Alcohol and Drug Use Before and During Pregnancy: An Examination of Use Patterns and Predictors of Cessation

Objectives This study examines alcohol and nonmedical drug use before and during pregnancy and identifies the predictors of use cessation before the first prenatal visit. Methods Data analyses were based on the Prenatal Risk Overview (PRO), a structured interview that screens for psychosocial risk factors associated with poor birth outcomes. The study sample includes 1,492 consecutive prenatal care patients from four urban clinics between November 2005 and June 2007. Results Reported alcohol and drug use pre-pregnancy was much higher among U.S.-born women than immigrants, and among unmarried women than married women. American Indians had the highest rates among racial/ethnic groups. Since learning of their pregnancy, 5.6% of patients reported alcohol use and 10.7% reported drug use, reflecting cessation rates of 87.0% for alcohol and 55.6% for drugs. In logistic regression analyses, older age, current smoking, and lack of transportation predicted both alcohol and drug use continuation. Alcohol use continuation was also predicted by pre-pregnancy alcohol use frequency, depression, and physical/sexual abuse by someone other than an intimate partner. Drug use continuation was also predicted by race (higher for American Indians and African Americans), and pre-pregnancy drug use frequency. Conclusions Women who continued to use alcohol or drugs after learning they were pregnant were more frequent users than spontaneous quitters, more likely to smoke cigarettes, and had more psychosocial stressors. Achieving higher rates of cessation may require approaches that simultaneously address substance use and impediments to quitting. Higher continuation rates among some cultural groups require further investigation.     

共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。     

西安地区戒毒人员的吸毒及性行为特征分析

目的：在吸毒人群中适时开展HIV／AIDS预防的健康教育活动。方法：对西安市两所戒毒所256名戒毒人员的吸毒和性行为特征进行了横断面 调查。结果：戒毒人员以男性青壮年为主，无业及个体经商居多，未婚或离婚、分居的比例较大，化程度低。海洛因已是主要毒品，吸食方式以单纯口吸为主，静脉吸毒似有增加趋势。多性伴、非婚或婚外性行为、避孕套正确使用率低、注射器的广泛重复使用等多种有利于HIV／AIDS传播的高危行为在吸毒人群中普遍存在。结论：在当地吸毒人群，特别是静脉吸毒人群中开展HIV／AIDS防治知识的健康教育势在必行。     

Association between Pregnancy and Active Injection Drug Use and Sex Work among Women Injection Drug Users in Saint Petersburg,Russia

Widespread use of unsafe sexual practices among women injecting drugs both practicing and not practicing sex work leads to high levels of unplanned pregnancies in this population. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between pregnancy and active drug use and sex work. Data were collected using a convenience sample of 500 women in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 2013. All women had recent experience of drug use, of which 200 were pregnant at the time of the study. The study consisted of a structured interview followed by a rapid HIV test. Pregnancy was protective against both active drug use and sex work. For HIV-positive women, these associations were stronger than for HIV-negative women: drug use prevalence ratio (PR) was 0.59 vs 0.85; for sex work, the PRs were 0.36 vs 0.64. Higher levels of education were associated with a lower prevalence ratio for active drug use and sex work in all models. Having children was not associated with active drug use or sex work. Pregnancy might be an optimal time for conducting interventions aimed at cessation of drug use and sex work among women injecting drugs.     

Patterns of Social Media Use and Their Relationship to Health Risks Among Young Adults

Purpose

Social media use is pervasive among young adults, and different sites have different purposes, features, and audiences. This study identified classes of young adults based on what combination of sites they use and how frequently, and compared their health risk factors and behaviors.

直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染关系的研究

目的了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004年5月至7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、近6个月性行为情况。采集研究对象的血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在调查的吸毒人群中HIV感染率为15．1％（68／451），其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17．8％（66／370）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示，民族（OR为2．40；95％CI为1．39～4．13）、近3个月共用针头和注射器（OR为2．02；95％CI为1．12～3．63）、近3个月共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR，4．00；95％；CI，1．28～12．54）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HIV感染率高，直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为以及高危性行为普遍，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

2010年至2012年社区老年高血压患者的用药情况分析

目的分析我社区老年高血压患者抗血压药物的应用现状以及用药趋势,为社区医务人员科学管理抗高血压药物提供参考。方法通过统计2010年至2012年我社区卫生服务中心202例老年高血压患者抗高血压药物的处方,对三年内口服抗高血压药物的用药物种、联合用药情况、用药频率、消耗金额和限定日费用等指标和用药趋势进行分析。结果 2010年至2012年社区老年高血压患者抗高血压用药量增加了24.19%,但总费用却下降了6.98%;钙拮抗剂(CCB)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、β-受体阻滞剂(β-RB)和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)的用药量位于前四位,用药频率较高;用药频率最高的前5种药物分别为硝苯地平、非洛地平、氨氯地平、缬沙坦和厄贝沙坦;患者采用二联降压方案的比例较高为49.79%,其中以CCB联合β-RB使用最多占40.07%,且固定复方制剂有逐步代替单药合用的趋势。结论我社区老年高血压患者在治疗过程中使用抗高血压药物的情况较为合理,费用较为经济,其中CCB占据主导地位,符合目前国内外抗高血压用药原则。     

Estimating the Prevalence of Injection Drug Users in the U.S. and in Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas from 1992 to 2002

This paper estimates the prevalence of current injection drug users (IDUs) in 96 large U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) annually from 1992 to 2002. Multiplier/allocation methods were used to estimate the prevalence of injectors because confidentiality restrictions precluded the use of other commonly used estimation methods, such as capture-recapture. We first estimated the number of IDUs in the U.S. each year from 1992 to 2002 and then apportioned these estimates to MSAs using multiplier methods. Four different types of data indicating drug injection were used to allocate national annual totals to MSAs, creating four distinct series of estimates of the number of injectors in each MSA. Each series was smoothed over time; and the mean value of the four component estimates was taken as the best estimate of IDUs for that MSA and year (with the range of component estimates indicating the degree of uncertainty in the estimates). Annual cross-sectional correlations of the MSA-level IDU estimates with measures of unemployment, hepatitis C mortality prevalence, and poisoning mortality prevalence were used to validate our estimates. MSA-level IDU estimates correlated moderately well with validators, demonstrating adequate convergence validity. Overall, the number of IDUs per 10,000 persons aged 15-64 years varied from 30 to 348 across MSAs (mean 126.9, standard deviation 65.3, median 106.6, interquartile range 78-162) in 1992 and from 37 to 336 across MSAs (mean 110.6, standard deviation 57.7, median 96.1, interquartile range 67-134) in 2002. A multilevel model showed that overall, across the 96 MSAs, the number of injectors declined each year until 2000, after which the IDU prevalence began to increase. Despite the variation in component estimates and methodological and component data set limitations, these local IDU prevalence estimates may be used to assess: (1) predictors of change in IDU prevalence; (2) differing IDU trends between localities; (3) the adequacy of service delivery to IDUs; and (4) infectious disease dynamics among IDUs across time.     

Alcohol Use and Implications for Public Health: Patterns of Use in Four Communities

Background:

Alcohol is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally and in India. Information on quantum and pattern of consumption is crucial to formulate intervention programs.

Objectives:

To identify the extent and pattern of alcohol use in urban, rural, town and slum populations using a uniform methodology.

Materials and Methods:

Door-to-door survey was undertaken and simple random sampling methodology was adopted; households were the primary sampling unit. One respondent in each alcohol-user household was randomly chosen for detailed interview.

Results:

Overall, 13% of males and females consumed alcohol. Proportion of users was greater in town (15.7%) and among 26–45 years (67.4%). Whisky (49%) and arrack (35%) were the preferred types and the preferences differed between rural (arrack) and urban (beer) areas. Nearly half (45%) of rural population were very frequent users (consuming daily or every alternate-days) as against users in town (23%) or slum (20%). Two-thirds were long-term users and the proportions were greater in the rural and town areas. While, overall 17% of the users were heavy-users, frequent-heavy-drinking was more in slum and rural areas. Nearly two-thirds consumed alcohol in liquor-shops, restaurants, bars and pubs. Habituation and peer-pressure were the key reasons for alcohol use.

Conclusions:

The study documented alcohol use and patterns of use in four different communities particularly in transitional areas using similar methodology. Many of the patterns identified are detrimental to health both immediate and over the long period of time.     

上海市某区社区卫生服务中心脑梗塞住院用药的病案审核

课题组通过专家病案分析法,对2010年上海市某区社区卫生服务中心120份脑梗塞住院病案的用药合理性进行了评价。研究显示,该区社区卫生服务中心的脑梗塞住院用药总体良好,但仍存在一些用药问题,例如用药指征不当、用药途径不合理、用药计量不规范和配伍禁忌等。     

社康中心不合理使用抗生素情况调查及原因分析

目的了解深圳市福田区社区健康服务中心抗生素不合理使用情况。方法在我区80多家社康中心随机抽取12家社康中心2008年10月—2010年3月的全科诊疗处方,每家社康中心随机抽取500张,根据临床药理学知识、文献资料等,对不合理处方进行统计分析。结果共审核处方6 000张,其中抗生素处方3 084张,不合理使用抗生素处方1 914张,以无适应症用药、轻度感染病人使用二联抗生素等不合理表现突出。结论社康中心抗生素不合理使用现象普遍存在,社区医生应定期接受合理用药知识的培训,并加强对社区居民有关合理使用抗生素知识的健康教育。     

上海市某区社区卫生服务中心脑梗塞住院病人合理用药分析与模拟监测

目的分析2009年上海市某区社区卫生服务中心脑梗塞住院病人用药及模拟监测情况。方法课题组从该区医院信息系统提取了2009年社区卫生服务中心全部脑梗塞出院病人和医生的相关数据,分析用药情况并进行模拟监测。结果 2009年出院的脑梗塞病例1949人,平均药物总费用为2910.67元(占住院费用的35.55%);抗菌药物使用的次数比例为9.52%,基本药物使用的次数比例为59.78%。模拟监测异常率总体为7.87%,各机构、各月份间存在差异。结论该区社区卫生服务中心脑梗塞住院用药基本合理。     

A tale of two cities: Social and environmental influences shaping risk factors and protective behaviors in two Mexico–US border cities

The economic, social, cultural, and political milieus that influence HIV risk behaviors along the US–Mexico border are understudied. In an effort to appropriately inform interventions targeting structural influences, we compared injecting drug using populations living in two cities—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua and Tijuana, Baja California—situated on the Mexico–US border. These populations presented with similar demographic profiles, but differed significantly in terms of social and environmental influences that can influence both risk and protective factors (e.g., family drug use, migration, drug use patterns). We observed distinct behavioral and structural influences in these two border cities that will require tailored intervention strategies to reduce HIV transmission.     

At the Borders,on the Edge: Use of Injected Methamphetamine in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez,Mexico

Injection drug use is of increasing concern along the US–Mexico border where Tijuana and Ciudad (Cd.) Juarez are located. Methamphetamine has long been manufactured and trafficked through Mexico, with low rates of use within Mexico. With methamphetamine use now considered epidemic in the United States, and with associated individual and community harms such as HIV, STDs, domestic violence and crime, there is concern that rates of methamphetamine in the Northwestern border regions of Mexico may be rising. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the context of injection drug use in Tijuana and Cd. Juarez and included questions about methamphetamine. Guided in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 male and 10 female injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana and 15 male and 8 female IDUs in Cd. Juarez (total N = 43). Topics included types of drug used, injection settings, access to sterile needles and environmental influences. Interviews were taped, transcribed verbatim and translated. Content analysis was conducted to identify themes. The median age of injectors in both cities was 30. Methamphetamine was injected, either alone or in combination with other drugs by injectors in both Tijuana (85%) and Cd. Juarez (17%) in the 6 months previous to interview. Several important themes emerged with respect to methamphetamine use in both cities. IDUs in both cities considered methamphetamine to be widely used in Tijuana and infrequently used in Cd. Juarez, while the converse was true for cocaine. In both cities, stimulant (either cocaine or methamphetamine) use was widespread, with 85% in Tijuana and 83% in Cd. Juarez reporting current use of a stimulant, most often used in combination with heroin. Some injectors reported knowledge of local manufacturing and one had direct experience in making methamphetamine; some cross-border use and trafficking was reported. Injectors reported concerns or experience with serious health effects of methamphetamine such as abscesses or tuberculosis. Our study suggests that injected methamphetamine is entrenched in Tijuana and that Cd. Juarez may experience a methamphetamine outbreak in the future. Robust targeted interventions for both injected and non-injected methamphetamine should be a public health priority in both cities. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Risky sexual behaviors associated with recreational drug use among men who have sex with men in an international resort area: Challenges and opportunities

South Florida is home to a highly transient population of approximately 145,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) and annually hosts over 1.8 million gay and bisexual visitors. To develop more effective interventions for HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention in this setting, we conducted a cross-sectional study of recreational drug use and risky sexual behaviors among MSM. A standardized, selfadministered questionnaire, reviewed and approved by a university Institutional Review Board, was offered to men 18 years of age and older who reported ever having sex with a man. Men were approached on weekends in five diverse locations in Miami-Dade County and five in Broward County in winter 2004. An honorarium of $10 was offered to those who completed and returned a questionnaire. Of 407 participants, 115 men (28%) lived in Miami-Dade, 147 (36%) lived in Broward, 46 (11%) lived in another county in south Florida, and 99 (24%) lived elsewhere. Overall, 32% reported using one or more “club drugs” in the past year. Club drug use was highly associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) (P<.001). MSM residing outside of south Florida were more likely than local residents to report using cocaine and ketamine and engaging in unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) in the past month (P=.03). Tourists may be even more likely than residents to engage in risky sexual behaviors and use certain recreational drugs. Interventions must be developed, implemented, and evaluated that take into account the unique characteristics of international resort areas. An earlier version was presented in Miami Beach on August 27, 2004, at the conference, “Opportunities, Challenges, and Successes of International Research,” cosponsored by the Drug Abuse and AIDS Research Center (DAARC) of the University of Miami and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Drs. Darrow, Biersteker, Geiss, Chevalier, Clark, Marrero, Mills, and Obiaja are with the Robert R. Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida. Ana Adasme, Lenworth Anglin, Veronica Francis, Lynda Humaran, Maria Norasco-Warren, Lisa Quammie, and Nalinie Samlal also contributed to this report.