was detected in the epithelium of the compound tubular glands in the proventriculus and the next largest number was in the proventriculus-gizzard junction. Very few ghrelin-ip cells were located in the epithelium of the simple tubular glands adjacent to the gizzard. No ghrelin-ip cells were observed elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Ghrelin-ip cells were found in embryos as early as day E21; at the same time, the compound tubular glands in the proventriculus had formed. The numbers of ghrelin-ip cells on P1 were similar to those of E21 embryos. However, on P60, high numbers of strongly stained ghrelin-ip cells were found to be scattered in the epithelium of the compound tubular glands in the proventriculus. The density of ghrelin-ip cells (cells/mm²) in the proventriculus on P60 was significantly greater than those of P1 and E21 embryos. These results demonstrate that ghrelin is expressed in the Peking duck gastrointestinal tract, especially in the proventriculus, from mid-late-stage embryos to growing period and suggested an involvement of ghrelin in the development and biology of the gastrointestinal tract of the Peking duck.     

Transmission of Yersinia pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector

Transmission of plague by fleas depends on infection of the proventricular valve in the insect's foregut by a dense aggregate of Yersinia pestis. Proventricular infection requires the Y. pestis hemin storage (hms) genes; here, we show that the hms genes are also required to produce an extracellular matrix and a biofilm in vitro, supporting the hypothesis that a transmissible infection in the flea depends on the development of a biofilm on the hydrophobic, acellular surface of spines that line the interior of the proventriculus. The development of biofilm and proventricular infection did not depend on the 3 Y. pestis quorum-sensing systems. The extracellular matrix enveloping the Y. pestis biofilm in the flea appeared to incorporate components from the flea's blood meal, and bacteria released from the biofilm were more resistant to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes than were in vitro-grown Y. pestis. Enabling arthropod-borne transmission represents a novel function of a bacterial biofilm.