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Remo Holanda de Mendonça Furtado Robert Patrick Giugliano Celia Maria Cassaro Strunz Cyrillo Cavalheiro Filho José Antonio Franchini Ramires Roberto Kalil Filho Pedro Alves Lemos Neto Alexandre Costa Pereira Tânia Rúbia Rocha Beatriz Tonon Freire Elbio Antonio D’Amico José Carlos Nicolau 《Am J Cardiovasc Drugs》2016,16(4):275-284
Background
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed to patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, this class of medication, especially omeprazole, has been associated with a reduction in clopidogrel efficacy, leading many clinicians to substitute omeprazole with ranitidine.Objectives
Our objective was to compare the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel before and after the addition of omeprazole or ranitidine.Methods
We measured platelet aggregability at baseline and after 1 week of clopidogrel 75 mg daily. Subjects were then randomized in a double-blinded, double-dummy fashion to omeprazole 20 mg twice daily (bid) or ranitidine 150 mg bid. We repeated aggregability tests after 1 additional week, using VerifyNow P2Y12? (Accumetrics; San Diego, CA, USA), depicting aggregability as percent inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA).Results
We enrolled 41 patients in the omeprazole group and 44 in the ranitidine group. IPA was significantly decreased after the addition of omeprazole to clopidogrel (from 26.3 ± 32.9 to 17.4 ± 33.1 %; p = 0.025), with no statistical significant changes observed in the ranitidine group (from 32.6 ± 28.9 to 30.1 ± 31.3 %; p = 0.310). The comparison of IPA in both groups at the end of the follow-up showed a trend toward significance (p = 0.07, 95 % confidence interval [CI] ?1.19 to 26.59); after excluding homozygous patients for 2C19*2 genotype, the comparison of IPA between the groups reached statistical significance (32.7 ± 30.8 vs. 17.7 ± 33.4 %, respectively, for ranitidine and omeprazole groups; p = 0.04).Conclusions
Unlike omeprazole, ranitidine did not influence platelet aggregability response to clopidogrel.Clinical Trial Registration
NCT01896557.2.
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Introduction
Arginine vasopressin-stimulated reabsorption of urea occurs in the collecting duct via increased expression of the urea transporter.Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratio is useful for predicting tolvaptan response in patients with decompensated heart failure (HF).Methods
Among 71 consecutive patients with HF who received oral tolvaptan between 2010 and 2014, we retrospectively studied 33 patients with decompensated HF without any mechanical circulatory assistance or inotropic support who had already been treated with loop diuretics. A responder to tolvaptan was defined as an individual who experienced a ≥30 % increase in their respective 24-h urine volume.Results
Among the 33 patients, 21 met the criteria of a responder. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of BUN/Cr and BUN were 0.790 and 0.714, respectively, and the respective cut-off values for responders to tolvaptan were 23.8 and 49.0. BUN/Cr and BUN retained their significant relationships with the responder status (odds ratio for BUN/Cr >23.8: 20.9; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.7–531.1; p = 0.002; odds ratio for BUN ≥49: 7.7; 95 % CI 1.4–65.8; p = 0.02).Conclusion
Our results suggest that high BUN/Cr may be a predictor of response to tolvaptan in decompensated HF patients. A prospective study with a large sample size is required to confirm this preliminary finding.5.
Jesper Østergaard Emil Meng-Lund Susan Weng Larsen Claus Larsen Karsten Petersson James Lenke Henrik Jensen 《Pharmaceutical research》2010,27(12):2614-2623
Purpose
This study was conducted to characterize UV imaging as a platform for performing in vitro release studies using Nicorette® nicotine patches as a model drug delivery system.Methods
The rate of nicotine release from 2 mm diameter patch samples (Nicorette®) into 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.40, was studied by UV imaging (Actipix SDI300 dissolution imaging system) at 254 nm. The release rates were compared to those obtained using the paddle-over-disk method.Results
Calibration curves were successfully established which allowed temporally and spatially resolved quantification of nicotine. Release profiles obtained from UV imaging were in qualitative agreement with results from the paddle-over-disk release method.Conclusion
Visualization as well as quantification of nicotine concentration gradients was achieved by UV imaging in real time. UV imaging has the potential to become an important technology platform for conducting in vitro drug release studies.6.
Aim
A preliminary evaluation of mobile phone technology for repeated independent remote data capture using the mobile phone-based m-WOMAC® NRS 3.1 Index.Methods
Following orientation to the m-WOMAC® Index, and initial completion in the office, patients took the phones home and independently completed the Index on four subsequent occasions over 12 days, sending their data each time to a server in USA.Results
Three men and nine women with hip (n = 2) and knee (n = 10) OA successfully completed the m-WOMAC® Index on each occasion. Average time to completing the Index at termination was 4.8 min. The majority of patients rated logging on/opening the application, completing the m-WOMAC® Index on the phone, and sending data as very easy (10–11/12), and were very confident (11/12) in continuing to use the phone to report their symptoms.Conclusions
These data support the feasibility of repeated independent remote data capture using the m-WOMAC® NRS3.1 Index.7.
Junzeng Fu Bart V. J. Cuppen Paco M. J. Welsing Herman van Wietmarschen Amy C. Harms Ruud Berger Slavik Koval Ruth D. E. Fritsch-Stork Johannes W. J. Bijlsma Thomas Hankemeier Jan van der Greef 《Inflammopharmacology》2016,24(6):397-402
Objective
As there are pharmacological differences between males and females, and glucocorticoid (GC) treatment is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, it is important to study serum polar lipid profiles of male and female patients in response to GC therapy. Gender differences may require an adjustment to the treatment strategy for a selection of patients.Methods
Serum samples from 281 RA patients were analysed using a targeted lipidomics platform. The differences in GC use and gender on polar lipid profiles were cross sectionally examined by multiple linear regressions, while correcting for confounding factors.Results
Differences in polar lipids between GC users and non-GC users in females and males were merely restricted to lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylethanolamines). Lysophospholipids in female patients treated with GCs were significantly higher than female patients not treated with GCs (p = 6.0 E?6), whereas no significant difference was observed in male GC users versus non-users (p = 0.397).Conclusion
The lysophospholipid profiles in response to GCs were significantly different between male and female RA patients, which may have implications for the cardiovascular risk of GC treatment.8.
Charlotte L. Kvasnovsky Ingvar Bjarnason Ana Nora Donaldson Roy A. Sherwood Savvas Papagrigoriadis 《Inflammopharmacology》2017,25(5):499-509
Background
Diverticular disease is a significant burden on healthcare systems that is managed, surgically or medically, mainly as an emergency or acute condition. There are no standardized treatment recommendations for symptomatic uncomplicated disease. We hypothesized that a probiotic would reduce abdominal pain in such patients.Methods
We conducted a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotic treatment (Symprove) in adult patients with moderate-to-severe chronic, non-acute symptomatic diverticular disease. 143 patients were randomized to receive 1 mL/kg/day of probiotic liquid (N = 72) or placebo (N = 71) daily for 3 months. The primary endpoint was abdominal pain severity. Secondary endpoints consisted of the change in the frequency of eight abdominal symptoms and the level of intestinal inflammation (fecal calprotectin).Results
120 patients completed the trial. Abdominal pain score, the primary end point, decreased in both groups, but no significant difference between the groups was found (P = 0.11). In relation to placebo, the probiotic significantly decreased the frequency of four of the eight secondary endpoints: constipation, diarrhea, mucorrhea, and back pain (P < 0.04). No significant differences were found in frequency of abdominal pain, PR bleeding, dysuria, and bloating.Conclusions
Multi-strain liquid probiotic did not improve abdominal pain scores significantly, but significantly improved the frequency of four other symptoms associated with chronic, non-acute symptomatic diverticular disease.9.
Bonnie Williams Eleni Tsangari Romany Stansborough Victor Marino Melissa Cantley Anak Dharmapatni Rachel Gibson Egon Perilli Tania Crotti 《Inflammopharmacology》2017,25(1):55-68
Objective
To investigate the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on local and systemic inflammation and bone loss in collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) mice.Methods
Four groups of mice (n = 8 per group) were allocated; control, CAPE (1 mg/kg), CAIA and CAIA + CAPE (1 mg/kg). Local inflammation and bone loss were evaluated using clinical paw scores, in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological assessment and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-1) were measured by ELISA. Jejunum and colon sections were evaluated histopathologically for damage and toxicity.Results
Greater paw scores and percentage change in paw volume were observed in CAIA + CAPE compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Bone volume over time remained unchanged (p = 0.94) and the number of multinucleated TRAP-positive cells was greatest in CAIA + CAPE mice (p < 0.05). CRP and CTX-1 levels did not differ between groups. CAIA + CAPE mice exhibited lower colon toxicity scores and a reduced percentage of cavitated goblet cells in the colon crypts compared with CAIA mice (p = 0.026 and p = 0.003, respectively). Histopathology in the jejunum was not altered.Conclusion
CAPE did not reduce paw inflammation or bone loss in CAIA mice. CAPE reduced histopathological changes in the colon of CAIA mice.10.
Catherine Guittet Maria Manso Ingrid Burton Luc-André Granier Frédéric Marçon 《Pharmaceutical research》2017,34(9):1840-1848
Purpose
The objective of this study was to assess the bioavailability and the sedative effect of a single-dose administration of an innovative oral solution of midazolam containing γ-cyclodextrins (ADV6209).Methods
A bioavailability study with a standard two-sequences, two-periods, and crossover design was conducted. Subjects randomly received 15 mg of ADV6209 by oral route followed by 5 mg of the reference drug (midazolam hydrochloride intravenous solution (Hypnovel®, Roche) by intravenous route or vice versa. Blood samples were drawn at different time points to measure midazolam and its metabolite α-hydroxymidazolam concentrations. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic methods were used to calculate main pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability.Results
Caucasian healthy subjects (n = 12) were included in the study. ADV6209 had a bioavailability of 39.6%. The oral elimination half-life with ADV6209 was slightly shorter than with the reference i.v. form (2.66 h versus 2.99 h). The sedative effect was observed 27.5 ± 15.5 min after oral administration for a duration of 48.5 ± 35.4 min. Double peak phenomenon was observed in 5 patients.Conclusions
Cyclodextrins have little impact on midazolam oral bioavailability and the pharmacokinetics parameters of midazolam formulation ADV6209 are close to those reported previously.11.
Eduardo Celia Palma Nelson Guardiola Meinhardt Airton Tetelbom Stein Isabela Heineck Maria Isabel Fischer BibianaVerlindo de Araújo Teresa Dalla Costa 《Pharmaceutical research》2018,35(6):116
Purpose
To determine the efficacious cefazolin prophylactic dose for bariatric surgery using free subcutaneous concentrations accessed by microdialysis after 2 g or 3 g i.v. bolus dosing to morbidly obese women and POPPK modeling.Methods
A POPPK model with variable plasma and subcutaneous tissue protein binding was developed to simultaneously describe plasma and tissue data sets. The outcomes was predicted for common surgical site infection (SSI) bacteria over 3, 4, 5 and 6 h periods postdose, as probability of target attainment (PTA) using Monte Carlo simulation.Results
CFZ 2 g warrant up to 5 h SSI prophylaxis for bacteria with MICs ≤1 mg/L such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. For species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which present MIC distribution frequency of 2 mg/L, the maintenance of PTA?≥?90% occurs with a 3 g dose for surgeries lasting up to 5 h, and 2 g dose provide an adequate response up to 4 h (PTA of 89%).Conclusions
Effectiveness of CFZ 2 g is similar to 3 g against bacteria with a MIC up to 2 mg/L, especially if the surgery does not last for more than 4 h.12.
Kelvin Bai Gregory V. Barnett Sambit R. Kar Tapan K. Das 《Pharmaceutical research》2017,34(4):800-808
Purpose
Characterization of submicron protein particles continues to be challenging despite active developments in the field. NTA is a submicron particle enumeration technique, which optically tracks the light scattering signal from suspended particles undergoing Brownian motion. The submicron particle size range NTA can monitor in common protein formulations is not well established. We conducted a comprehensive investigation with several protein formulations along with corresponding placebos using NTA to determine submicron particle size distributions and shed light on potential non-particle origin of size distribution in the range of approximately 50–300 nm.Methods
NTA and DLS are performed on polystyrene size standards as well as protein and placebo formulations.Results
Protein formulations filtered through a 20 nm filter, with and without polysorbate-80, show NTA particle counts. As such, particle counts above 20 nm are not expected in these solutions. Several other systems including positive and negative controls were studied using NTA and DLS.Conclusions
These apparent particles measured by NTA are not observed in DLS measurements and may not correspond to real particles. The intent of this article is to raise awareness about the need to interpret particle counts and size distribution from NTA with caution.13.
Naoki Itoh Eiichi Yamamoto Tomofumi Santa Takashi Funatsu Masaru Kato 《Pharmaceutical research》2016,33(6):1440-1446
Purpose
Nanoparticles have been used in diverse areas, and even broader applications are expected in the future. Since surface modification can influence the configuration and toxicity of nanoparticles, a rapid screening method is important to ensure nanoparticle quality.Methods
We examined the effect of the nanoparticle surface morphology on the HPLC elution profile using two types of 100-nm liposomal nanoparticles (AmBisome? and DOXIL?).Results
These 100-nm-sized nanoparticles eluted before the holdup time (about 4 min), even when a column packed with particles with a relatively large pore size (30 nm) was used. The elution time of the nanoparticles increased with pegylation of the nanoparticles and protein adsorption to the nanoparticles; however, the nanoparticles still eluted before the holdup time.Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that HPLC is a suitable tool for rapid evaluation of the surface of liposomal nanoparticles.14.
Urszula Cibor Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz Monika Brzychczy-Włoch Łucja Rumian Krzysztof Pietryga Dominika Kulig Wojciech Chrzanowski Elżbieta Pamuła 《Pharmaceutical research》2017,34(10):2075-2083
Purpose
To develop polysaccharide-based membranes that allow controlled and localized delivery of gentamicin for the treatment of post-operative bone infections.Methods
Membranes made of gellan gum (GUM), sodium alginate (ALG), GUM and ALG crosslinked with calcium ions (GUM + Ca and ALG + Ca, respectively) as well as reference collagen (COL) were produced by freeze-drying. Mechanical properties, drug release, antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility of the membranes were assessed.Results
The most appropriate handling and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, E = 92 ± 4 MPa and breaking force, F MAX = 2.6 ± 0.1 N) had GUM + Ca membrane. In contrast, COL membrane showed F MAX = 0.14 ± 0.02 N, E = 1.0 ± 0.3 MPa and was deemed to be unsuitable for antibiotic delivery. The pharmacokinetic data demonstrated a uniform and sustainable delivery of gentamicin from GUM + Ca (44.4 ± 1.3% within 3 weeks), while for COL, ALG and ALG + Ca membranes the most of the drug was released within 24 h (55.3 ± 1.9%, 52.5 ± 1.5% and 37.5 ± 1.8%, respectively). Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis was confirmed for all the membranes. GUM + Ca and COL membranes supported osteoblasts growth, whereas on ALG and ALG + Ca membranes cell growth was reduced.Conclusions
GUM + Ca membrane holds promise for effective treatment of bone infections thanks to favorable pharmacokinetics, bactericidal activity, cytocompatibility and good mechanical properties.15.
Nicholas Mason-Smith Daniel J. Duke Alan L. Kastengren Peter J. Stewart Daniela Traini Paul M. Young Yang Chen David A. Lewis Julio Soria Daniel Edgington-Mitchell Damon Honnery 《Pharmaceutical research》2016,33(5):1249-1258
Purpose
Typical methods to study pMDI sprays employ particle sizing or visible light diagnostics, which suffer in regions of high spray density. X-ray techniques can be applied to pharmaceutical sprays to obtain information unattainable by conventional particle sizing and light-based techniques.Methods
We present a technique for obtaining quantitative measurements of spray density in pMDI sprays. A monochromatic focused X-ray beam was used to perform quantitative radiography measurements in the near-nozzle region and plume of HFA-propelled sprays.Results
Measurements were obtained with a temporal resolution of 0.184 ms and spatial resolution of 5 μm. Steady flow conditions were reached after around 30 ms for the formulations examined with the spray device used. Spray evolution was affected by the inclusion of ethanol in the formulation and unaffected by the inclusion of 0.1% drug by weight. Estimation of the nozzle exit density showed that vapour is likely to dominate the flow leaving the inhaler nozzle during steady flow.Conclusions
Quantitative measurements in pMDI sprays allow the determination of nozzle exit conditions that are difficult to obtain experimentally by other means. Measurements of these nozzle exit conditions can improve understanding of the atomization mechanisms responsible for pMDI spray droplet and particle formation.16.
James H. Ho Jerrold B. Leikin Paul I. Dargan John R. H. Archer David M. Wood Jeffrey Brent 《Journal of medical toxicology》2017,13(4):321-328
Introduction
There have been concerns about prosthesis failure and the potential for systemic toxicity due to release of cobalt and chromium from metal-on-metal hip joint prostheses (MoM-HP). There is conflicting evidence on whether there is a correlation between higher cobalt and chromium concentrations and systemic toxicity.Methods
We undertook a retrospective review of consecutive patients with MoM-HP referred for outpatient review in toxicology clinics in London, UK, and in the USA recorded in the Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Registry from June 2011 to June 2015.Results
Thirty-one cases were identified; the median (IQR) serum cobalt concentration was 10.0 (3.8–32.8) mcg/L, and the median (IQR) serum chromium concentration was 6.9 (3.7–18.7) mcg/L. Twenty-three (74.2%) had symptoms, most commonly lethargy, hearing loss, and tinnitus. The odds ratios of symptomatic/asymptomatic patients for metal ion concentrations above/below 7 mcg/L were 1.87 (95% CI 0.37–9.57, p = 0.45) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.10–3.50, p = 0.57) for cobalt and chromium, respectively. Two (6.5%) patients with systemic cobalt toxicity had median (IQR) serum cobalt concentrations significantly higher than those without systemic features (630.4 [397.6–863.2] mcg/L versus 9.8 [2.9–16.4] mcg/L; p = 0.017). However, overall, there were no differences between cobalt (p = 0.38) or chromium (p = 0.92) concentrations between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and no clinical features or investigation results correlated with cobalt or chromium concentration.Conclusion
Two (6.5%) of 31 individuals referred for assessment of MoM-HP were diagnosed with systemic cobalt toxicity. However, despite a high prevalence of reported symptoms, neither symptoms nor investigation results correlated with serum cobalt or chromium concentrations.17.
Pyung Chun Oh Woong Chol Kang Jeonggeun Moon Yae Min Park Sihun Kim Myeong Gun Kim Kyounghoon Lee Taehoon Ahn Eak Kyun Shin 《Am J Cardiovasc Drugs》2016,16(3):221-228
Background
While recent guidelines have suggested the potential for beta-blockers as first-line agents in chronic stable angina, few data regarding comparative anti-anginal and metabolic effects between beta-blockers with and without vasodilating properties have been reported, particularly in patients with angina pectoris.Objective
Our objective was to compare the anti-anginal and metabolic effects of carvedilol and atenolol in patients with stable angina pectoris.Methods
A total of 89 patients (mean age 54.9 ± 9.3 years; male 53.9 %) with stable angina pectoris were randomly assigned to carvedilol (n = 43) or atenolol (n = 46). The subjects undertook an exercise treadmill test and completed the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ); metabolic parameters were measured at baseline and 6 months after treatment.Results
The baseline characteristics of both groups were well balanced. Both carvedilol and atenolol significantly reduced heart rate from baseline (76 ± 11 to 66 ± 9 beat/min, p < 0.001; 74 ± 9 to 64 ± 9 beat/min, p < 0.001, respectively) with no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Improvement of time to ST-segment depression during the treadmill exercise and the SAQ scores for angina stability and frequency after 6 months of treatment were similar between groups. There was no significant change from baseline in the level of fasting glucose, insulin, or glycated hemoglobin in either group. However, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly reduced to a greater extent with carvedilol than with atenolol (?23 vs. ?10 and –38 vs. –24 %, respectively, p < 0.05 for both), although the rate of statin use was comparable. No changes were seen in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels after 6 months of treatment in both groups compared with baseline.Conclusions
Both carvedilol and atenolol had a similar anti-anginal effect. Compared with atenolol, carvedilol might have more beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in patients with stable angina pectoris [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02547597].18.
Yao Z Zhao B Hoffman EP Ghimbovschi S DuBois DC Almon RR Jusko WJ 《Pharmaceutical research》2007,24(4):643-649
Purpose
Microarrays have been utilized in many biological, physiological and pharmacological studies as a high-throughput genomic technique. Several generations of Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays are widely used in gene expression studies. However, differences in intensities of signals for different probe sets that represent the same gene on various types of Affymetrix chips make comparison of datasets complicated.Materials and Methods
A power coefficient scaling factor was applied in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling to account for differences in probe set sensitivities (i.e., signal intensities). Microarray data from muscle and liver following methylprednisolone 50 mg/kg i.v. bolus and 0.3 mg/kg/h infusion regimens were taken as an exemplar.Results
The scaling factor applied to the pharmacodynamic output function was used to solve the problem of intensity differences between probe sets. This approach yielded consistent pharmacodynamic parameters for the applied models.Conclusions
Modeling of pharmacodynamic/pharmacogenomic (PD/PG) data from diverse chips should be performed with caution due to differential probe set intensities. In such circumstances, a power scaling factor can be applied in the modeling.19.
Kathryn T Kopec Caroline Freiermuth Susan Maynard Michael Beuhler 《Journal of medical toxicology》2018,14(4):323-326
Introduction
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation that clinically leads to hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Intentional overdoses of DNP are often fatal. We present an analytically confirmed fatal case of DNP overdose with a falsely positive elevated salicylate concentration. We further explored this cross reactivity of DNP with two salicylate assays.Methods
Clinically relevant serial dilutions of DNP were prepared in drug-free serum and analyzed using two different colorimetric NADH/NAD-based analytical methodologies.Results
The enzymatic salicylate assay demonstrated a reproducible false elevation of salicylate starting at a DNP level of 100 mg/L while the EMIT-based methodology was without any such interference at the maximum concentration tested (150 mg/L).Conclusions
DNP cross reacts with some salicylate assays. This knowledge is important for providers, as there are significant variations in the management of DNP versus salicylate toxicity.20.
Pankaj K. Singh Anil K. Jaiswal Vivek K. Pawar Kavit Raval Animesh Kumar Himangsu K. Bora Anuradha Dube Manish K. Chourasia 《Pharmaceutical research》2018,35(3):60