掌骨背动脉筋膜岛状皮瓣

手部的皮肤、软组织缺损伴有肌腱、神经、骨骼裸露时不宜行游离植皮术，往往需要采用皮瓣（管）转移覆盖创面，以利二期功能重建，特别是手指部位的损伤多需行邻指皮瓣或交臂皮瓣术。这些传统的治疗方法，病人住院治疗时间长，而且皮瓣质地差．近两年多来．我们治疗３５例手外伤病人，采用了含掌骨背动脉的筋膜岛状皮瓣移位及带伸指肌腱的复合组织瓣移位覆盖创面，手术方法简单，皮瓣质地好。     

拇指桡侧指动脉关节皮支为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨以拇指桡侧指动脉关节皮支为蒂岛状皮瓣修复同指指腹缺损的临床效果。方法 2009年6月-2010年3月,收治10例10指拇指指腹缺损患者。男6例,女4例;年龄13～68岁,平均38岁。致伤原因:挤压伤4例,电刨伤3例,慢性感染2例,烫伤1例。末节指腹皮肤软组织缺损伴骨或肌腱外露4例,皮肤软组织缺损范围为1.0cm×0.8cm～2.0cm×1.4cm;近节指腹皮肤软组织缺损伴骨或肌腱外露6例,皮肤软组织缺损范围为1.0cm×0.8cm～2.5cm×2.0cm。病程3h～4个月。4例末节指腹缺损采用大小为1.0cm×0.8cm～2.2cm×1.5cm的拇指桡侧指动脉指间关节皮支为蒂岛状皮瓣修复;6例近节指腹缺损采用大小为1.0cm×0.8cm～2.6cm×2.2cm的拇指桡侧指动脉掌指关节皮支为蒂岛状皮瓣修复。供区游离植皮修复。结果术后皮瓣及植皮均顺利成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。10例均获随访,随访时间6～12个月,平均8个月。皮瓣质地柔软,指腹外形无臃肿,颜色与患指周围皮肤相似。末次随访时皮瓣两点辨别觉为7～10mm。拇指功能根据总主动活动度(TAM)法评定,获优8例,良1例,可1例,优良率90%。结论拇指桡侧指动脉关节皮支为蒂岛状皮瓣不损伤拇指指动脉和指神经,手术操作简便,可较好修复拇指指腹缺损。     

拇指桡掌侧动脉为蒂的大鱼际逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇指指腹缺损

目的　介绍应用拇指桡掌侧动脉为蒂的大鱼际逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇指指腹缺损的手术方法。方法　1 996年至 2 0 0 1年 ,共修复拇指指腹缺损 1 5例。皮瓣设计在大鱼际区 ,以拇指桡掌侧动脉为蒂 ,旋转点在指间关节以近。皮瓣面积最小为 1 5cm× 3 0cm ,最大为 3 0cm× 3 .5cm。结果　所有皮瓣全部成活。术后随访半年到 1年 ,指腹外观 ,皮肤弹性、色泽均良好。指腹二点分辨觉为 8～ 1 0mm。结论　拇指桡掌侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣操作简单、血供可靠 ,是修复拇指指腹软组织缺损的较好方法。     

第Ⅱ掌背动脉蒂掌背岛状皮瓣

介绍一种改良第Ⅱ掌背动脉皮瓣的新术式。方法　应用以第Ⅱ掌背动脉远端为蒂的旋转点的掌背岛状皮瓣,修复拇指创面７例,皮瓣面积１ｃｍ ×３ｃｍ～２ｃｍ ×４ｃｍ,血管蒂长６～７ｃｍ。结果 ７例皮瓣均成活,效果满意。结论当指背皮肤同时受损,而难以应用示、中指背岛状皮瓣时,可用此手部小型岛状皮瓣修复拇指创面。     

拇指桡侧指背筋膜蒂皮瓣的临床应用

近年来，我科应用拇指桡侧指背筋膜蒂皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损，获得了满意的疗效。     

带掌骨背动脉的逆行岛状皮瓣在手外伤中的应用

在掌骨远端存在掌骨掌、背动脉的血管吻合网，因此可以沿掌骨背动脉逆行掀起一个岛状皮瓣，用这个皮瓣复盖手指背侧的创面。介绍１１例采用掌骨背侧逆行岛状皮瓣病例，均取得满意效果，成瓣全部成活。我们认为带掌骨背动脉的逆行岛状皮瓣，对于修复手指背侧创伤是一很有用途的手术方法。     

第一掌骨背尺侧筋膜皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损

拇指皮肤软组织缺损是手部的一种常见的损伤，对于拇指这类重要手指损伤的修复从外观、质地、感觉等要求较高。2002年12月至2005年11月．笔应用第一掌骨背尺侧筋膜皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损创面55例，获得了良好的手术疗效。报道如下。     

第2掌骨背神经筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复食指创面

目的报道第2掌骨背神经筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复食指创面的临床应用效果。方法采用第2掌骨背神经筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复食指不同的缺损创面33例。结果33例皮瓣均成活,1例供区植皮部分坏死,经换药后瘢痕愈合。结论第2掌骨背神经筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复食指各种缺损创面具有操作简单,手术时间短,技术要求低,术后易观察及护理,皮瓣成活率高,基层医院易开展等优点。     

拇指背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的改进及应用

自１９９２年以来，采用拇指背动脉为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣修复指端缺损６例，均获成功。皮瓣为１．５ｃｍ×２ｃｍ～４ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ。经随访，拇指外形好，关节活动不受限，有痛觉恢复。手术的改进要点是：供区为第１、２掌骨背侧，不需切断拇短伸肌健。操作更简单，术后功能恢复快。     

第1掌背动脉皮瓣一期修复儿童拇指软组织缺损

目的探讨第1掌背动脉皮瓣一期顺行修复儿童拇指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法选取自2009-06—2012—06收治的拇指皮肤组织缺损息儿11例,行急诊清创、残端修整及伴肌腱断裂的修补,骨折患者给予克氏针内固定,11例均予一期第1掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损。结果术后组织瓣全部成活,供区、受区伤口均一期愈合,质地与色泽较好。随访时间为3。24个月,平均10个月,无继发性感染发生,感觉恢复S3一S4,肢体外形与功能满意。结论儿童拇指软组织缺损应用第1掌背动脉皮瓣移植修复、重建软组织,可以避免儿童患拇指功能障碍。采用该皮瓣技术血供可靠、操作简单,是一期修复儿童拇指皮肤缺损理想的治疗方法。     

带掌背浅静脉的第三掌背动脉岛状皮瓣

目的探讨带掌背浅静脉的第三掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的手术方法,扩大第三掌背动脉皮瓣的修复范围,提高皮瓣的成活质量。方法通过皮瓣蒂部带第三掌背皮神经及掌背浅静脉,在原轴线近端距轴点6cm左右,以浅静脉为轴线向腕背部延伸,在此轴线上设计切取皮瓣。自1999年以来,修复中指、环指近、中节指背或指腹软组织缺损13例,其中合并远节指腹指背软组织缺损5例。结果皮瓣全部成活,2例类似于静脉皮瓣成活。结论本术式扩大了第三掌背动脉岛状皮瓣的修复范围,使之可修复中、环指的整个指背或指腹软组织缺损。该术式操作方便,效果较好,值得临床推广。     

改良掌背逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨切取掌背皮瓣的改进方法及其临床应用效果方法：复习相关掌背动脉解剖学研究成果,改进掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的切取方法,以背侧指蹼中点和两掌骨基底部汇合点连线设计为轴线,距指蹼缘近侧约1．5cm为旋转点,在深筋膜下、伸肌腱腱膜浅层解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支,临床分别应用修复12例食、中、环、小指中、近节皮肤软组织缺损。结果：12例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣术后远端出现张力性水疱,皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死,后创面经换药后愈合。术后随访3～6个月,皮瓣质地、外观满意,手背部外形功能良好。结论：自深筋膜下、指伸腱膜浅面解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支的掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣手术方法操作简便,对供区损伤小,应用于修复手指近、中节皮肤软组织软缺损创面临床效果好。     

第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2005年8月-2012年10月,采用第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损35例,术后随访3-24个月。结果本组35例皮瓣成活良好,外观满意,两点辨别觉达6-10mm,无虎口挛缩,拇食指的对捏、对掌功能恢复良好。结论第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损操作简单,供血血管变异率低,无需再次手术断蒂,也可制成带血运的掌骨、伸肌腱复合组织瓣,且能携带掌背皮神经重建感觉,值得临床推广。     

桡动脉腕背分支为蒂的手背逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨手背部桡动脉腕背分支为蒂的三种逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的手术方法及临床应用。方法桡动脉在腕背鼻烟窝穿出,与尺动脉掌深弓吻合之前,发出腕背皮支、第1掌背动脉、拇指背侧支以三支动脉为蒂,形成逆行鼻烟窝皮瓣、第1掌背动脉皮瓣、拇指背侧动脉皮瓣,修复虎口挛缩和指、示指、腕掌、腕背侧皮肤缺损。结果切取桡动脉腕背皮支逆行岛状皮瓣13例,修复拇指、虎口、指、腕掌、腕背组织损伤及缺损。术后随访皮瓣外形及手功能恢复效果满意。结论桡动脉腕背分支行岛状筋膜皮瓣血运好,质地柔软,切取方便,不牺牲主要动脉,是修复手部皮肤缺损的一种简单安全、损伤小的方法。     

第二掌背动脉游离皮瓣的临床应用

目的研究第二掌背动脉（ＳＤＭＡ）游离皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损的临床价值方法对１１例手部软组织缺损或伴有伸指肌腱缺损的病例,采用游离ＳＤＭＡ或游离复合ＳＤＭＡ皮瓣进行修复。其中,复合组织瓣３例。皮瓣面积为１．５ｃｍ×３ｃｍ～５ｃｍ×６．３ｃｍ。结果１０例完全成活,１例因术中动脉血管内广泛血栓形成而放弃手术,８例随访１４～６２个月。两点辨别觉：手背８～１１ｍｍ,指腹４～６ｍｍ。外形及功能满意。结论该皮瓣能修复手指各个部位软组织缺损,并能形成复合组织瓣修复同时伴有伸指肌肌腱缺损。     

Correction of thumb deformities after burn: versatility of first dorsal metacarpal artery flap

In the management of a debilitated burned hand due to contractures, thumb reconstruction constitutes the most crucial part for a beneficial functional outcome. Among the limited local flap alternatives for the thumb, the first dorsal metacarpal artery flap, harvested from the dorsal aspect of the index finger can provide elastic, durable and sensate coverage for soft tissue defects after contracture release. In a 3-year period, neurovascular island first dorsal metacarpal artery flap was used in 14 patients suffering thumb deformities. The time elapsed after the underlying injury until reconstruction ranged from 5 months to 17 years. Follow-up revealed that all deformities were successfully treated with satisfactory functional recovery and cosmetic results. Donor site morbidity was minimal with an acceptable scar on the dorsum of the index finger and adequate tendon gliding without producing extension deficit. Our experience with management of deformities involving the thumb and/or adjacent thenar area revealed that the first dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a reliable local neurovascular island flap option, offering acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes in respect to sensation, elasticity, durability and skin-match.     

First dorsal metacarpal artery islanded flap: A useful flap for reconstruction of thumb pulp defects

Thumb pulp defects are commonly due to avulsion injuries. It is very important to reconstruct these defects using sensate flaps as the thumb pulp needs to be sensate for implementing the various functions of the thumb. A very good option for coverage of these defects is the islanded first dorsal metacarpal artery flap. Our study was done over a period of 2 years and involved 9 consecutive cases of thumb pulp defects treated at our institution. The patients included 8 males and 1 female, ranging in age from 16 to 51 years old. The flap size ranged from 2 × 1.5 cm to 5 × 3 cm. We had only one complication in the form of partial flap necrosis, which fortunately healed following debridement without the need for a secondary procedure. All our cases were done under local anesthesia with tourniquet control. All the patients had good fine touch and average two-point discrimination of 6 mm, which was satisfactory. Our good results further reinforce the islanded first dorsal metacarpal artery flap as one the best flaps for sensate reconstruction of thumb pulp defects. It replaces the soft tissue loss at the thumb pulp with minimal donor site morbidity and with good return of thumb pulp sensation.     

First dorsal metacarpal artery flap for thumb reconstruction: a retrospective clinical study

Extensive pulp (zone 4) defects of the thumb, with the exposure of tendon or bone, are challenging reconstructive problems. Surgical treatment includes the use of local, regional, and free flaps. The first dorsal metacarpal artery flap has been used successfully for defects of the thumb. The innerved first dorsal metacarpal artery flap from the dorsum of the index finger was first described by Hilgenfeldt and refined by Holevich. An island flap carried on a neurovascular pedicle consisting of the first dorsal metacarpal artery was first demonstrated by Foucher and Braun. Seven innervated FDMCA island flaps were performed from May 2005 until July 2007 for thumb reconstruction. There were three women and four men with an average age of 54.9 years (range 28–89 years). The mean follow-up period was 15.4 months (range 4–29 months). The dominant hand was involved in six (85.7%) patients. In a retrospective clinical study, the following criteria were evaluated: (1) etiology of the defect, (2) time of reconstruction (primary vs. delayed), (3) survival rate of flap, (4) sensory function (Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments, static 2-PD, pain, cortical reorientation), (5) TAM measured with the Kapandji index, and (6) subjective patient satisfaction (SF 36). Four patients presented with trauma, two patients with defects after tumor resection and one with infection of the thumb. The flap was used for immediate reconstruction in three (42.9%) patients and for delayed reconstruction in four (57.1%) patients. Delayed reconstruction was performed 4.75 (1–12) months after initial trauma or first surgery. The donor area was grafted with full-thickness skin grafts in all cases. All flaps survived. The mean SWMF was 3.31 g and average statis 2-PD over the flap was 10.57 mm. Pain at the flap scored 3.71 over 10 and at the donor site 2.17 over 10. Paresthesia at the flap scored 0.57 over 4 and at the donor site 0.33 over 4. Complete cortical reorientation was only seen in one patient. The mean Kapandji score of the reconstructed thumb was 7.43 over 10. Using the SF-36, mean physical health of the patients scored 66.88% and mean mental health scored 70.55%. Disturbing pain and paresthesia of the flap are exceptional. The static 2-PD is more than 10 mm, and is clinically over the limit. Cortical reorientation was incomplete in all but one patient. Touch on thumb is felt on the dorsum of the index finger; however, sensation is not disturbing or interfering with the patient’s activities. Foucher described the technique débranchement–rébranchement in order to improve this problem. The postoperative total amount of motion of the reconstructed thumb was very good. The results demonstrated that the FDMCA flap has a constant anatomy and easy dissection. It has a low donor site morbidity if FTSG is used. It also shows good functional and aesthetic results. Therefore, the FDMCA flap is a first treatment of choice for defects of the proximal phalanx and proximal part of the distal phalanx of the thumb.