几种环境化学物神经毒性危险度评价研究进展

神经系统是很多毒物的靶器官.神经毒性效应是指有害因素（包括生物、物理和化学因素）所致的中枢神经系统和外周神经系统的结构或功能损害,可表现为神经化学、神经生理学、神经行为学和形态学等方面的改变.本文就致神经系统损伤的3种环境化学污染物,即铅、有机磷农药和正己烷的危险度评价的进展情况综述如下.     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价.     

行为毒理学在职业流行病学中的应用

行为医学是在行为科学和医学高度发展的基础上 ,在科学体系发生激烈变化 ,科学出现高度分化、高度综合的历史背景下 ,从本世纪 70年代初期逐步形成和发展起来的一门跨学科的科学。行为毒理学则是行为医学的分支 ,它是研究环境中物理与化学因素对实验动物及人体行为方面的影响的科学 ,其内容包括动物实验和人体观察。与职业流行病学有关的行为毒理学采用神经心理学和神经生理学方法 ,推测各种环境及职业因素长期低水平暴露者各种行为功能状态改变 ,由此分析评定有害因素对人体的早期影响。1.神经行为功能核心测试的方法和内容NCTB即神经行…     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价,     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价,卫生监督管理经验交流;     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价,卫生监督管理经验交流;     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价,卫生监督管理经验交流;     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价;（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;（7）劳动防护工程技术及评价,卫生监督管理经验交流;     

集装箱制造企业职业病危害因素控制对策调查

运用职业流行病学方法,调查某集装箱制造企业职业病危害因素种类、来源、岗位分布、接触方式及控制措施.按照工作场所职业病有害因素监测的采样规范、标准测定方法及卫生标准检测企业技改前后职业病危害因素的浓度(强度),评价控制效果.     

《职业与健康》杂志欢迎下列来稿

（1）职业及环境有害因素对人体影响的基础性研究;（2）职业流行病学和现场劳动卫生学调查;（3）职业病临床分析、诊治新法、病例报告或病例讨论及l临床护理;（4）化学中毒事故的现场抢救、医疗及急救;（5）工业卫生管理、卫生标准、书刊评价：（6）卫生毒理学的研究及环境有害因素监测技术;     

Neurobehavioral science in hazard identification and risk assessment of neurotoxic agents—what are the requirements for further development?

Objectives: Modern neurobehavioral methods find useful application in research into the early effects of exposure to neurotoxic agents in the environment. This paper briefly describes the history and evolution of neurobehavioral toxicology, reviews some current trends in research in this specific discipline and identifies the most important needs and challenges to be addressed in future studies. Methods: All published literature was considered, including ad hoc meeting reports. Further information was obtained directly from experts in the field. Results: The number of studies (including those in occupational, environmental and pediatric exposure) using neurobehavioral evaluation is constantly increasing. Regulatory agencies are using scientific data obtained through neurobehavioral assessment, which includes other areas such as neurosensory toxicology. However, further development of this discipline is facing a number of problems and issues. Three major areas that deserve further attention have been identified: (1) specific technical issues regarding testing development, (2) epidemiological issues regarding the study design, including the need for meta-analysis/multi-center studies and for longitudinal observation, and statistical issues regarding the most adequate models for the analysis and treatment of complex neurobehavioral datasets, and (3) the need for scientific consensus on the significance of adverse effects identified with neurobehavioral methods. Conclusions: The importance of neurobehavioral toxicology in the evaluation of mechanisms of action and for preventive purposes is progressively growing. Further development is needed for the advancement of this discipline through collaboration between experts from different fields.     

妇女血中铅镉含量与环境中铅镉水平的关系

当前环境污染问题受到广泛关注,重金属作为危害严重的环境污染物,其对健康的影响不容忽视,已有研究显示重金属可引起神经、肝、肾、血液等多个系统的损害。近年来重金属对代谢综合征的影响也受到关注。根据《重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》,铅、汞、铬、镉和类金属砷对环境污染影响较大,需要重点防治。本文着重综述这5种环境重金属污染对机体代谢综合征发生和发展影响的流行病学和实验研究进展。     

空气污染对女性生育能力及妊娠影响

空气污染对人类健康带来诸多不利影响,包括对女性生育能力的影响。然而,空气污染损害生育的具体机制并不清楚。本综述对以往有关空气污染对女性生殖的影响进行系统回顾,以全面认识空气污染对人类生育能力的影响。不同人群流行病学及实验室研究中,研究场所和所关注的主要污染物有所不同,流调场所包括石化厂、道路等,污染成分主要包括可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、细颗粒物（PM_2.5）、NO₂、SO₂、O₃等煤炭燃烧和交通尾气相关成分。这些研究主要从空气污染物影响卵子发育、受精卵形成与着床、临床受孕、体外受精及胚胎移植、流产、早产等多个不同阶段进行评估总结。各研究尽管存在设计类型不一致、混杂因素多等所带来的偏倚,但在一定程度上为深入研究空气污染对女性生殖影响的机制提供了线索。     

南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人群健康的影响

目的了解南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响。方法按照GB/T18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》对南宁市2002—2006年130户新装修居室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和放射性水平进行检测;对25户室内空气中甲醛浓度超标的居室进行跟踪检测,并对居民健康状况进行问卷调查。结果130户新装修居室空气样本甲醛浓度合格率为25.6%,氨浓度合格率为27.1%,平均浓度超标倍数分别为3.88倍和1.35倍;而放射性水平及苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度合格率分别为99.6%,97.6%,89.5%,91.9%。25户室内空气甲醛浓度超标居室入住6～12个月后空气甲醛浓度低于人住时(P<0.01)。健康状况问卷调查结果显示,居民入住时均有不同程度的不良反应出现,其中以咽喉疼痛的发生率最高,达92%。结论甲醛和氨是南宁市新装修居室环境中最主要的污染物,新装修居室空气污染已对人体健康产生一定程度的影响。     

Effects of exposure to mixed volatile organic compounds on the neurobehavioral test performance in a cross-sectional study of US adults

While the environmental exposure to multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is ubiquitous, its neurobehavioral effects are not well understood. We assessed the associations between short-term exposure to VOC mixtures and neurobehavioral test performances on 497 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, using quantile and ordinary least squares regression models. We grouped 10 blood VOCs into 3 mixtures based on the principal component analysis, where Mix1 included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene, o-xylene, and styrene; Mix2 included chloroform and tetrachloroethene; and Mix3 included 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. We found a general lack of significant adverse effects with exceptions limited to those with the worst performance (i.e. the top 10 percent) in the simple reaction time test, suggesting that these people were potentially more susceptible to impacts of VOC mixtures. However, further research is needed to clarify the neurobehavioral effects of chronic low-level exposure to VOC mixtures among the general population.     

Assessing deleterious ecosystem-level effects of environmental pollutants as a means of avoiding evolutionary consequences.

Recent interest has been expressed in the possible need to develop ways to detect and quantify pollutants that affect evolution. Although environmental pollutants clearly can affect evolutionary processes, the evolutionary changes are a response to ecosystem-level toxicity elicited by the pollutant, rather than a direct effect of the pollutant on evolution. Accordingly, emphasis needs to be placed on assessing the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystem structure and function in order to avoid subsequent evolutionary consequences.     

Environmental exposure and children's health in China

Concerns regarding adverse health effects of exposure to environmental pollutants among children are increasing. This subject area is particularly important in China because of environmental pollution problems associated with rapid development and a large population. The authors provide what is, to their knowledge, the first review in China of English- and Chinese-language literature regarding the current status of environmental exposures to children in China and the impact of these exposures on the health of children. Children in China are exposed to diverse environmental pollutants, including traditional pollutants such as lead and mercury and emerging pollutants such as phthalates and perfluorinated compounds. Incidence and prevalence of certain childhood diseases have increased in last decades. In China, a limited number of data on environmental exposure and children's health are available, and further high-quality studies are needed.     

Significance of laboratory studies of neurobehavioral and developmental toxicities--transgenerational effects of styrene exposure

Recently, health problems caused by environmental chemical substances present in daily life have been increasing, particularly developmental toxicities, the effects of which often become apparent only after a long developmental period. It is difficult to determine adverse transgenerational effects. Therefore, we must recognize important indices to measure neurobehavioral and developmental effects. The assessment of such effects indices, is difficult and few neurobehavioral data are available compared to teratological data. Thus, through studies using laboratory animals, analyses of the mechanisms, exposure periods, doses and neurobehavioral effects are necessary. We have reviewed studies of the volatile monomer of the organic solvent styrene with regard to reproductive and developmental toxicities in laboratory animals. The styrene monomer crosses through the placenta; however, fetal excretion is less than maternal excretion. Therefore, it seems that a dose of styrene that does not affect the mother may be toxic for the fetus. We reported that exposure to low-dose styrene results in physical and neurobehavioral developmental delays, as well as decreases in enzyme activity and neurotransmitter secretion level. To prevent neurobehavioral toxicity, we need further studies to obtain precise data on chemical-biological interactions developmental toxicity and dose-response relationships. A key step towards effective prevention can also be obtained from studies in which animals are continuously exposed to chemicals for one or more generations. Thereafter, we must extrapolate developmental toxicity data from animals to humans. In this paper, we provide the information on developmental toxicity.     

Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants

The potential of oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage tissues and cellular components, called oxidative stress, in biological systems has become a topic of significant interest for environmental toxicology studies. The balance between prooxidant endogenous and exogenous factors (i.e., environmental pollutants) and antioxidant defenses (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) in biological systems can be used to assess toxic effects under stressful environmental conditions, especially oxidative damage induced by different classes of chemical pollutants. The role of these antioxidant systems and their sensitivity can be of great importance in environmental toxicology studies. In the past decade, numerous studies on the effects of oxidative stress caused by some environmental pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic species were published. Increased numbers of agricultural and industrial chemicals are entering the aquatic environment and being taken up into tissues of aquatic organisms. Transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other xenobiotics play important roles in the mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage. Such a diverse array of pollutants stimulate a variety of toxicity mechanisms, such as oxidative damage to membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins and changes to antioxidant enzymes. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge of cellular damage, response mechanisms, repair processes, and disease etiology in biological systems, free radical reactions and the production of toxic ROS are known to be responsible for a variety of oxidative damages leading to adverse health effects and diseases. In the past decade, mammalian species were used as models for the study of molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by environmental pollutants to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cellular oxidative damage and to study the adverse effects of some environmental pollutants with oxidative potential in chronic exposure and/or sublethal concentrations. This review summarizes current knowledge and advances in the understanding of such oxidative processes in biological systems. This knowledge is extended to specific applications in aquatic organisms because of their sensitivity to oxidative pollutants, their filtration capacity, and their potential for environmental toxicology studies.     

Neuropsychological testing for the assessment of manganese neurotoxicity: a review and a proposal

BACKGROUND: Manganese exposure can cause neurobehavioral and neurological signs and symptoms. A review of the literature was carried out in order to identify the most sensitive and effective methods to assess these outcomes. METHODS: Studies on manganese exposure performed with neuropsychological tests were reviewed using Medline. Test methods, obtained outcomes, and dose-response relationships were considered. Based on the review and additional considerations, a testing battery for adult and children was identified. RESULTS: A total number of 31 studies were reviewed and divided in 18 occupational, 7 environmental, and 6 on children. A large variety of tests exploring motor and cognitive functions and mood were applied. Neurobehavioral effects were dose-dependent in several studies and determined by much lower exposure levels compared to 1 mg Mn/m(3) in total dust which is considered to be the minimum concentration able to induce the classical clinical features of "manganism." Although through a wide variety of tests, the observed outcomes support the knowledge that manganese exposure can cause neurobehavioral effects. Motor functions are mainly affected in adults, and cognitive functions and behavior are more affected in children. CONCLUSIONS: Literature on manganese neurobehavioral effect is quite consistent, however, further improvement may be achieved by using better structured and more comparable evaluation methods. Based on the analysis of the existing experiences a test battery including tests of motor functions, response speed, cognitive functions, intellectual abilities, mood, and symptom questionnaires is suggested. We recommend that the tests indicated should always be included in future studies as a core battery.