Selenium pretreatment prevents bacterial translocation in rat intestinal ischemia/reperfusion model.

Protective role of selenium against free radical damage was first demonstrated in the heart and this effect was further questioned in other systems. In the present study, the effects of exogenously administered selenium on intestinal fine morphology, lipid peroxidation, and bacterial translocation (BT) in experimental intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model were examined. Thirty-two male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomized into four groups. Sham group (n=8) underwent laparotomy only. In the I/R group (n=8), laparotomy was performed and the superior mesenteric artery was occluded using an atraumatic microvascular clamp for 30 min. In corresponding selenium-treated groups (n=8 each), sodium selenate was given 0.2 mg kg(-1)day(-1) intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 3 consecutive days, prior to surgery for either laparotomy only or with I/R. Twenty-four hours later, tissue samples from liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained under sterile conditions for microbiological analysis and further evaluation of I/R-induced intestinal injury. Ileum samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for histopathological evaluation. In the I/R group, the incidence of bacteria-isolated mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). Selenium supplementation prevented I/R-induced BT and significantly reduced the I/R-induced intestinal injury (P<0.05). Tissue MDA levels from the ileum specimens of selenium-treated rats were significantly lower than that of the I/R group (P<0.05). Our results provide evidence that the relationship between BT and lipid peroxidation in intestinal tissue is crucial. Selenium pretreatment reduces lipid peroxidation which contributes to the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity.     

短期禁食对大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注心律失常及心肌能量代谢的影响

目的：观察短期禁食（STF）对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）心律失常及心肌能量代谢的影响。方法：80只SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、I/R组、STF组、胺碘酮组、联合应用组。采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支30min,再灌注120min,建立心肌I/R模型。监测标准肢体Ⅱ导联心电图（ECG）,记录缺血期间室性心律失常（VA）的发生情况。实验结束取心肌,提取线粒体,测定线粒体细胞色素氧化酶（COX）及H＋-ATPase活性,采用HPLC法测定心肌组织中高能磷酸化合物ATP、ADP和AMP的含量,以试剂盒测定心肌组织Na＋/K＋-ATPase、Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性,观察STF对心肌的保护作用,并与胺碘酮作比较。结果：与I/R组比较,STF组室性早搏（VPC）出现时间明显推迟（P〈0.01）,持续时间明显缩短（P〈0.01）,室性心动过速（VT）和心室纤颤（VF）发生率都明显降低（P〈0.05）;I/R组COX和H＋-AT-Pase活性、心肌腺苷酸含量、ATPase的活性均显著降低（P〈0.01）,STF可使上述各种酶的活性及心肌腺苷酸的含量有所提高（P〈0.01）。以STF与胺碘酮联合应用对心肌的保护作用最为显著。结论：STF具有抗大鼠心肌I/R心律失常的作用,其机制可能与改善心肌组织的能量代谢有关。     

Presystemic metabolism of albendazole: experimental evidence of an efflux process of albendazole sulfoxide to intestinal lumen.

Albendazole (ABZ) presystemic clearance was studied in rat by perfusion of a 25 microM ABZ solution in isolated intestinal loops. Significant secretion of the active metabolite, ABZSO, into the lumen was observed. The metabolite was also present in mesenteric blood. After 30 min of intestinal perfusion, 64% of the ABZ dose had disappeared from lumen. The total amount of ABZSO measured was 0.341 +/- 0.04 nmol/cm with 0.176 +/- 0.03 nmol/cm in mesenteric blood. The metabolite secretion to intestinal lumen was 0.165 +/- 0.05 nmol/cm. Intestinal sulfoxidation was induced by repeated administration of ABZ and ABZ coadministered with surfactants, especially polysorbate 80. The enantioselectivity of the in vitro intestinal sulfoxidation of ABZ showed that the relative contribution of P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase was quite similar, but after the induction by ABZ coadministered with polysorbate 80, the cytochrome P-450 system contribution was significantly increased. The appearance of ABZSO in mesenteric blood clearance was also increased under these conditions.     

Melatonin alleviates intestinal injury,neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can cause multiple organ damage with extremely high morbidity and mortality. Melatonin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects against various diseases. This study aimed to explore whether melatonin had a protective effect against intestinal I/R-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction, and investigate its potential mechanisms. In this study, melatonin was administered to the rats with intestinal I/R, then histological changes in intestine and brain (frontal cortex and hippocampal CA1 area) tissues and cognitive function were detected, respectively. The encephaledema and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability were observed. Moreover, the alterations of proinflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β), oxidative response (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reactive oxygen species), apoptosis and proteins associated with inflammation, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) in brain tissues were examined. Furthermore, the expressions of TLR4, Myd88, and microglial activity were observed by multiple immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that intestinal I/R-induced abnormal neurobehavior and cerebral damage were ameliorated after melatonin treatment, which were demonstrated by improved cognitive dysfunction and aggravated histology. Furthermore, melatonin decreased the levels of proinflammatory factors and oxidative stress in plasma, intestine and brain tissues, attenuated apoptotic cell, and inhibited the expressions of related proteins and the immunoreactivity of TLR4 or Myd88 in microglia in brain tissues. These findings showed that melatonin might relieve neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction caused by intestinal I/R, which could be, at least partially, related to the inhibition of the TLR4/Myd88 signaling in microglia.     

Changes in protein and mRNA expression levels of claudin family after mucosal lesion by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the intestine is the leading cause of organ dysfunction after restoration of blood flow after diverse events, including shock and intestinal transplantation. I/R injury must be overcome for successful small intestinal transplantation. Tight junctions (TJ) are the most apical component of the intercellular junctional complex in epithelial cells; they establish cell polarity and functioning as major determinants of epithelial barrier function. Among the proteins that comprise TJ, the claudin family is thought to play a crucial role in homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the changes in function of TJ and behavior of the claudin family during intestinal I/R. Wistar/ST rats underwent intestinal ischemia by using the spring scale and surgical suture for 1h, followed by 24h of reperfusion. We examined the changes in area under the blood concentration curve (AUC) after oral administration of FD-4, which is a paracellular marker, and claudin-1, -2, -4, and -7 mRNA and protein expression levels in ileum. The structure of ileal mucosa was partly damaged and its function was diminished by intestinal I/R until 3h after reperfusion, but were almost recovered 24h after reperfusion. However, a time difference was shown between the recoveries of mucosal structure and function. Furthermore, a difference in the expression among various kinds of claudin was found. It was suggested that claudin-4 and multi-PDZ domain protein, which is a scaffolding protein, regulate intestinal paracellular permeability during intestinal I/R. Moreover, the changes in the expression level of claudin-2 were unique.     

Attenuation of contractile dysfunction by atorvastatin after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Growing number of studies implicate that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury that are unrelated to their cholesterol-lowering action. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate possible effects of atorvastatin on oxidative stress, neutrophil accumulation, and contractile response of terminal ileum segments in rats subjected to intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion model was generated by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h. Oral administration of atorvastatin at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day lasted 3 days just before induction of intestinal ischemia. At the end of reperfusion period, terminal ileum samples were removed to determine the concentrations of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and myeloperoxidase. Samples were collected also to assess histopathological alterations and contractile response to agonists. Ischemia/reperfusion significantly decreased contractile responses, and this decrease was attenuated by atorvastatin. Pretreatment with atorvastatin caused remarkable decrease in both oxidative stress and neutrophil accumulation. Atorvastatin appeared to be restoring amount of reduced glutathione back to about control level. Furthermore, the pretreatment lowered mucosal damage at histopathological level. Our results suggested that pretreatment with atorvastatin attenuated intestinal muscle dysfunction associated with ischemia/reperfusion. This remarkable effect of atorvastatin is accomplished at least by decreasing oxidative stress and neutrophil accumulation as well as preventing the depletion of reduced glutathione.     

Absorption and intestinal metabolism of SDZ-RAD and rapamycin in rats.

The new immunosuppressive agent, SDZ-RAD, and its analog rapamycin were examined for intestinal absorption, metabolism, and bioavailability in Wistar rats. Intestinal first-pass metabolism studies from rat jejunum showed that at 0.5 mg of SDZ-RAD/kg rat, 50% of the parent compound was metabolized in the intestinal mucosa, and this decreased to around 30% when SDZ-RAD was increased to 5.0 mg/kg rat. Results for rapamycin at the low dose were similar to those for SDZ-RAD, but at the higher dose only 1 to 14% of the total rapamycin absorbed was metabolized by the intestine. After i.v. administration of 1 mg/kg SDZ-RAD or rapamycin, the area under the concentration curve (AUC) for rapamycin was twice that of SDZ-RAD, resulting in a systemic clearance of 6.2 ml/min and 3.0 ml/min for SDZ-RAD and rapamycin, respectively. However, the AUC for oral absorption was similar for the two compounds: 140 and 172 ng*h/ml for SDZ-RAD and rapamycin, respectively. Because blood clearance was faster for SDZ-RAD after i.v. administration, the absolute oral bioavailability for SDZ-RAD was 16% compared with 10% for rapamycin. Overall, the data suggest that intestinal first pass is a major site of metabolism for SDZ-RAD and rapamycin and that intestinal absorption of SDZ-RAD was much faster than that of rapamycin. This allowed it to counteract the combined actions of faster systemic clearance and increased intestinal metabolism, resulting in comparable absolute exposure when given orally. Also, the coadministration of cyclosporin A with SDZ-RAD was shown to dramatically increase blood AUCs for SDZ-RAD, probably through saturating intestinal metabolism mechanisms.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注后NF-kB表达和细胞凋亡

目的:研究脑缺血再灌注后大鼠脑组织半暗区核因子(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-kB)基因表达的变化与神经细胞凋亡的关系。方法:用插线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉(M CAO)栓塞/再灌注模型,原位杂交法检测大鼠脑重度缺血(3h)及再灌注损伤不同时间点(2、3d)半暗区NF-kB表达;TUNEL法测定凋亡细胞。结果:脑缺血再灌注后,缺血半暗区NF-kB的表达明显升高(P<0.01)。凋亡细胞数量亦显著增加(P<0.01)。细胞凋亡的时程变化与NF-kB的表达基本一致。结论:局灶性重度脑缺血再灌注后可引起NF-K b表达的增加,参与缺血再灌注神经细胞损伤机制。     

四逆汤对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肠粘膜细胞凋亡的影响及神经酰胺机制

目的　研究四逆汤(SND)对大鼠肠缺血再灌注 (II/R后肠粘膜细胞凋亡的影响,并从神经酰胺信使通路探讨其抗凋亡机制。方法　24只SD大鼠随机分为 3组(n=8):对照组(仅分离不阻断肠系膜上动脉)、模型组 (阻断肠系膜上动脉 1h后再灌注 3h)、SND组(每天 3g·kg-1 SND灌胃,连续 3天后手术)。取回肠末端组织行电镜检查;检测肠粘膜组织SOD活性、MDA及神经酰胺含量的变化,TUNEL法检测肠粘膜上皮细胞的凋亡指数,RT PCR法分析肠粘膜组织鞘磷脂酶(SMase)基因表达的变化。结果　模型组电镜下可发现许多典型凋亡的上皮细胞,凋亡指数达 30 82%6 34%,SND预处理后凋亡指数为 14 91%±5 40%,明显低于模型组(P<0 01);模型组SOD活性明显低于对照组 (<0 01),MDA与神经酰胺含量以及SMase的基因表达明显高于对照组(P<0 01),且神经酰胺含量与凋亡指数具有良好的正相关 (r=0 852,P<0 01),与SOD活性具有负相关(r= -0 775,P<0 01 )。SND预处理能明显增强SOD活性,降低肠粘膜组织MDA及神经酰胺含量,减少肠粘膜组织SMase的基因表达(P<0 01)。SND组凋亡指数与神经酰胺的含量亦呈显著的正相关 (r=0 832,P<0 01 )。结论　SND具有抗II/R后肠粘膜细胞凋亡的作用,其作用与它清楚氧自由基、抑制SMase的基因表达、减少神经酰胺的生成有关。     

Changes in the localization of ileal P-glycoprotein induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion

P-glycoprotein is one of the most important transporters in the ATP binding cassette transporter. Moreover, it is well known that the efficacy of immunosuppressants, which are used after organ transplantation, is controlled by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). We investigated how ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which occurs after transplantation, influences the expression level and function of P-gp. To clarify the influence of intestinal I/R on the localization of P-gp, an intestinal ischemia model was produced using a spring scale and surgical sutures for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The expression levels of mRNA and protein of P-gp were examined. The protein expression levels of P-gp in ileal homogenate and the brush border membrane (BBM) were significantly decreased until 3 h after reperfusion. While the protein expression level of P-gp in homogenate showed a tendency to increase, that in the BBM continued to significantly decrease until 24 h after reperfusion. In contrast, the protein expression level of P-gp in the basolateral membrane (BLM) increased significantly until 24 h after reperfusion. While no significant change in multidrug resistance (mdr)-1a mRNA was found, the levels of mdr-1b and mdr-2 significantly increased during intestinal I/R. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines mRNA and nitric oxide (NO) also significantly increased. It was shown that mdr-1b and mdr-2 mRNA strongly participate in the recovery of P-gp protein level after intestinal I/R. We detected the abnormal localization of P-gp in the ileal membrane during intestinal I/R, suggesting NO and/or inflammatory cytokines participate in the abnormal localization of P-gp.     

异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌丙二醛和含水量的影响

目的 :探讨异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血 /再灌注心肌丙二醛 (MDA)和水肿程度的影响。方法 :采用改良Langendorff离体大鼠心脏模型 ,将 2 4只大鼠随机分成 4组。正常对照组 :用K H液持续灌注 80min ;缺血 /再灌注模型组 :用K H液预灌 30min ,然后用4℃的St.Thomas停搏液使心脏停跳 ,常温下全心停灌 2 0min ,K H液再灌注 30min ;异丙酚组和异丙酚 +格列本脲组 :从预灌第 15min改用含相应药液的K H液灌注 ,停灌同缺血 /再灌注模型组 ,然后用含相应药液的K H液再灌注 30min。测定心肌含水量、MDA含量和冠脉流出液肌酸激酶 (CK)活性。结果 :缺血再灌注可使心肌含水量、MDA含量和CK活性明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,30 μmol·L- 1异丙酚能显著减轻上述损伤性变化 ,格列本脲对异丙酚的心肌保护作用无影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :心肌缺血 /再灌注可致心肌水肿 ,异丙酚减轻水肿作用与其抗氧化有关 ,而与ATP 敏感性钾通道的开放无关     

S-nitroso human serum albumin improves oxygen metabolism during reperfusion after severe myocardial ischemia

Nitric oxide (NO) supplementation may modify myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular function after ischemia. We investigated the effects of the NO donor, S-nitroso human serum albumin (S-NO-HSA), on cardiac oxygen metabolism during controlled reperfusion on normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass after severe myocardial ischemia. Pigs randomly received either S-NO-HSA or human serum albumin prior to and throughout global myocardial ischemia. Myocardial oxygen utilization is impaired at the onset of reperfusion, which is not amenable to S-NO-HSA. However, NO supplementation during ongoing supply dependency of oxygen consumption eventually leads to greater myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption. In conjunction with a better washout of lactate, this indicates an improved capillary perfusion in the S-NO-HSA group during reperfusion, which results in a better contractile function post bypass.     

Metabolism of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide by ruminal and intestinal fluids of sheep and cattle.

1. The metabolism of albendazole (ABZ), albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO2) by ruminal, abomasal and ileal fluids of sheep and cattle was investigated under anaerobic conditions in vitro. 2. None of the compounds was metabolically changed by incubation with abomasal fluids of sheep and cattle. 3. ABZ and ABZSO were extensively metabolized by sheep and cattle ruminal and ileal fluids. ABZSO2 was unaffected by incubation with these gastrointestinal fluids. 4. The rate of ABZ oxidation into ABZSO was greater for cattle ruminal and ileal fluids than for sheep fluids. 5. ABZSO was reduced back to ABZ by ruminal and ileal fluids of both species. This reducing activity was significantly higher for both ruminal and ileal fluids of sheep compared with those of cattle.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注后脑组织病理变化的研究

目的:本文旨在观察大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞/再灌注后动物的脑组织含水量、脑梗塞体积和脑组织的病理学变化。方法:采用插线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞/再灌注模型,并观察脑缺血/再灌注不同时点大鼠的神经病学评分(Kuluz法)、脑组织含水量(Hallenbeck法)、脑梗塞体积(Nedergaard法)、组织病理学变化(HE染色)。结果:大脑中动脉栓塞3h、栓塞3h/再灌注24、48h时,损伤加重。结论:再灌注后脑组织损伤加重。     

川芎嗪联用左旋精氨酸对缺血-再灌注损伤兔肝脏能量代谢的影响

目的:探讨川芎嗪(LGT)、左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)联合使用对肝缺血-再灌注损伤(HIRI)时肝细胞能量代谢的影响及其机制。方法:实验兔40只,建立肝缺血-再灌注模型后随机分4组:模型组,LGT组,L-Arg组和LGT+L-Arg组,每组10只。再灌注45 min时,分别检测肝组织内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、一磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量、总腺苷酸量(TAN)、能荷(EC)、丙二醛浓度(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO2-／NO3-)水平、血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮基-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)含量和TXB2／6-keto-PGF1α比值。结果:与模型组比较,LGT组、L-Arg组、LGT+L-Arg组肝组织内ATP、EC、NO2-／NO3-、6-keto-PGF1α含量及SOD活性均明显增高(P<0.05和P<0.01),MDA、TXB2含量及TXB2／6-keto-PGF1α比值均显著减少(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结论:LGT联用L-Arg可通过降低体内氧自由基水平、提高一氧化氮水平、纠正TXA2与PGI2的平衡,而改善缺血-再灌注损伤肝脏的能量代谢。     

Trolox C ameliorates hepatic drug metabolizing dysfunction after ischemia/reperfusion

The present study was done to determine the effect of trolox C, a hydrophilic analogue of vitamin E, on hepatic injury, especially the alteration in cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-dependent drug metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Rats were subjected to 60 min of hepatic ischemia and 5 h of reperfusion. Rats were treated intravenously with trolox C (2.5 mg/kg) or vehide (PBS, pH 7.4), 5 min before reperfusion. Serum alanine aminotransferase and lipid peroxidation levels were markedly increased after I/R. This increase was significantly suppressed by trolox C. Cytochrome P-450 content was decreased after I/R but was restored by trolox C. There were no significant differences in ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP 1A1) and methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP 1A2) activities among any of the experimental groups. Pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP 2B1) activity was decreased and aniline p-hydroxylase (CYP 2E1) activity was increased after I/R. Both these changes were prevented by trolox C. Our findings suggest that trolox C reduces hepatocellular damage as indicated by abnormalities in microsomal drug-metabolizing function during I/R, and that this protection is, in part, caused by decreased lipid peroxidation.     

促红细胞生成素预处理通过抗凋亡减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin,EPO)预处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制。方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(Sham组)、肠缺血再灌注损伤组(IRI组)、促红细胞生成素预处理组(EPO组),每组8只。Sham组、IRI组手术前1 h给予生理盐水(5 000 U/kg,腹腔注射),EPO组缺血前1 h给予促红细胞生成素(5 000 U/kg,腹腔注射),IRI组和EPO组采用血管夹夹闭肠系膜上动脉,置于32℃温箱后45 min后松开血管夹。Sham组操作同上,但不夹闭肠系膜上动脉。再灌注1 h后处死大鼠,收集血清和小肠标本。HE染色后观察小肠病理学形态学变化,采用Western blot检测EPOR、p-EPOR、JAK2、p-JAK2、pSTAT3、STAT3、Bax、Cleavage-caspase3、Bcl-2、Caspase3。结果与Sham组比较,IRI组病理改变及p-EPOR、pJAK2、p-STAT3、Bax、Cleavage-caspase3表达明显增加(P<0.05),Bcl-2、Caspase3表达减少(P<0.05)。与IRI组比较,EPO组病理改变、Cleavage-caspase3蛋白表达减少(P<0.05),p-EPOR、p-JAK2、p-STAT3、Bcl-2、Caspase3表达明显增加(P<0.05)。结论促红细胞生成素预处理可通过诱导JAK2/STAT3信号通路激活而抑制凋亡,减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤。     

基于Ussing Chamber技术评价阿苯达唑纳米晶体在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性

目的:研究阿苯达唑纳米晶体(ABZ-NCs)在大鼠不同肠段的吸收动力学特征.方法:采用尤斯室技术进行肠吸收试验,利用高效液相色谱法测定ABZ-NCs在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠4个肠段的吸收状况,并考察不同浓度药物对肠吸收的影响,同时与ABZ片剂(T-ABZ)进行比较.结果:ABZ-NCs不同浓度在不同肠段均有吸收...