Pre- and postcontrast MR studies in tuberous sclerosis.

The MR findings in eight patients with intracranial manifestations of tuberous sclerosis are reported. There were subependymal lesions in seven patients and peripheral lesions (i.e., cortical and subcortical) in all patients. All lesions were supratentorial. We emphasize two findings that have not been previously stressed. The signal intensity patterns of the subependymal lesions varied from patient to patient, but in all patients receiving intravenous contrast medium, the majority of these lesions enhanced. Although this finding may signify early breakdown of the blood-brain barrier with potential for lesion growth, the high frequency of enhancement challenges earlier concepts of equating this phenomenon with existence of actively growing giant cell astrocytomas. The peripheral lesions were more numerous than subependymal lesions. These lesions were nearly always hyperintense in the proton density weighted and T2-weighted images. Most notable is the fact that, in half of the lesions, signal intensity was also elevated in the T1-weighted image, an observation that has not been emphasized in previous reports. Although not pathologically confirmed this signal pattern may represent early stages of calcification within these lesions. Finally, unlike subependymal lesions, none of the peripheral lesions showed contrast enhancement.     

Tuberous sclerosis: characteristics at CT and MR imaging

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings were reviewed in 26 patients with tuberous sclerosis. All patients underwent CT; 16 patients underwent both. The CT features included subependymal nodules in 25 of 26 patients (96%) and calcifications in 23 of 26 (88%). Parenchymal hamartomas (cortical tubers) were seen in 23 of 26 patients (88%). These lesions had less attenuation than surrounding brain in 16 of 26 patients (62%) and were calcified in 14 of 26 patients (54%). Contrast enhancement of a lesion, indicating a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, occurred in three of 26 patients (12%). The MR imaging characteristics included subependymal nodules (periventricular nodules) of intermediate signal intensity in ten of the 16 patients (63%). Parenchymal hamartomas, demonstrated in 15 of the 16 patients (94%), usually exhibited long T1 and T2 relaxation characteristics. The pattern was noted to be reversed in the two newborn patients (13%). One parent demonstrated a forme fruste at CT but had a normal MR image.     

高危新生儿头颅CT表现（附41例分析）

目的：提高对高危新生儿头颅CT异常表现的认识。方法：41例均为高危新生儿,出生后1．5h-12天内行CT检查,扫描前半小时肌注鲁米那钠或10％水合氯醛口服或灌肠,使其安睡。结果：单纯蛛网膜下腔出血13例,脑实质出血5例,脑室内出血3例,室管膜下出血4例,硬膜下出血5例,单纯脑缺氧缺血性损害9例,正常CT表现2例。结论：高危新生儿大部分存在颅内出血或脑缺氧缺血性损害,CT检查对这些病变有极高的诊断价值。     

室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤的MRI诊断

目的 研究室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤（SGCA）的MRI表现,探讨MRI对该病的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例SGCA的临床资料和MRI表现,其中男4例,女5例,年龄4．23岁,平均12．9岁。全部病例术前均行MRI平扫和增强检查。结果 所有肿瘤均位于侧脑室孟氏孔附近,3例呈类圆形,6例呈轻度分叶状。平扫T1WI为等或稍低信号,T2WI为等或稍高信号,9例均可见肿瘤周边点状或结节状钙化信号,2例肿瘤内部可见长T1、长T2小囊状信号;增强扫描,肿瘤呈明显均匀或不均匀强化。7例可见室管膜下结节,3例可见皮质结节。结论 SGCA的MRI表现有一定特征性,有助于术前诊断。     

结节性硬化症的CT和磁共振成像诊断价值

目的评价cT及磁共振成像（MRI）检查对结节性硬化症的诊断价值。方法采用64排cT及1．5T磁共振扫描仪,回顾性分析18例结节性硬化症的颅脑cT及MRI表现。结果结节性硬化症的cT与MRI表现为室管膜下结节,脑皮质及皮质下病变,脑白质异常,室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤。cT显示钙化结节敏感,而非钙化结节、皮质及白质病变的显示MRI比cT有显著优越性。MRI增强扫描室管膜下结节多呈轻中度强化。结论结节性硬化症的cT和MRI表现均具有一定特征性,cT和MRI在结节性硬化的诊断中具有十分重要的价值。     

Primary central nervous system lymphoma versus toxoplasmosis in AIDS

The imaging studies of 16 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and proved primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma were reviewed. All studies included computed tomography (CT); six also included magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. A periventricular lesion was seen in 50% of patients. At least one such lesion exhibited subependymal spread or ventricular encasement in 38%. One-third of lesions in three of five patients who underwent nonenhanced CT were hyperattenuating. Five lesions were at least in part hypointense on T2-weighted MR images. The specificity of these findings was evaluated with a similar review of the imaging studies in 28 patients with AIDS and proved toxoplasmosis. Only 3% of lesions were periventricular. None exhibited subependymal spread or encasement. None were hyperattenuating on nonenhanced CT scans. Similar findings in other CNS lesions in AIDS patients could not be found in the literature. A focal enhancing mass with subependymal spread on CT or MR images and hyperattenuation at nonenhanced CT were the most reliable features in distinguishing between primary CNS lymphoma and toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients.     

MR and CT of tuberous sclerosis: linear abnormalities in the cerebral white matter

A review of MR and CT images in five patients, 8 months to 22 years old, diagnosed as having tuberous sclerosis, revealed linear abnormalities in the cerebral white matter. A linear abnormality connecting a subependymal nodule to a subcortical lesion was shown in two patients as an area of hypointensity on T1-weighted MR images and as an area of hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. These appeared as faintly high-density areas on CT images. Seventeen linear abnormalities extending from the ventricle to the cortex with a subependymal nodule or subcortical lesion on each end were visible in all five patients as areas of hyperintensity on the T2-weighted images. On the T1-weighted images, only nine hypointense lines were noted. CT scans did not show these latter lines. Linear abnormalities in cerebral white matter are suggestive of lesions of demyelination, dysmyelination, hypomyelination, or lines of migration disorder. MR imaging, especially T2-weighted, is particularly sensitive in detecting these abnormalities.     

Solitary subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: case report

In this report, we describe a case of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in a patient lacking clinical symptoms of tuberous sclerosis. The absence of any features of tuberous sclerosis initially dissuaded us from including subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in our differential diagnosis.     

MR imaging of tuberous sclerosis in neonates and young infants.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The MR imaging appearance of intracranial manifestations in tuberous sclerosis varies with age. The aim of this study was to specify MR characteristics in a coherent group of neonates and infants in order to distinguish them from the mature pattern. METHODS: The MR studies of seven patients under 3 months old were reviewed retrospectively. Imaging appearance, number, and distribution of tubers, white matter anomalies, subependymal nodules, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients had more white matter anomalies, subependymal nodules, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, transmantle dysplasias, and left-hemispheric and temporal lesions, but less cortical tubers than did older patients in previous series. The lesions were easy to detect as hyperintense foci on T1-weighted images. Visibility as hypointensities on T2-weighted images was comparatively poor. CONCLUSION: The nodular subependymal and linear parenchymal tuberous sclerosis lesions in infants under 3 months old are hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images as opposed to the reverse pattern of signal intensity in older persons. The scarce myelination helps to identify white matter anomalies, which become less visible as myelination progresses. Conversely, purely intracortical tubers are more difficult to diagnose in infants. Because the overall number and conspicuity of all other lesions in our series were greater than in previous series with older subjects, our findings indicate that infant age does not compromise, but facilitates, the correct MR diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. Therefore, if tuberous sclerosis is clinically suspected within the first 3 months of life, imaging should not be delayed.     

Neonatal tuberous sclerosis: magnetic resonance appearance of subependymal tubers

A case of tuberous sclerosis in a neonate, with cerebral and cardiac hamartomas evaluated by MR imaging, is presented. Intracranial subependymal tubers in this neonate exhibit increased signal intensity on short TR images. This differs from the signal characteristics of subependymal tubers in older patients.     

Radiation necrosis versus glioma recurrence: conventional MR imaging clues to diagnosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional MR imaging findings are considered to be inadequate for reliably distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence in patients with glioma. Despite this belief, we hypothesized that certain conventional MR imaging findings, alone or in combination, though not definitive, may favor one or another of these diagnoses in proton beam-treated patients with new enhancing lesions on serial scanning. METHODS: MR imaging findings (axial T1-, T2-, and post-gadolinium T1-weighted) of 27 proton beam radiation therapy patients with high-grade gliomas were retrospectively reviewed. Entry criteria included new MR imaging enhancing lesions after treatment and histologically unequivocal biopsy proof of diagnosis. Readers rated corpus callosum involvement, midline spread, subependymal spread, new discrete multiple enhancing foci, a "spreading wavefront" appearance, and septum pellucidum involvement. Statistical analysis was by the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Corpus callosum involvement in combination with multiple other findings was highly associated with progressive glioma. These combinations included involvement of the corpus callosum with multiple enhancing foci (P = .02), involvement of the corpus callosum with crossing the midline and multiple enhancing lesions (P = .04), and involvement of the corpus callosum with subependymal spread and multiple enhancing lesions (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In proton beam-treated patients with glioma, corpus callosum involvement, in conjunction with multiple enhancing lesions with or without crossing of the midline and subependymal spread, favors predominant glioma progression. Overall, combinations of enhancement patterns were more likely than individual patterns to distinguish necrosis from predominant tumor progression. Together with clinical and functional imaging findings, these results may assist in determining the need for biopsy.     

出生前后侧脑室周围假性囊肿的MRI评价及预后分析

目的分析评价出生前后不同类型侧脑室周围假性囊肿(PVPC)的MRI特点及其变化、预后的差异。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2018年7月山东省医学影像学研究所67例产前MRI诊断为PVPC的胎儿临床及影像资料,并进行出生后随访,其中24例失访,2例出生后死亡,将存活的41例胎儿进行预后分析,并进行Gesell量表评分。根据囊肿位置及是否伴有其他颅内外异常分为孤立性先天性囊肿、先天性囊肿伴其他异常、孤立性室管膜下囊肿及室管膜下囊肿伴其他异常4组。所有MRI图像由2名高年资放射科医师分别进行评价,包括囊肿位置、囊腔数量、囊肿大小、是否伴有其他异常及出生前后变化。采用组内相关系数(ICC)分析两名医师之间的一致性;采用卡方检验比较先天性囊肿组、室管膜下囊肿组囊肿位置(单/双侧)、囊腔数量(单/多腔)及是否伴其他异常的差异。采用独立样本t检验比较先天性囊肿组、室管膜下囊肿组囊肿平均前后径、平均高度的差异。采用单因素方差分析比较4种不同类型侧脑室周围假性囊肿Gesell量表在适应性、大运动、精细动作、语言、个人-社交发育商(DQ)评分之间的差异。结果2名医师对41例出生前后PVPC的位置、囊腔数量、囊肿大小、是否伴有其他异常及出生前后大小变化情况的一致性均为好,ICC值分别为0.865、0.931、0.798、0.904、0.879。先天性囊肿组(18例)的囊肿均于出生后变小或消失,DQ均正常。孤立性室管膜下囊肿组(14例)中,出生后囊肿变小或消失12例,大小未见明显变化2例,仅1例DQ轻度迟缓;室管膜下囊肿伴其他异常组(9例)中,出生后囊肿变小或消失6例,大小未见明显变化3例,7例DQ表现为不同程度迟缓。孤立性室管膜下囊肿与室管膜下囊肿伴其他异常组间DQ差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孤立性室管膜下囊肿组与孤立性先天性囊肿组间的DQ差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);先天性囊肿伴有其他异常组与室管膜下囊肿伴有其他异常组间DQ差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胎儿孤立性PVPC多于生后减小或自行消失,预后较好;室管膜下囊肿伴有其他脑或形态学异常时,生后患儿发育可出现不同程度迟缓,预后较差。先天性囊肿预后较好。     

Giant cell astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis: Computed tomographic findings

Clinical presentation and computed tomography (CT) findings in four tuberous sclerosis patients with large ventricular tumours situated near the foramina of Monro, and causing obstructive hydrocephalus are described. These tumours (so-called giant cell astrocytomas) demonstrated uniform post-contrast enhancement. This finding, along with their location, distinguished them from the much commoner cortical and subependymal tubers of tuberous sclerosis.     

结节性硬化的影像学诊断

目的总结结节性硬化的影像学表现特征。方法回顾分析20例经临床、影像及病理证实的结节性硬化患者的脑部CT和MRI表现。结果20例中CT表现为沿侧脑室壁分布的多发室管膜下钙化结节16例,其中多发结节14例,单发结节2例,室管膜下等密度未钙化结节2例,结节大小介于2~12mm。未见明确异常2例。MRI显示多发室管膜下结节19例,单发结节1例,T1WI结节呈等信号或低信号,T2WI呈低信号、等信号或稍高信号。MRI显示脑皮质及皮质下病变19例,呈局限脑回样异常信号;脑白质异常信号7例,分别呈线状、楔形及不规则形。9例MRI增强扫描室管膜下结节多呈轻中度强化,脑实质内结节多不强化。结论结节性硬化的CT和MRI表现均具有特征性。     

High-field spin-echo MR imaging of superficial and subependymal siderosis secondary to neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage

Summary Two cases of superficial siderosis with subependymal siderosis, secondary to neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage, are presented. High-field spin-echo MR imaging (1.5 Tesla) showed marginal hypointensity of the ventricular walls as well as of the subpial regions. These findings were most evident on T₂ weighted images, characteristic of hemosiderotic deposits.     

Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MR imaging in tuberous sclerosis

Summary Ten patients with clinical tuberous sclerosis were examined with CT and MR imaging, before and after IV contrast in order to determine the role of Gd-DTPA. Gd-DTPA enhancement occured in eleven subependymal nodules which did not enhance on CT after IV contrast. As illustrated by previous CT and pathologic observations and related to the histologic similarity of the subependymal nodules and giant-cell astrocytomas, these hyperintense nodules could represent active lesions with the potential to evolve. Four giant-cell astrocytomas were detected both with CT and Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI; tumor conspicuity and size assessment were improved by postcontrast MRI in two cases. No cortical tuber or heterotopic cluster enhanced; T2-weighted sequences therefore remain necessary for their detection. If pre and post-Gd-DTPA T1-and T2-weighted imaging is negative, CT is clearly the most sensitive modality in the detection of the small calcified subependymal nodules.     

脑灰质异位的CT及MRI诊断

目的:分析脑灰质异位(HGM)的CT及MRI表现,加深对本病的认识,减少漏诊及误诊的分生。方法:搜集我院经临床、CT和/或MRI证实的HGM17例,CT检查9例,MRI检合5例,CT MRI检查3例,回顾性分析其影像学表现。结果:17例中,单侧12例(左侧8例,右侧4例),其中室管膜下结节型3例,混合型桥带型5例,非室管膜下结节型4例。非室管膜下结节型均为单发,额顶叶、颞顶叶、顶枕叶及半卵圆中心各1例:双侧5例,室管膜下结节型2例,其中1例合并胼胝体发育不全;室管膜下弥漫型2例,其中1例合并四叠体池及枕大池蛛网膜囊肿;非室管膜下弥漫性1例。上述病灶位于脑白质内、侧脑室室管膜下或两省均有,呈结节、团块或条带状,在CT及MRI各序列上均与脑灰质密度或信号相同。结论:HGM在CT及MRI上具有特征性的影像学表现,因MRI为多参数成像,在对不典型及小HGM的检出优于CT。     

室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤(SEGA)的临床病理特征、免疫组化表达及其鉴别诊断。方法分析两例室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤的临床特点，和常规HE染色及IHc表达特点。结果SEGA好发于青年，临床表现为癫痫和侧脑室壁占位。该瘤由分化良好的巨细胞星形细胞和小胶质细胞构成。IHC显示肿瘤细胞表达GFAP、Vim、S-100、Syn。结论室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤是一种较少见的良性肿瘤，诊断时应排除节细胞胶质瘤、神经节细胞瘤、肥胖细胞型星形细胞瘤和巨细胞型胶质母细胞瘤等。     

颅内原发恶性淋巴瘤的MRI诊断

目的分析颅内原发恶性淋巴瘤的MRI影像学特征.材料和方法对25例经手术及组织病理证实的颅内恶性淋巴瘤的MRI表现进行回顾性分析.结果25例中单发病灶18例,多发病灶6例,单纯室管膜下及蛛网膜下腔弥漫性浸润1例.平扫检查25例在T1WI呈稍低或低信号,T2WI呈等信号或稍高信号.增强扫描20例中17例病灶呈明显团块状增强,2例病灶轻度增强,室管膜下及蛛网膜下腔弥漫性浸润3例(单纯室管膜下及蛛网膜下腔弥漫性浸润1例)呈线样及小结节样增强,增强程度较均一.结论颅内原发恶性淋巴瘤的MR信号强度及增强方式对诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

Subependymal metastases of an extracranial malignancy

We report a patient in whom subependymal metastases from a primary lung cancer were demonstrated by computed tomography of the head and in whom tissue correlation became available. To our knowledge, no such patient has previously been reported.