慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗早期T细胞表面PD-1的表达

背景：慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者T细胞表面程序性死亡受体1（PD-1）呈持续性高表达。然而关于抗病毒治疗前后慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者T细胞表面PD-1表达变化及其与病毒载量关系的报道较少。目的：动态观察CHB患者抗病毒治疗早期外周血CD4＋和CD8＋T细胞表面PD-1表达水平,探讨其表达与血清HBV DNA载量和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平之间的关系。方法：以流式细胞术分别检测31例CHB患者抗病毒治疗前或基线期（T1）、治疗后4～8周（他）和12．16周（T3）的外周血CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞表面PD-1表达水平,以实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测血清HBV DNA载量,同时检测血清ALT水平。结果：抗病毒治疗早期,CHB患者外周血CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞表面PD．1表达水平逐渐下调（P〈0．05）,血清HBV DNA载量和ALT水平亦逐步降低（P〈0．01）;CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞表面PD-1表达与HBV DNA载量（P〈0．01）和ALT水平（P〈0．05）均呈正相关。结论：有效的抗病毒治疗可通过降低CHB患者的病毒载量使T细胞表面PD-1表达下调,T细胞表面PD-1表达水平与患者疾病状态密切相关。     

PD-1/PD-L1信号通路与慢性乙型肝炎

目的：程序性死亡分子-1（programmed death-1,PD-1）是近年来发现的属于B7/CD28家族的重要协同刺激分子,与其配体（programmed death -1 ligand,PD-L）结合后在调节T淋巴细胞的活化、分化及增殖功能方面起着重要作用。在慢性HBV感染不同阶段,PD-1表达水平存在差异,且与肝脏炎症程度、ALT及病毒载量等密切相关。通过不同途径阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路可以使耗竭的T淋巴细胞功能得到改善,提示可能是未来抗病毒治疗的方向之一。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗与免疫细胞上PD-1/PD-L1表达的关系

在我国,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)在体内不断复制并由此导致的肝细胞免疫病理损伤是H B V感染后慢性化及病情加重的原因,因此,抗病毒是阻止病情进展的有效手段.在多种与宿主免疫调控异常有关的发病机制中,程序性死亡分子1(programmed death 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡分子1配体1(PD-1 ligand 1,PD-L1)通路被认为与HBV感染后结局相关,本文就慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者抗病毒治疗与免疫细胞上PD-1/PD-L1表达间关系进行综述.     

PD-1/PD-L信号通路在慢性HBV感染免疫反应中的作用

慢性乙型肝炎是影响我国人群健康的主要疾病之一,HBV的慢性感染可导致疾病的进展。程序性死亡因子(PD)1是近年来发现的属于B7/CD28家族的重要协同刺激分子,与其配体(PD-L)结合后在调节T淋巴细胞的活化、分化及增殖功能方面起着重要作用。在慢性HBV感染的不同阶段,PD-1及其配体的表达存在差异。PD-1及其配体在不同的免疫细胞上的相互作用引起机体的免疫耐受,最终导致HBV感染的慢性化。通过不同途径阻断PD-1/PD-L通路可以使耗竭的T淋巴细胞功能得到改善,提示可能是未来抗病毒治疗的方向之一。     

急性乙型肝炎患者体内巨细胞病毒特异性CD8 T细胞漂移的研究

目的通过观察急性乙型肝炎发病早期患者体内巨细胞病毒（CMV）CTL的数量和程序性细胞死亡受体1（PD-1）的表达水平,探讨该信号途径对CMVCTL频率和功能的影响。方法合成识别CMVV抗原表位的五聚体,同时采集12例HLA-A2阳性的急性乙型肝炎患者的外周血,用五聚体染色后,通过流式细胞仪分析CMVPP65表位特异性CTL的频率及其表面PD-1分子的表达特点,通过阻断PD-1/PD-L1信号途径的方法,探讨PD-1分子的表达对CMVCTL功能的影响。同时进行肝功能、HBsAg、抗-HBs和血清HBV DNA载量检测。结果急性乙型肝炎发病早期,患者体内CMVCTL的频率显著低于健康对照（P〈0.001）,同时PD-1分子的表达显著升高（P〈0.05）,该分子的上调表达与CMV特异性CD8T细胞的凋亡有关,而且阻断PD-1分子与其配体PD-L1的结合,能够有效恢复CMV特异性CD8T细胞分泌因子IFN-γ的能力。结论急性HBV感染造成异质性病毒CMVCTL的数量减少和功能降低,且免疫抑制性分子PD-1参与并调节了CMVCTL的数量减少和功能的降低,提示在人的病毒感染早期,免疫抑制性信号途径参与的删除前存在的记忆性CD8T细胞会为抵抗新病毒感染的抗原特异性T细胞提供更多的空间。     

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者外周血单个核细胞表达程序性死亡分子-1及其配体与血清乙型肝炎病毒DNA水平的相关性

目的 研究程序性死亡分子-1(PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)表达水平与慢性HBV感染者HBV DNA水平的相关性及抗病毒治疗对其表达的影响.方法 检测137例慢性HBV感染者的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)表面PD-1和PD-L1,并检测其中64例人类白细胞抗原(HLA)-A2阳性者HBV特异性CTL数量.ELlSA法检测PBMC体外培养上清液中IFN-γ浓度.比较10例HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者予替比夫定抗病毒治疗24周前后上述指标的变化.两组间均数比较采用两独立样本的t检验,多组间的差异采用单因素方差分析,相关分析采用Pearson相关分析.结果 HBV DNA＜3 lg、3～6 lg和＞6 lg拷贝/mL组问PBMC表面PD-1和PD-L1表达均明显高于健康对照组,但差异无统计学意义;3组HBV特异性CTL表面PD-1表达分别为(69.3±11.2)%、(76.5±9.1)%和(78.0±11.7)%,HBV DNA＞6 lg拷贝/mL 组PD-1表达明显高于＜3 lg拷贝/mL组,而HBV特异性CTL数量明显低于＜3 lg拷贝/mL组;3组PBMC体外培养上清液中IFN-γ水平差异无统计学意义.HBeAg阳性组和阴性组间上述指标差异无统计学意义.替比夫定抗病毒治疗12周和24周时,PD-1、PD-L1表达较治疗前明显下降,伴有HBV特异性CTL数量逐渐增加和IFN-γ水平升高.结论 慢性HBV感染者PBMC表面PD-1的表达较健康者明显上调,且HBV特异性CTL表面表达PD-1水平与血清HBV DNA水平相关,但与HBeAg状态无关.抑制HBV复制能降低PD-1、PD-L1表达,并增加HBV特异性CTL的数量和功能.

Abstract：

Objective To study the relationship between programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) expressions and serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods A total of 137 CHB patients and 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from fresh blood samples. HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) was expanded in vitro in 64 human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 positive patients. Flow cytometry was used to detect HLA-A2 type,expressions of PD-1/PD-L1 on PBMCs and PD-1 on HBV specific CTL. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)was measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. PD-1/PD-L1expressions on PBMCs, HBV-specific CTL and IFN-γ level in PBMC culture medium were compared among patients with different baseline HBV DNA levels. Ten hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive patients were treated with telbivudine for 24 weeks. The above mentioned parameters were determined and compared before and after the antiviral treatment. Independent-samples t test were used to compare means between two groups and one-way A NOVA were used to compare means among multigroups. We used the pearson corretation test to assess corretation significance. Results The PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions on PBMCs in patients with baseline HBV DNA＜3 lg copy/mL, 3-6 lg copy/mL and ＞6 lg copy/mL were all significant higher than those in healthy control group, but no statistical differences were found. PD-1 expressions on HBV-specific CTL in the three CHB patient groups were (69.3±11.2)%, (76.5±9. 1)% and (78.0±11.7)%, respectively. However, PD-1 expression on HBV-specific CTL was higher, while the frequency of HBV-specific CTL cells was lower in HBV DNA ＞6 lg copy/mL group compared to HBV DNA＜3 lg copy/mL group. The above parameters, including expressions of PD-1 and PD-L1, the frequency of HBV-specific CTL and its PD-1 expression were not significantly different between HBeAg-positive group and HBeAg-negative group. Compared with baseline, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression decreased obviously accompanying with increase of HBV-specific CTL cells frequency and IFN-γ level after 12 weeks and 24 weeks of telbivudine treatment. Conclusions PD-1 expression on HBV-specific CTL correlates with serum HBV DNA level, but not HBeAg status in CHB patients. Suppression of HBV replication can reduce PD-1/PD-L1 expressions and partially restore HBV specific CTL function.     

54例慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织乙型肝炎病毒共价闭合环状DNA与血清HBsAg定量检测结果分析

目的 检测慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织HBV共价闭合环状DNA (cccDNA)和血清HBsAg,分析两种定量指标之间及其与血清HBV DNA载量的相关性.方法 应用PSAD消化+滚环扩增+跨缺口实时荧光PCR方法,定量检测54例慢性乙型肝炎患者甲醛固定石蜡包埋肝组织HBV cccDNA水平;用化学发光试剂定量检测患者血清HBsAg.用Pearson检验及直线回归分析方法 对数据进行分析.结果 患者肝组织HBV cccDNA与血清HBsAg定量水平之间呈正相关(r=0.459,P＜0.01),但与血清HBV DNA载量相关性无统计学意义;血清HBsAg定量水平与血清HBV DNA载量呈正相关(r=0.328,P＜ 0.05),与病毒复制效率呈负相关(r=-0.373,P＜0.05).结论 慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织HBV cccDNA载量与血清HBsAg定量水平相关,结合血清HBVDNA定量检测,可以更全面的反映HBV的复制水平,评价抗病毒疗效.     

定量检测慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织乙型肝炎病毒DNA的临床价值

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝内乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA载量与血清HBV DNA、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)水平的相关性及其在抗病毒治疗中的意义.方法41例HBeAg阳性CHB患者,在干扰素α和拉米夫定联合治疗前进行肝穿刺,取肝组织分别进行HBV DNA检测及组织学检查,据肝组织HBVDNA载量小于等于或大于104fg/cm3将其分为两组,治疗前及治疗期间监测其肝功能、血清HBeAg及HBV DNA情况.结果(1)肝组织HBV DNA载量高于血清HBV DNA载量(对数值4.081±1.127与3.163±1.010,t=2.218,P＜0.05),二者高度相关(r=0.840,t=4.322,P＜0.001);肝组织HBV DNA载量与血清HBeAg亦呈正相关(r=0.459,t=3.056,P＜0.005).(2)肝组织HBV DNA载量与肝组织炎症活动度呈反向关系(x2=3.874,P＜0.05).(3)治疗期间两组患者血清HBV DNA水平均明显下降,治疗前肝组织HBV DNA水平低者效果较好;治疗1年时HBeAg、抗-HBe血清转化率以肝组织HBV DNA水平低者为高(HBeAg转阴率68.4%与36.4%,x2=4.194,P＜0.05;抗-HBe阳转率73.7%与40.9%,x2=4.447,P＜0.05).结论肝组织HBV DNA水平较血清HBV DNA、HBeAg水平更能准确反映肝组织HBV DNA复制情况,且能间接反映机体的免疫状态,可作为抗病毒治疗适应证选择及疗效预测因子.     

小儿乙型肝炎病毒标志物与HBV DNA的关系研究

了解小儿乙型肝炎HBVM与HBV DNA含量之间的关系及临床意义.采用微粒子酶免分析法(MEIA)检测HBVM,PCB法检测HBV DNA.乙肝患儿血清HBeAg滴度与HBV DNA密切相关(P＜0.005).HBsAg,ALT与HBVDNA则无关联(P＞0.05).慢性重度乙肝患儿血清HBV DNA水平明显低于慢性轻度(P＜0.001)及慢性中度(P＜0.05).HBVM及HBV DNA定量检测,能准确地评价HBV在宿主体内的复制情况,可作为临床上评价病毒复制程度和抗病毒疗效观察的指标.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清白细胞介素33与HBV DNA及ALT水平的相关性分析

目的分析慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清白细胞介素(IL)33的水平,探讨其与HBV DNA载量及ALT水平的相关性。方法选取2014年2-11月在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院就诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者119例,选取同期来院的131例健康者作为对照,通过酶联免疫吸附试验测定其血清IL-33水平。对慢性乙型肝炎患者通过实时荧光定量PCR测定其HBV DNA载量(取对数值),通过连续监测法测定其ALT水平。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,血清IL-33水平与HBV DNA载量及ALT水平的相关性采用Pearson相关分析。结果慢性乙型肝炎组患者血清IL-33水平为(62.7±29.3)ng/ml,健康对照组为(16.4±4.5)ng/ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=17.02,P0.01)。在慢性乙型肝炎患者中,血清IL-33水平与HBV DNA载量呈负相关(r=-0.703,P0.01),与ALT水平呈正相关(r=0.324,P0.01)。结论在慢性乙型肝炎患者体内,IL-33作为一种免疫刺激因子,可能对HBV的复制具有抑制作用。     

恩替卡韦治疗后慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞表面程序性死亡受体1表达与HBeAg血清学转换的关系

目的 动态观察慢性乙型肝炎患者恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗后不同时期外周血T淋巴细胞(简称T细胞)表面程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)表达的变化,并探讨其与HBeAg血清学转换间的关系.方法 对20例HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者予以恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗并随访51周,根据HBeAg是否发生血清学转换分为:HBeAg未转换组(14例),HBeAg转换组(6例).分别于治疗前(基线,T0)、治疗2～4周(T1)、治疗5～10周(T2)、治疗11～20周(T3)、治疗21～30周(T4)、治疗31～51周(T5)收集外周血,流式细胞术检测CD4+、CD8+T细胞表面PD-1的表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测血清HBV DNA载量,同时检测血清ALT水平.正态分布资料采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布者采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较组间差异,相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析.结果 治疗前两组患者血清HBV DNA载量分别为(7.54±0.67)log10拷贝/ml、(7.30±0.79)log10拷贝/ml(P＞0.05),ALT水平为(187.26±184.15)U/L、(272.17±215.07)U/L(P＞0.05),外周血CD4+T细胞表面PD-1表达水平为6.04%±3.71%6.77%±2.88%(P＞0.05),CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达水平为6.39%±3.33%、8.88%±2.84%(P＞0.05).恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗后两组患者血清HBV DNA载量、ALT水平的下降与CD4+、CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达的下调呈显著正相关(r=0.212,P=0.05;r=0.377,P＜0.01;r=0.279,P＜0.05;r=0.347,P＜0.01).在相同的随访时间段内,HBeAg转换组血清HBV DNA载量、ALT水平及外周血CD4+、CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达的下降率均高于HBeAg未转换组,且两组间△ T0～T1、△T0～T2期HBV DNA的下降率及△T0～T2、△T0～T3期CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达的下降率差异有统计学意义(分别为49.9%对比37.3%,56.7%对比47.4%,70.1%对比-4.2%,66.9%对比24.5%,P值均＜0.05).结论 HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者经恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗后,外周血CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达的快速下调与血清HBV DNA相似,可作为预测后期HBeAg血清学转换的指标之一.

Abstract：

Objective To observe longitudinally the expression of Programmed death 1 (PD-1) on peripheral blood T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients underwent antiviral treatment with entecavir (ETV)and to explore the relationship between PD-1 expression and HBeAg seroconversion.Methods Twenty HBeAg positive patients underwent antiviral treatment with ETV were followed up for 51 weels.14 patients remained HBeAg positive and 6 patients achieved HBeAg seroconversion.Peripheral blood was collected at six time points:T0:baseline,T1:2-4week;T2:5-10week;T3:11-20week;T4:21-30week:T5:31-51week.PD-1 expressions on T cells were assessed by flow cytometry.Serum HBV DNA loads were determined by real-time fluorescent quanttative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum ALT levels were examined at the same time.Results At baseline,serum HBV DNA load of patients without HBeAg seroconversion and with HBeAg seroconversion were (7.54 ± 0.67) log10 copies/ml and (7.30 ± 0.79) log10 copies/ml(P ＞ 0.05),the ALT levels were (187.26 ± 184.15) U/L and (272.17 ± 215.07) U/L (P ＞ 0.05),PD-1 exprissions on CD4+ T cells were 6.04% ± 3.71% and 6.77% ± 2.88% (P ＞ 0.05),PD-1 exprissions on CD8+ T cells were 6.39% ± 3.33% and 8.88% ± 2.84% (P ＞ 0.05).After ETV treatment,serum HBV DNA loads and ALT levels both decreased gradually,which was positively correlated with PD-1 expressions on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (r = 0.212,P = 0.05;r = 0.377,P ＜ 0.01;r = 0.279,P ＜ 0.05;r = 0.347,P ＜ 0.01 ).During the same monitoring period,the HBV DNA loads,ALT levels and PD-1 expressions on T cells of the patients with HBeAg seroconversion decreased significantly as compared with the patients without HBeAg seroconversion.Besides,the decrease of HBV DNA loads during period △ T0-T1 and △ T0-T2 and PD-1 expressions on CD8+ T cells during period △ T0-T2 and △ T0-T3 were significantly different between these two kinds of patients (49.9% vs 37.3%,P ＜ 0.05;56.7% vs 47.4%,P ＜ 0.05;70.1% vs -4.2%,P ＜ 0.05;66.9% vs 24.5%,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The rapid decrease of PD-1 expression on peripheral CD8+ T cells after antiviral treatment with ETV is positvely correlated with the decrease of serum HBV DNA loads and may be used as a predictive index for HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg positive patients.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗过程中程序性死亡分子1及其配体表达的变化

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者在抗病毒治疗过程中程序性死亡分子1(PD-1)及其主要配体PD-L1表达的变化情况及其与HBeAg/抗-Hbe血清学转换的关系.方法 对10例人类白细胞抗原(HLA)-A2阳性的HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者予以替比夫定抗病毒治疗24 周,分别于治疗的0、12周和24周随访,检测HBV DNA水平、外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)表面PD-1和PD-L1表达水平、HBV特异性T淋巴细胞数量与其表达PD 1水平,及PBMC体外培养上清液中干扰素(IFN)γ水平.其中HBV DNA定量采用荧光定量PCR法检测;PBMC自新鲜血分离,部分PBMC加入重组HBcAg体外培养7d,加入HBV抗原表位肽五聚体复合体;PD-1和PD-L1阳性细胞、CD8'T淋巴细胞以及CD8和PD-1双阳性细胞用流式细胞仪检测;IFN γ水平用酶联免疫吸附试验检测.比较不同时间点PBMC表面PD-1和PD L1表达水平、HBV特异性CD8'T淋巴细胞数量及其PD-1表达水平、PBMC培养上清液中IFN γ水平.对抗病毒治疗前后对应指标数值的变化采用配对t检验分析.结果 治疗前HBV DNA水平为5.16～8.77 log10拷贝/ml,治疗24周时,7例HBV DNA水平低于检测下限,3例仍可检测到,但明显低于基线水平.2例HBeAg/抗-Hbe血清学转换,2例HBeAg阴转,6例仍维持HBeAg阳性.0、12周和24周PBMC表面PD 1表达水平分别为52.1%±17.0%、39.1%±18.2%和23.4%±16.3%(24周和0周比较,P＜0.01);PD-L1分别为45.6%±15.4%、34.6%±16.2%和20.9%±9.5%(24周和0周,P＜0.01;24周和12周比较P＜0.05);HBV特异性T淋巴细胞上PD-1表达水平分别为76.2%±10.4%、66.5%±15.4%和49.5%±25.3%(24周和0周比较,P＜0.01;12周和0周比较,P＜0.05;24周和12周比较,P＜0.05);HBV特异性T淋巴细胞分别为1.3%±0.5%、1.5%±1.0%和2.2%±1.5%; IFN γ水平(pg/ml)分别为91.7±82.1、99.4+93.5和109.0+86.6.24周HBeAg/抗-Hbe血清学转换者上述指标变化明显大于无HBeAg/抗-Hbe血清学转换者.结论 直接抑制HBV复制能降低PD-1、PD-L1表达水平,并增加HBV特异性CD8'T淋巴细胞的数量和功能.早期PD-1快速下降和HBV特异性T淋巴细胞数量及功能的恢复与早期HBeAg/抗-Hbe血清学转换的关系有待于进一步研究.     

芪灵合剂对慢性乙型肝炎患者T细胞表面程序性死亡1和程序性死亡配体1表达的影响

目的：观察中药芪灵合剂对慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞表面程序性死亡1（Programmed death-1,PD-1）及程序性死亡配体1（Programmed death-1 ligand1,PD-L1）表达水平的影响。方法：收集56例CHB患者随机分为芪灵合剂联合拉米夫定片（LAM）治疗组29例和单用LAM对照组27例,于抗病毒治疗的第0、24、48周用流式细胞术检测外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞及其表面的PD-1/PD-L1的表达情况。结果：治疗48周后,治疗组患者HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率均高于对照组,与对照组比较,HBV DNA转阴率具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗组患者外周血CD4＋T细胞表面PD-1 24周、48周表达水平与治疗前比较逐渐下降;48周时与本组治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗组患者CD4＋T细胞PD-L1 48周后表达水平与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：中药芪灵合剂联合LAM能够提高CHB患者HBV DNA转阴率,ALT复常率,其作用机制可能与抑制CD4＋T淋巴细胞表面PD-1/PD-L1的表达有关。     

乙型肝炎相关性肝功能衰竭患者外周血PD-1表达的临床意义

目的 观察乙型肝炎相关性肝功能衰竭患者细胞程序性死亡因子-1 (PD-1)表达特点及临床意义.方法 针对不同表位合成3种pentamer,采集16例急性和慢加急性肝功能衰竭患者外周血,并收集15例急性乙型肝炎(AHB)患者外周血作为对照,流式细胞仪分析各组病毒特异性CTL细胞的频率及其表面PD-1分子表达水平,同时观察与肝功能和血清HBV DNA载量的相关性.组间比较采用Mann-whitneyU检验.结果 与AHB患者比较,肝功能衰竭患者发病早期病毒特异性CD8 T淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平显著降低,该阶段PD-1表达水平与转氨酶呈显著正相关,但与病毒载量无明显相关性.随访发现,AHB患者早期,PD-1高水平表达,随着疾病康复,PD-1表达逐渐降低；而肝功能衰竭患者早期PD-1表达较低,随后显著增加,而后随着疾病恢复,PD-1进一步降低.结论 肝功能衰竭患者发病早期外周血PD-1表达水平较AHB患者显著降低,而PD-1延迟高表达则与急性肝功能衰竭的发生密切相关.     

Longitudinal fluctuations in PD1 and PD-L1 expression in association with changes in anti-viral immune response in chronic hepatitis B

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the role of PD1 and its ligand PD-L1 in chronic hepatitis B infection. In some studies, persistent HBV infection has been attributed to high levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on HBV-specific T-cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) respectively. Other studies revealed that the up-regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 during an acute inflammation phase is required to offset increasing positive co-stimulatory signals to avoid severe damage by an over-vigorous immune response. METHODS: Fifteen chronic hepatitis B patients, with inflammatory flare episode, were recruited prospectively. Based on serum HBV-DNA, HBsAg load, and ALT values, inflammatory flare episode were divided into initial, climax, decline and regression phase. Blood sample and liver biopsy tissues from each individual were taken in these 4 phases respectively. Circulating and intra-hepatic PD1 and PD-L1 expression levels were monitored throughout the inflammatory flare episode by flow cytometry and immunostaining and these expression levels were related to the HBV-specific T-cell changes, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, HBV-DNA replication and HBV antigen load. RESULTS: ]The levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions were significantly up-regulated in the inflammation ascending phase, initial and climax period and in parallel with HBV-specific colon expansion. It showed increasing the level of serum ALT and decreasing the HBV-DNA loads. As the level of inflammation reduced, the circulating and intra-hepatic PD1 and circulating PD-L1 decreased progressively in concordance with serum ALT, HBV-DNA and HBsAg loads decreased except intra-hepatic PD-1 expression. Intra-hepatic PD-L1 expression did not decrease significantly during the regression phase of inflammation compared to that in prior period. The intra-hepatic PD-L1 expression remained relatively on higher level when serum HBV-DNA load and ALT decreased to approximately normal range. CONCLUSION: The relatively high level of intra-hepatic PD-L1 expression during the inflammatory regression period may contribute to constitute an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which facilitate persistent HBV infection via the inhibition of HBV-specific T cell clonal expansion.     

The PD-1/PD-L costimulatory pathway critically affects host resistance to the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

The PD-1 costimulatory receptor inhibits T cell receptor signaling upon interacting with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. The PD-1/PD-L pathway is critical in maintaining self-tolerance. In this study, we examined the role of PD-1 in a mouse model of acute infection with Histoplasma capsulatum, a major human pathogenic fungus. In a lethal model of histoplasmosis, all PD-1-deficient mice survived infection, whereas the wild-type mice died with disseminated disease. PD-L expression on macrophages and splenocytes was up-regulated during infection, and macrophages from infected mice inhibited in vitro T cell activation. Of interest, antibody blocking of PD-1 significantly increased survival of lethally infected wild-type mice. Thus, our studies extend the role of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in regulating antimicrobial immunity to fungal pathogens. The results show that the PD-1/PD-L pathway has a key role in the regulation of antifungal immunity, and suggest that manipulation of this pathway represents a strategy of immunotherapy for histoplasmosis.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者外周血T细胞PD-1和PD-L1表达水平及意义

目的探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者外周血T淋巴细胞程序性死亡分子-1(PD-1)及其主要配体PD-L1的表达情况。方法在50例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和25例健康体检者,使用流式细胞仪检测外周血T细胞PD-1和PD-L1表达;采用荧光定量核酸扩增及测序法检测血清HBV DNA载量。结果对照组和肝硬化组外周血T细胞PD-1阳性表达率分别为11.93±1.23%和33.13±3.38%(P<0.05),PD-L1阳性表达率分别为10.59±1.88%和32.47±2.18%(P<0.05);Child-Pugh A级(30.58±2.99%和32.19±1.44%)、B级(34.61±1.43%和33.46±2.58%)和C级(34.2±2.31%和31.76±2.33%)患者外周血T细胞PD-1和PD-L1表达率无显著性相差(P>0.05);在肝硬化患者,T细胞表面PD-l和PD-Ll表达水平与血清HBV DNA载量呈明显正相关(r2=0.8326和:r2=0.643,P<0.05)。结论肝硬化患者外周血T细胞PD-1和PD-L1表达水平明显上调,且与血清HBV DNA载量呈明显正相关,提示T细胞高表达的PD-1可能通过与其配体PD-L1作用而抑制T细胞免疫应答,并导致病毒感染持续。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝组织中 PD-L1在干扰素治疗中的表达

目的：研究慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织中程序性死亡分子配体1（PD-L1）在进行聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a 抗病毒治疗前后及不同应答组间的表达变化，以进一步明确其与干扰素抗病毒疗效的相关性。方法15例慢性乙肝患者予以聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a 治疗48周，根据抗病毒疗效分为完全应答组、部分应答组及无应答组，检测治疗前后及不同应答组间 ALT、HBV DNA、HBV 标志物及肝脏病理变化，采用免疫组织化学方法结合图像定量分析系统检测肝组织 PD-L1的表达。结果在长效干扰素抗病毒治疗48周后，完全应答组 ALT 均降至正常，HBV DNA 低于检测下限，HBeAg 出现血清学转换，肝脏炎症程度有所好转，肝脏 PD-L1表达较治疗前明显下降（P ＜0．05）；部分应答组 ALT 降至正常， HBV DNA 较治疗前有所下降，但仍未低于检测下限，HBeAg 未发生血清学转换，肝脏炎症程度有所好转，肝脏 PD-L1表达较治疗前明显下降（P ＜0．05）；无应答组 ALT、HBV DNA、肝脏炎症程度及肝组织 PD-L1的表达较治疗前无明显变化，HBeAg 均未发生血清学转换。结论慢性乙型肝炎患者进行聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a 抗病毒治疗，可通过下调肝组织 PD-L1表达从而抑制病毒复制，改善肝脏炎性反应程度。