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1.
Background Skin cancer, caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is a growing problem in Europe. Reliable data on occupational exposure of outdoor workers are needed to develop protective strategies. Objectives To compare UV radiation exposure patterns between outdoor workers in two European populations. Methods Fifty‐three gardeners, 31 Irish and 22 Danish (age range 24–69 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time‐stamped UV doses continuously during a 4‐month summer period. The current and historical sun exposure pattern was recorded by means of a diary and questionnaire. Assessment of pigmentation, naevi, freckles and solar lentigines was performed. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure pattern was analysed. Results Regarding work days, the Irish had a significantly lower percentage of ambient UV exposure than the Danes, 4·5% vs. 8·1%; a lower UV dose per day, 0·97 standard erythema dose (SED) vs. 1·6 SED; a lower UV dose between 12.00 and 15.00 h, 0·43 SED vs. 0·75 SED; and fewer hours with positive dosimeter measurements, 3·2 h vs. 4·8 h (all values are medians, P < 0·01). Regarding days off work, the same patterns emerged for both UV doses and exposure hours. The Irish had significantly fewer days off than the Danes, median 21 days vs. 49 days, and fewer days with risk behaviour (sunbathing/exposing upper body), median 0 days vs. 8 days (P < 0·01). Conclusions The lower UV exposure received by the Irish gardeners may have been due to indoor breaks during peak ambient UV. Other contributing factors may include differences in natural shade between the parks. Our data suggest that consideration of such factors in scheduling of outdoor work can significantly reduce the occupational UV exposure.  相似文献   

2.
The intensity of ultraviolet A and B radiations was measured in Paris (48 degrees North) by means of silicon photoelectric cells (Osram Centra dosimeter) from December, 1984 till February, 1986. The results, which must be regarded as approximate, are expressed as physical units (mW/cm2) and biological units (minimal erythema dose/hour). For sunny days two curves are presented separately for UVB and UVA: daily variations in radiation (hourly measurements) and daily variations at 11 hours (solar time) during one year. Maximum irradiation was observed at noon in early July: UVB 0.15 mW/cm2, UVA 5.4 mW/cm2. Between December and July the amount of UVB radiation was multiplied by 14 and that of UVA radiation by 9. For subjects with clear photo-type and when the sun was at its zenith, an MED per hour was obtained from May 1 onwards. Within a day, 30 p. 100 (summer) and 50 p. 100 (winter) of erythema-producing UV intensity were delivered between 11 and 13 hours (solar time). This kind of study has numerous clinical applications: advice regarding exposure to sun rays, dosing of heliotherapy, epidemiological data concerning photodermatitis (circumstances of exposure, UV threshold dose) and photocarcinogenesis (determination of annual MED doses in relation to areas of uncovered skin and occupational exposure to sun rays). Other studies on the French territory will provide a map of UV irradiation.  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: Personal annual ultraviolet (UV) radiation data based on daily records are needed to develop protective strategies. OBJECTIVES: To compare UV radiation exposure patterns in the winter half-year (October-March) and the summer half-year (April-September) for Danish indoor workers. METHODS: Nineteen indoor workers (age range 17-56 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time-stamped UV doses continuously during a year. The corresponding sun exposure behaviour was recorded in diaries. Similar data were collected for 28 volunteers during sun holidays in the winter half-year. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure behaviour was analysed. RESULTS: The ambient UV dose during the winter in Denmark (at 56 degrees N) was 394 standard erythema doses (SED) or 10.5% of the annual ambient UV dose. In winter compared with summer the subjects had: (i) a lower percentage of ambient UV radiation, 0.82% vs. 3.4%; (ii) a lower solar UV dose in Denmark, 3.1 SED (range 0.2-52) vs. 133 SED (range 69-363); (iii) less time outdoors per day with positive dosimeter measurements, 10 min vs. 2 h; and (iv) no exposure (0 SED) per day on 77% vs. 19% of the days. Sun holidays outside Denmark in winter gave a median 4.3 SED per day (range 0.6-7.6) and 26 SED (range 3-71) per trip. CONCLUSIONS: In the winter half-year indoor workers received a negligible UV dose from solar exposure in Denmark and needed no UV precautions. No UV precautions are needed from November to February during holidays to latitudes above 45 degrees N, while precautions are needed the whole year around at lower latitudes.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: The most important risk factor for the development of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer is thought to be ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To date there is no quantification of the UV exposure of outdoor sports professionals training and competing at high solar UV levels. METHODS: During eight stages of the 'Tour de Suisse' cycling race, the UV exposure of 6 professional cyclists was monitored with Bacillus subtilis spore film dosimeters. RESULTS: The measurements showed a personal UV exposure between 0.2 minimal erythema dose (MED) during the prologue and 17.2 MED during a mountain stage. The mean daily personal exposure of all full stages (prologue excluded) was 8.1 MED. The personal exposure level determined during these races exceeded international exposure limits by more than 30 times. CONCLUSION: Therefore UV exposure of sports professionals should be limited by application of sun screens, protective clothing and training/competition at low insolation.  相似文献   

5.
Purpose: To investigate the relation between pre‐exposure skin pigmentation and the minimal melanogenesis dose (MMD)/minimal erythema dose (MED) ratio after a single narrowband ultraviolet B (nUVB) and solar simulator (Solar) exposure. Background: In fair‐skinned individuals, it is well known that the UV dose to give pigmentation (MMD) after a single exposure to UVB is larger than the UV dose to elicit erythema (MED) (MED<MMD), but it remains to be established if this is true also in dark‐skinned individuals. Methods: Eighty‐four volunteers with a wide variation in skin pigmentation (Fitzpatrick skin types I–V) were included. Results: After a single Solar or nUVB exposure we found that the ratio MMD/MED depends on skin pigmentation. In light‐pigmented individuals, up to 1.9 MED is required to induce pigmentation (MMD). The MMD/MED ratio is about 1.5 in medium‐pigmented and dark‐pigmented individuals. In very brown‐pigmented individuals the MMD/MED ratio is 1 (MED=MMD). This connection was most pronounced for facultative skin at wintertime. The ratio was almost stable for constitutive pigmentation with MMD/MED=1.3. The ratios were almost independent of skin type. Conclusion: The ratio MMD/MED is highly dependent on skin pigmentation after a single exposure to Solar or nUVB and is independent of skin type.  相似文献   

6.
Background: There is increasing evidence that polyphenols, antioxidants from plants such as green tea or grapes, may impair the UV‐induced erythema reaction as well as carcinogenesis and metastasis of melanoma and epithelial skin cancer. The UVB‐protective potential of wine polyphenols has not been studied so far in humans. Patients and Methods: We tested the influence of local and systemic application of three red wines on the minimal erythema dose (MED) after UVB exposure in 15 healthy male physicians. Baseline MED were determined in all subjects. Irradiation was carried out prior to and immediately following 20 minutes of occlusive application of red wine as well as 12 % alcohol to the back. The systemic effect was tested by ultraviolet irradiation immediately prior to oral intake, Results: There were no topical effects. Wine A also provided no protection sys‐temically. Drinking wine B has led to an almost significant rise of MED, while wine C, which had the highest polyphenol content, produced a statistically significant higher MED (p = 0.031). Conclusions: “Wine baths” will not have sun protective properties. A significant rise of the MED following oral intake of the wine with the highest polyphenol content might be due to these substances. Further research is needed to clarify the role of polyphenol content, dose and duration of wine consumption.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Vitiliginous patients undergoing photochemotherapy with TMP were less susceptible to a sun burn. To investigate this point, the MED for UV-B was measured before, 2 h, and 24 h after oral intake of TMP in 10 healthy volunteers. There was an increase of MED when UV exposure had taken place 2 h after TMP intake (P<0.01). This was no longer detectable when the exposure had taken place 24 h after intake. MED increase was 11.8% for 0.19 mg/kg TMP, 21.0% for 0.37 mg/kg, and 23.7% for 0.74 mg/kg. This dosedependence was significant (P<0.01). The protective effect of TMP against UV-B erythema seemed related to UV absorption by the drug while it was in the blood stream.
Abbreviations (MED) Minimal Erythemal Dose - (UV-B) Ultra Violet B rays Presented in part at the meeting of the French Dermatological Society, Biological Session, Paris, June 8, 1978This study was supported by a grant of the University of Besançon, Microtechniques Service  相似文献   

8.
Background/purpose: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting about 2–3% of the population. Sun exposure has a positive effect on most lesions, but ultraviolet (UV) radiation also constitutes a carcinogenic potential. Climate therapy is frequently used to treat patients, with the consequence that they may receive high doses of UV. This paper explores UV doses to patients treated in Gran Canaria.
Methods: Patient UV doses have been estimated for 20 psoriasis patients during a 15-day climate therapy study and compared with the predetermined exposure schedule and doses reported from other studies. Estimates were based on UV measurements and the patients' diaries with information on the time spent in the sun.
Results: On the first day of exposure, the patients received on average 5.1 standard erythema doses (SED) estimated to the skin. The average dose for the 15-day study was 166 SED (250 SED for a regular 3-week treatment period). We found no significant correlation between the reduction in psoriasis area severity index scores and UV doses.
Conclusion: The UV doses were higher than if they had followed the prescribed exposure schedule and also higher than those reported from other climate therapy studies. It seems beneficial to focus on following the prescribed exposure schedule.  相似文献   

9.
Background Despite the increasing use of indoor tanning facilities, little is known regarding the behaviour of adults with respect to artificial and natural ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and the relationship between the two forms of exposure. Objectives To describe the beliefs and behaviour of French middle‐aged volunteers regarding artificial and natural UV exposure. Methods Cross‐sectional study of a French national cohort using a self‐completed questionnaire. Results Participants were identified as ‘indoor UV tanners’ (n= 1076) and as ‘non‐users’ (n= 6124). Predictor factors associated with indoor tanning were gender, age, smoking, phototype, region of residence, sun exposure during hobbies, voluntary sun exposure in particular during the hottest hours of the day, nudism practice, facial sunscreen habits, sunglass use, importance for lying in the sun and the claim ‘ever heard of melanoma’. Limitations The quality of information may be limited by the data collection method. Conclusion Whereas indoor tanning should be discouraged, it seems that indoor tanners are also regular sunbathers unconcerned about the risk of photoageing and skin cancer occurrence. Moreover, indoor tanners seem to have more behavioural risk factors for cancer, such as smoking.  相似文献   

10.
Urocanic acid (UCA), present in the stratum corneum, is a major absorber of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and, on UV exposure, is induced to isomerize from the naturally occurring trans-isomer to the cis-isomer. Cis-UCA has been shown to have immunosuppressive properties, while trans-UCA may act as a natural sunscreen due to its UV-absorbing properties. The photoprotective capacity of UCA was investigated in this study. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined on normal buttock skin in 36 healthy subjects and the concentration of UCA isomers was measured on the skin adjacent to the test site. On the contralateral buttock, MED was determined 20 min after application of trans-UCA 5% in a cream base. The UCA cream gave a sun protection factor of 1.58. The amount of UCA applied was, however, 20–200 times higher than the amount of UCA found in normal skin, making a sunscreening effect of naturally occurring UCA very low This was further supported by a lack of correlation between naturally occurring UCA and the UV sensitivity of each subject determined by the MED.  相似文献   

11.
Objective: To compare the data correlation between two kinds of instruments, Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18, in the measurement of skin color changes under normal condition and post‐ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Method: The data points of Chromameter CM2500d are based on L*a* values, while Maxmeter MX18 are based on M and E values, in order to compare the data correlation between these two kinds of instruments in skin color measurement on both non‐exposed and exposed sites. In addition, an evaluation of the correlation of post‐UV irradiation between these two instruments was conducted. Four different kinds of parameters post‐UV radiation were measured including minimal erythema dose (MED), immediate pigmentation dose (IPD), minimal persistent pigmentation dose (MPPD) and repeated UV radiation. The following UV radiation dosages were applied as Day 1=1.0 MED, Day 2=0.5 MED and Day 3=0.5 MED for repeated UV radiation, of which the erythema and pigmentation changes were recorded. Result: Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 showed good data correlation when measuring both non‐exposed and exposed sites on normal skin. L* values were affected more easily by UV‐induced erythema than M values on skin color changes after 1 MED and repeated UV exposures. IPD, MPPD and the pigmentation data showed good correlations with the measurement of the intensive erythema formation induced by repeated UV exposures. a* value was shown to be equally effective as E value with skin erythema measurements in response to various MEDs. However, increased erythema induced by repeated UV radiations was able to reduce the correlations between a* and E values. On the other hand, a* and E were shown to be equally effective in recording the erythema change courses after strong erythema responses post‐UV radiations. Conclusion: This comparative study showed that the data correlations between the two kinds of instruments were different depending on measurement conditions. Both Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 instrumental measurement results should be carefully evaluated by experimental conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Background: Fitzpatrick skin type (FST I–IV) is a subjective expression of ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity based on erythema and tanning reactivity after a single exposure. Pigment protection factor (PPF) is an objective measurement of skin sensitivity in all skin types after a single exposure. Methods: The aim was to compare FST and PPF with clinically determined minimal erythema dose (MED) and minimal melanogenesis dose (MMD) in 84 persons with skin types I–V both after single and multiple exposures (one, four, five, six, or 12) to buttock and back skin. Results: FST was better correlated to MED than to MMD, and FST correlated better to constitutive than to facultative pigmented areas after multiple exposures rather than to a single exposure. PPF was generally much better correlated to MED and MMD than FST especially after a single exposure and multiple exposures with steady‐state pigmentation. Multiple regression analyses showed that MED was the only significant, or most important determinator, of both FST and PPF. The correlation coefficient was highly significant for PPF (r2=82). Conclusions: PPF is a better predictor of the individual UV sensitivity (linear relation) than FST (only 4 grades) and PPF can substitute FST.  相似文献   

13.
Ultraviolet (UV) reduction campaigns since 1986 were based on the estimation that individuals get 80% of their cumulative lifetime UV dose by the age of 18. To investigate if this estimation is true, we compared annual UV doses received during life in 164 Danish volunteers: children, teenagers, indoor workers, and golfers (age range 4-67 y) who recorded sun exposure behavior in diaries and carried personal UV dosimeters, measuring time-stamped UV doses. The annual UV dose did not significantly correlate with age but the variation in annual UV dose was high (median 166 SED (standard erythema dose), 95% range: 37-551 SED). The annual UV dose did correlate with days with risk behavior (sunbathing/exposing upper body) (r=0.51, p<0.001) and in adults also with hours performing outdoor sports (r=0.39, p<0.001), gardening, and sun-bed sessions (r=0.26, p=0.02). Teenagers had significantly more days with risk behavior than adults (21 vs 13 d, p=0.006) but not than children (15 d). No differences in UV dose among the age groups were found on workdays. Only 25% of the lifetime UV dose was received before the age of 20 and the annual UV dose was thus independent of age. Reduction of cumulative lifetime UV dose could be obtained by minimizing risk behavior.  相似文献   

14.
Background: Traditionally, classification of skin reactivity to ultraviolet (UV) light is based on self‐estimation of tendency to burn and tan (Fitzpatrick's classification). Although widely accepted, the model has shown to correlate poorly with actual UV sensitivity, measured by phototest. The aim of the present study was to investigate how self‐estimated skin type, according to Fitzpatrick, and actual UV sensitivity measured by phototest correlate with sun exposure and protection. Methods: One hundred and sixty‐six voluntary patients visiting their general practitioner for investigation of suspicious skin tumours were recruited for the study, and filled out a questionnaire, mapping sun habits and sun protection behaviour, based on five‐point Likert responses. The patients reported their skin type (I–VI) according to Fitzpatrick, and a phototest was performed to determine the minimal erythema dose. Results: For most of the questions, high self‐estimated UV sensitivity, according to Fitzpatrick, appeared to be associated with a higher level of sun avoidance/protection (P<0.05). For actual UV sensitivity, however, the difference in response distribution was only significant for sunscreen use, and did not show a similar apparent association related to the degree of UV sensitivity. Conclusion: Self‐estimated skin UV sensitivity, according to Fitzpatrick's classification, appears to be a stronger predictor of sun exposure and protection than actual UV sensitivity measured by phototest.  相似文献   

15.
Background: Sun exposure and skin phototype are the most relevant risk factors for skin cancer. Colombia has high levels of ultraviolet radiation during the whole year, therefore, both, high UVI's and outdoor worker's daily activities, in our country are very important risk factors for the development of cutaneous cancer. To date no study has evaluated the usefulness of Fitzpatrick's skin phototype classification in Colombians and its correlation with the minimal erythema dose (MED) and constitutional skin color. Such information is gaining importance in other nations due to the fact that several country's population is becoming more ethnically diverse. Objectives: To determine the skin phototype, accumulated sun exposure, sun protection behavior, MED and phenotype in a Colombian school population. Methods: Last year high school students from the western Antioquia were invited to participate by phone and letter through their respective school directors. A self‐questionnaire was handled to each student. A representative sample of the universe was selected for a medical examination by a dermatologist in order to validate the results of the self‐questionnaire. The constitutional skin color was determined with the chromameter CR 300 Minolta®. The MED was defined as the minimal dose of UVB being able to induce erythema 24 h later. Results: Eight schools of the area agreed to participate in the study, and a total of 911 students (58% girls and 42% boys) filled‐out the self‐questionnaire. Sun exposure in the majority of individuals was in a level between moderate and very high. Ninety percent of students do not use any sun protection device or cream. Only a 50% of concordance between self‐assessed skin phototype vs. medical skin phototype was found, and the highest concordance corresponded to skin phototype II (82%). There was a marked difference in skin photosensitivity of Colombians compared with reports in Caucasians. We observed a marked overlapping in MED's and L* values in phototypes II and III. Conclusions: The Fitzpatrick's classification was not useful in Hispanic populations such as ours. Therefore, a new skin‐phototype classification system is required. In our population the constitutional color was a good predictor of the MED but it did not correlate with skin phototype. The self‐assessed questionnaire method was not useful to determine skin cancer risk in our population. The majority of this population has light skin phototypes and is highly exposed to solar UV radiation without proper protection.  相似文献   

16.
Artificial UV irradiation of murine skin is a frequently used method for testing photosensitivity, study carcinogenesis and photoprotective effects of different compounds. However, doses of UV radiation and mouse strains used in experiments vary greatly. The genetic background of mice may influence the photosensitivity as melanin content, pigmentation and hair cycle parameters are dissimilar. Doses of UV are often expressed in relation to the minimal erythema dose (MED) that was not necessarily determined for the given strain. We set out to standardize the method of measuring photosensitivity in three commonly used mouse strains, C57BL/6N, Balb/c and SKH‐1. We found that MED may not be determined for some strains as erythema development in mice with diverse genotypes differs greatly. We measured the oedema response in vivo and ex vivo by using OCT. Given the strain‐specific variability of erythema, we introduced Clinically Relevant Dose (CRD) as a new term to replace MED in experiments, to describe the lowest dose that triggers a perceptible skin reaction in mice. Not only the CRD but the proportion of erythema and oedema were different in strains examined. C57BL/6N mice display skin reactions at the lowest UVB dose, while SKH‐1 hairless mice show changes, mostly oedema, after higher doses of UVB. The cellular composition and skin thickness were examined by histopathology. IL‐1beta and IL‐6 levels in skin correlated with the increasing doses of UVB. Despite the variations in the degree of erythema and oedema, no major differences in cytokine expressions were seen among various strains of mice.  相似文献   

17.
In 54 healthy volunteers we assessed predictors of sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, including Fitzpatrick's sun reactive skin types and constitutional skin color, and compared these with one another and with responses of the skin to UV irradiation, as determined experimentally by a minimal erythema dose (MED), a minimal melanogenic dose (MMD), and dose-response curves for UV-induced erythema and pigmentation. For these studies, a xenon arc solar simulator was used as the source of UV irradiation, and a chromameter interfaced with a computer for objective measurement of UV-induced erythema and pigmentation was employed. The skin type did not correspond well to the constitutional skin color, as measured by a chromameter prior to UV irradiation. Within each skin type, there were large ranges of MED and MMD values and great variability in the shapes of the dose-response curves. Constitutional skin color was also not a good predictor of the measured MED and MMD values but did appear to correlate with the steepness of the dose-response curves for erythema and for pigmentation. From these studies, we propose that objectively measured constitutional skin color is a better predictor of UV responses of the skin than skin type and that steepness of dose-response curves for erythema is a better measure of the response of the skin to UV irradiation than is a MED measurement.  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between various measures of constitutive skin pigmentation and erythema caused by solar-simulated UV (ssUV), 290 and 310 nm UV. METHODS: Skin pigmentation was assessed clinically by skin typing as well as objectively by measurement of the melanin index (MI) by reflectance spectroscopy. Subjects having Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV were exposed to graded doses of ssUV and either narrowband 310 nm (n=70) or 290 nm (n=69) UV, and assessed 24 h after exposure. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was assessed visually as the lowest dose that caused minimally perceptible erythema. Susceptibility to further development of erythema with higher exposure doses was measured by the gradient of erythema dose-response curves. This was determined by linear regression using reflectance spectrometry data beyond the MED. RESULTS: Although there was considerable variation within each skin type, MI and ssUV MED increased with increasing Fitzpatrick skin type. MI correlated with ssUV MED and 310 nm UV MED, but not 290 nm UV MED. There was also a significant negative correlation between MI and erythema dose-response gradients caused by ssUV, 310 and 290 nm UV. CONCLUSION: Melanin situated near the basal epidermis may not protect from the initial development of threshold erythema caused by 290 nm UV because it penetrates poorly past the stratum corneum and is not well absorbed by melanin in vivo compared with 310 nm UV. Higher erythemal 290 nm UV doses may reach basal epidermal melanin, which may then afford protection against further 290 nm UV erythema.  相似文献   

19.
Background Reducing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main effective measure for preventing skin cancer. Educational campaigns targeting sun protection have been focused either on behaviour on the beach during the summer holiday alone, or during everyday outdoor activities of the children. Little is known about the comparison between these different settings. Objectives To analyse whether parents apply similar protective measures to reduce UV exposure for their young children in different outdoor environments. Methods Families (n = 2619) with children aged 3–6 years (response: 64·7%) were enrolled in a population‐based survey in the German city of Erlangen and its surrounding rural county. Using a self‐administered standardized questionnaire parents gave information about demographic and photosensitivity data of their children, their knowledge about risk factors for skin cancer and their typical instructions given to their children when these played outside on a summer day in different outdoor environments. Results Significant discrepancies regarding the four UV protective measures (clothes, shade, sunhat, sunscreen) for children between an everyday outdoor setting and a holiday setting on the beach were observed. A high level of parental risk factor knowledge was significantly associated with a better protection for children in all four measures only on the beach. Photosensitivity and demographic characteristics had some impact on protective behaviour, too. Measures of sun protection were reduced with children’s increasing age. Conclusions Skin cancer prevention campaigns should target the encouragement of sun protection for children also in outdoor activities of daily living, not only during a summer holiday on the beach.  相似文献   

20.
Background Lactobacillus johnsonii (La1) has been reported to protect skin immune system homeostasis following ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Objectives To assess the effects of a dietary supplement (DS) combining La1 and nutritional doses of carotenoids on early UV‐induced skin damage. Methods Three clinical trials (CT1, CT2, CT3) were performed using different UV sources: nonextreme UV with a high UVA irradiance (UV‐DL, CT1), extreme simulated solar radiation (UV‐SSR, CT2) and natural sunlight (CT3). All three clinical trials were carried out in healthy women over 18 years of age with skin type II–IV. In CT1, early markers of UV‐induced skin damage were assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry. In CT2, the minimal erythemal dose (MED) was determined by clinical evaluation and by chromametry. Chromametry was also used to evaluate skin colour. Dermatologists’ and subjects’ assessments were compiled in CT3. Results A 10‐week DS intake prevented the UV‐DL‐induced decrease in Langerhans cell density and the increase in factor XIIIa+ type I dermal dendrocytes while it reduced dermal inflammatory cells. Clinical and instrumental MED rose by 20% and 19%, respectively, and skin colour was intensified, as shown by the increase in the ΔE* parameter. The efficacy of DS was confirmed by dermatologists and subjects under real conditions of use. Conclusions Nutritional supplementation combining a specific probiotic (La1) and nutritional doses of carotenoids reduced early UV‐induced skin damage caused by simulated or natural sun exposure in a large panel of subjects (n = 139). This latter result might suggest that DS intake could have a beneficial influence on the long‐term effects of UV exposure and more specifically on skin photoageing.  相似文献   

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