Thymolipoma associated with myasthenia gravis

A 51-year-old woman with a 3-year history of diplopia was admitted to our hospital. Repetitive stimulation of the right median nerve revealed decreasing hand muscle responses. Edrophonium chloride administration alleviated the symptoms. The serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody level was 3.3 nmol/l; thus, myasthenia gravis was diagnosed. A chest roentgenogram revealed a left inferior mediastinal mass, and a chest computed tomographic scan revealed a fat density mass partly containing soft tissue areas in the left side of the anterior mediastinum. Median sternotomy and extended thymectomy were performed. The pathology examination of the tumor revealed mature adipose tissue including islands of thymic tissue containing Hassall's corpuscles, without germinal centers. The tumor was a thymolipoma of the anterior mediastinum. Her postoperative course was good, and she is doing well at 1 year postoperatively. The present study is the 15th reported case of thymolipoma associated with myasthenia gravis. We did not confirm a causal relationship between the thymolipoma and myasthenia gravis.     

Subxiphoid thoracoscopic thymectomy for myasthenia gravis

We investigated the efficacy of subxiphoid thoracoscopic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. The data of 37 consecutive cases were reviewed. 2 cases of postoperative myasthenia gravis crisis and 4 cases of residual mediastinal fat tissue were recorded. Moreover, 29 patients presented the neurological outcomes, and complete stable remission was achieved in 5 (17.2%) cases. Subxiphoid thymectomy is technically feasible. High-quality evidence is warranted before this approach can be recommended.     

电视胸腔镜胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力症

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力症(myasthenia gravis,MG)的可行性. 方法 18例MG采用VATS经右胸前侧径路行胸腺切除联合纵隔脂肪清扫. 结果 17例顺利完成手术,1例因电凝钩伤及左头臂静脉干而中转开胸止血.平均手术时间105 min,术中失血量平均80 ml.全组无术后死亡及危象发生.18例随访1～20个月,平均11.3个月.按Osserman疗效评价,缓解5例(27.8%),明显改善6例(33.3%),部分改善4例(22.2%),无变化3例(16.7%),有效率83.3%(15/18). 结论 VATS经右胸前侧径路行完全胸腺切除可行,且具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

扩大胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的结果分析

目的：总结1990年2月至1999年10月手术治疗重症肌无力的随访结果，并分析其预后因素。方法：54例病人均行扩大胸腺切除术，按改良Osserman标准分为I型15例，Ⅱa型14例，Ⅱb型16例，Ⅲ型9例，随访结果按完全缓解，改善，无效，差进行评价。结果：手术后完全缓解29．6％，改善48．1％，无效13．0％，差9．3％，手术疗效与术前病程长短及Osserman分型有关，与性别，年龄，胸腺病理类型无关，结论：扩大胸腺切除术是治疗重症肌无力的有效方法，对重症肌无力病人应及早手术治疗。     

外科治疗重症肌无力的疗效分析

目的评价外科治疗重症肌无力的效果,探讨影响术后肌无力危象发生的因素以及预防治疗要点。方法回顾性分析1985年6月至2005年6月78例接受外科治疗重症肌无力患者的临床资料,对影响术后肌无力危象发生及程度的因素进行分析,比较不同围手术期处理方案的疗效差异。结果肌无力症状完全缓解21例,明显改善38例,改善11例,无变化8例。病程长短、血清抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体水平、Osserman分期和胸腺病理类型均是术后肌无力危象发生的独立相关危险因素。在围手术期处理方面,新方案疗效明显优于旧方案。结论外科治疗重症肌无力具有良好的效果和可行性。     

Long-term follow-up after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: thoracoscopic vs open

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine if patients are in remission or weaning off medication after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) and to examine the thoracoscopic versus open approaches.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients who underwent thymectomy for MG at a tertiary referral center between 1992 and 2004 (N = 14). Six patients (42.9%) underwent thoracoscopic resection. Eight patients underwent open resection; 5 (35.7%) had median sternotomy and 3 (21.4%) by transcervical approaches. Follow-up was obtained in 12 (85.7%) of 14 patients by both chart review and telephone. The mean follow-up was 43.0 months (range, 4-111 months). Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test or Fisher's Exact Test.

Results

The thoracoscopic group had a mean operating time of 138.8 minutes compared with 139.8 minutes in the open group (P = .9). The thoracoscopic group had a mean estimated blood loss of 7.5 mL compared with 52.5 mL in the open group (P = .02). The mean length of stay for the thoracoscopic group was 1.5 days (range, 1-2 days) and was 10.6 days (range, 3-41 days) in the open group (P = .13). Three (60%) of 5 patients were entirely off medication in the thoracoscopic group at the time of follow-up compared with 3 (50%) of 6 patients in the open group (P = 1.0). In the thoracoscopic group, 5 (83.3%) of 6 were in class 1 to 3 of the DeFilippi classification (complete remission or improved with decreased medication requirements). One patient had no change in symptoms (class 4). In the open group, 5 (83.3%) of 6 were classified as DeFilippi 1 to 3 at the time of follow-up, and one patient had worsening symptoms (class 5).

Conclusions

Both thoracoscopic and open approaches to thymectomy in patients with MG are effective, with more than 80% of patients in both groups in remission or with improvement at the time of follow-up. The thoracoscopic group has the added benefits of decreased estimated blood loss, decreased length of hospital stay, and improved cosmesis. We advocate the thoracoscopic approach for thymectomy in the treatment of juvenile MG.     

Videothoracoscopic thymectomy for nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis: Results of 90 patients

Background Videothoracoscopic thymectomy is an alternative surgical procedure for patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. The aim of this study is to present our experience and to analyze the factors contributing to the operative morbidity. Methods Ninety myasthenia gravis patients were operated through right-sided videothoracoscopy from June 2002 to September 2006. Prospective data recording was performed. Surgeon-related conversion to open surgery, length of the operation, chest tube duration time, duration of hospital stay, amount of drainage, pain score, and complications were evaluated. Factors contributing to longer operation time and longer postoperative stay were studied. Results The mean length of chest tube duration and postoperative hospital stay was 26.7 ± 18.6 hours and 2.2 days ± 1.1 days respectively. Visual analogue scale (VAS) values for pain evaluation were 2.0 ± 1.4. Surgeon-related open conversion occured in two patients (2.2%). Body mass index (BMI) was the sole significant factor for longer operation time. (23.04 ± 2.93 versus 25.61 ± 2.70 (p = 0.001). The amount of pyridostigmine was the only significant factor for longer hospital stay (213.3 ± 101.5 mg versus 270. 0 ± 122.6 mg (p = 0.044). Conclusions This study demonstrates the right-sided videothoracoscopy is a safe procedure. The only contributing factors were: BMI >25.61 for longer operation time, and pyridostigmine level >270 mg for duration of postoperative stay.     

Surgical outcome of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis

Background The medical treatment for myasthenia gravis has been reported to have remission rates as low as 15%. Thymectomy on the other hand has been reported to have clinical remission rates up to 80% and therefore has become the accepted mode of treatment. Methods 57 patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis underwent thymectomy at the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore from January 1994 to December 2003. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome for myasthenia gravis after thymectomy. Results Our results indicated that female sex had a better over all prognosis, Ossermann stage, I, IIA, & III was associated with higher incidence of complete clinical remission and the response to thymectomy decreased with increasing Ossermann stage. Post operative medication requirement reduced significantly as compared to the preoperative requirement. Conclusion We therefore conclude that trans-sternal thymectomy was found to be beneficial to all patients of mild to moderate myasthenia gravis, with 70.2% patients showing improvement postoperatively. We also advocate thymectomy for ocular myasthenia gravis.     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力500例

目的 总结胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力(MG)的经验,对比胸腺瘤和非胸腺瘤MG患者的术后效果,分析胸腔镜联合纵隔镜和单纯胸腔镜治疗非胸腺瘤MG的远期效果.方法 2001年至2011年,采用胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗MG患者500例,根据是否合并胸腺瘤和术中是否联合纵隔镜分组:胸腔镜胸腺瘤组(A组)118例,胸腔镜非胸腺瘤组(B组)301例,胸腔镜联合纵隔镜非胸腺瘤组(C组)81例.结果 全组无术中死亡.完全电视胸腔镜下完成手术495例.A组手术(128.5±77.8) min,术后24.6％患者出现肌无力危象;B组手术(111.3±31.6) min,术后11.0％患者出现肌无力危象;C组手术(145.0 ±71.6) min,术后9.9％患者出现肌无力危象.术后随访3个月至11年,A、B、C组患者完全缓解率(CSR)分别为28.7％、37.3％、36.5％.无病生存曲线示术后3年B、C组CSR高于A组,术后5年C组CSR高于B组.术后第5年C组CSR接近60％,B组为50％,而A组仅为36％.结论 胸腔镜基础上联合纵隔镜胸腺扩大切除手术清除颈部、前纵隔脂肪组织及异位胸腺更为彻底,远期效果更加理想.与非胸腺瘤MG患者相比,胸腺瘤MG患者术后远期效果较差.     

重症肌无力胸腺切除236例分析

目的　总结重症肌无力 (MG)胸腺切除的经验及治疗效果。　方法　回顾性分析我科 1978年 1月至2 0 0 2年 12月手术治疗 2 36例 MG患者术前、术后的处理 ,危象发生的有关因素及远期疗效。　结果　 2 36例术后发生危象 4 4例 (18.6 % ) ,危象的发生与术前准备、Osserm an临床分型、是否伴胸腺瘤密切相关。全组术后死亡 3例(1.3% ) ,1例死于误吸所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) ,2例死于危象 ,占危象病例的 4 .5 % ,1、3、5年的有效率分别为 84 .6 %、91.0 %和 89.0 %。　结论　 MG行胸腺切除安全、有效 ,对术后发生危象高危因素的患者延期气管拔管可减少气管切开 ,部分胸骨劈开径路创伤小 ,其远期效果与文献报道其他径路无显著差别。     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力

目的 探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力的可行性和术后疗效.方法 2005年1月至2006年2月采用胸腔镜胸腺切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力患者41例,其中男性18例,女性23例,年龄18～67岁.病程1个月～3年.术中除完整切除胸腺外,还清除前纵隔区域及颈根部的异位胸腺和脂肪组织.结果 全组41例手术完全在电视胸腔镜下完成,平均手术时间162 min.术后发生肌无力危象7例.术后病理学诊断:4例颈部发现残存胸腺上极,35例患者气管前胸骨上间隙有肿大淋巴结(3～17枚).所有患者均痊愈出院.术后随访观察2年,完全缓解率41.4%,有效率达85.4%.结论 胸腔镜下胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力能取得较为理想的治疗效果,胸腔镜扩大胸腺切除加颈部切口对于颈根部异位胸腺的清除是一补充.     

横断胸骨扩大胸腺切除治疗全身型重症肌无力

目的探讨经横断胸骨入路行扩大胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的临床疗效。了解该入路的特点及临床疗效有助于该领域胸外科医师在临床实践中进行更好的临床决策。 方法对1998至2008年在复旦大学附属华山医院胸心外科行横断胸骨治疗全身型重症肌无力的211例患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,分析患者术中和术后基本情况。并对术后5年进行随访的患者根据是否合并胸腺瘤进行分组,采用χ²检验比较两组间的疗效。 结果经横断胸骨入路能满足对合并Masaoka-Koga Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期胸腺瘤患者及无瘤患者实施扩大胸腺切除的需要,手术并发症较低,便于围术期护理,恢复迅速。对173例患者进行术后5年随访,总缓解率达到79.8%(138/173),无肿瘤复发。合并胸腺瘤组的总缓解率为81.9%(59/72),未合并胸腺瘤组的总缓解率为78.2%(79/101),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.362,P＝0.548)。 结论与其他常用手术入路相比,横断胸骨入路的特点值得该领域胸外科医师关注。     

Colon carcinoma after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: report of a case

A 74-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital with anemia, 4 years after a thymectomy for thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis. A diagnosis of sigmoid colon carcinoma was confirmed, followed by surgical resection. This case is presented to reinforce that physicians should bear in mind the possibility of extrathymic malignancies in patients with thymoma. Received: June 28, 2001 / Accepted: January 8, 2002     

电视胸腔镜胸腺切除术与开放性手术的对比分析

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术与开放性手术进行胸腺切除的优劣.方法 回顾性分析2002年2月至2007年5月106例进行电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术患者,以及1998年3月至2003年8月108例开放手术患者的临床资料.胸腔镜组男性64例,女性42例,平均年龄38岁;开放手术组男性68例,女性40例,平均年龄36岁.对两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流、术后住院日、住院费用以及术后并发症等进行分析.随访时间10～67个月,平均38.5个月.按照美国重症肌无力基金会重症肌无力评分法进行疗效评定.结果 胸腔镜组术中出血量(34±5)ml,低于开放手术组的(150±23)ml.术后引流量(42±18)ml,低于开放手术组的(168±31)ml.术后并发症率和平均住院日亦较开放手术组有明显降低.两组术后远期疗效相似(P>0.05).结论 电视胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力可达到与开放手术相似的远期疗效,同时具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快等优势.     

胸腺切除对重症肌无力病人外周血T细胞的远期影响及意义

目的 探讨胸腺切除对重症肌无力（MG）病人外周血T细胞的远期影响及意义。方法 应用流式细胞术检测25例胸腺切除（手术组）、21例胸腺未切除（非手术组）MG病人和25名健康人（对照组）的外周血T细胞亚群CD4^＋T、CD8^＋T、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞的变化，应用ELISA法检测外周血IFN-γ、IL-4水平。结果 MG病人胸腺切除后完全缓解9例（36％），部分缓解13例（52％）。手术组与对照组比较CD4^＋CD25^＋T％显著降低（t=2．917，P=0．005）。手术组与非手术组比较CD4^＋CD25^＋T％、CD8^＋T％显著增高（t=7．935，P=0．000；t=2．619，P=0．012），CD4^＋CD8^＋显著降低（t=3．060，P=0．004）。手术组外周血IFN-γ水平显著低于非手术组（t=5．060，P：0．000），但显著高于对照组（t=3．709，P=0．001）。胸腺切除后部分缓解者CD4^＋CD25^＋T％显著低于完全缓解者（t=2．292，P=0．033），但高于无效者（t=5．225，P=0．000）。结论 MG病人外周血T细胞紊乱在胸腺切除后远期有一定程度的改善，但未完全恢复正常。CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞可能与MG发生、发展及预后有关。     

Video-assisted thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: an update of a single institution experience

Objective: Video-assisted thymectomy was introduced in 1992 as a minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. As experience with this technique is limited and follow-up short, we present this expanded and updated experience for purposes of validation of the technique. Methods: Thirty-eight video-assisted thymectomies for myasthenia gravis were performed in our institution between March 1992 and March 2002. Two patients were lost to follow-up. We analyzed clinical results of 36 patients (14 males and 22 females) with a mean age of 41.2 years. Preoperative clinical staging was assessed by the newly recommended Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification. Clinical status at follow-up was assessed by the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Postintervention Status classification. Results: There was no perioperative mortality or long-term morbidity. One of 38 (2.6%) patients required conversion to limited thoracotomy for bleeding. The mean length of hospital stay was 1.64 days (range 0–8 days) with a median stay of 1 day. The mean length of follow-up is 53.24 months (range 4–126 months). Overall clinical improvement at follow-up was observed in 30 of 36 (83.0%) patients, with five of 36 (14.0%) patients in complete stable remission. Conclusions: Video-assisted thymectomy for myasthenia gravis provides acceptable clinical long-term results by a minimally invasive approach comparable to standard surgical approaches to the disease. The presented data is reported in accordance with the new guidelines by Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Task Force for valid comparison with future studies.     

电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力107例临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床效果。方法对1995年6月至2004年6月,台湾长庚纪念医院胸外科和北京大学人民医院胸外科根据临床表现及肌电图检查诊断证实为单纯重症肌无力,行电视胸腔镜胸腺完整切除及前纵隔脂肪组织廓清术治疗的107例患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果术后随访1—98个月,完全缓解34例,改善55例,全组完全缓解及改善率为83％,无手术死亡病例。结论电视胸腔镜下手术切除胸腺及前纵隔脂肪组织治疗重症肌无力临床效果良好,安全,创伤较小。     

合并胸腺瘤对胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力效果的影响

目的 总结胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的远期疗效,并分析合并胸腺瘤对手术疗效的潜在影响.方法 2001年4月至2009年10月47例重症肌无力接受胸腔镜手术的患者分为有胸腺瘤组和无胸腺瘤组两组,评价肿瘤因素对重症肌无力胸腔镜手术效果的影响.结果 47例中男20例,女27例;平均年龄36.6岁.根据美国重症肌无力基金会(MGFA)分型:Ⅰ型18例、Ⅱa型14例、Ⅱb型14例、Ⅲa型1例.胸腺瘤组22例,无瘤组25例.随访至2011年6月,无瘤组随访20 ～ 122个月,平均57个月;失访2例.无瘤组完全稳定缓解(CSR) 78.3％,药物缓解(PR) 13.0％,微小症状表现(MM)4.3％,无恶化(W)0,无复发(E)0,死亡(D)(4.3％).胸腺瘤组分别为:50.0％、22.7％、13.6％、4.5％、9.1％和0.结论 胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力远期疗效满意,无瘤组在完全缓解率上优于有瘤组,但在总有效率上两组差异无统计学意义.     

Propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia without muscle relaxants for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis

Background Myasthenia gravis is a challenging clinical condition due to its neuromuscular involvement. We sought to compare two non-muscle relaxant anesthetic techniques in patients undergoing trans-sternal thymectomy, evaluating the intra and postoperative conditions including extubation in the operating room. Methods Eight consecutive myasthenic patients undergoing trans-sternal thymectomy were prospectively randomized into two groups: propofol and sevoflurane. In both groups anesthesia was induced with propofol (2mg. Kg⁻¹) and intubation performed after topical anesthesia of the airway with lignocaine. Anesthesia was maintained in the propofol group (4 patients) with continuous propofol infusion (3–10 mg. Kg⁻¹., hr⁻¹) with oxygen and nitrous oxide and in the sevoflurane group (4 patients), with sevoflurane (end tidal 1–1.5%) in oxygen and nitrous oxide. Fentanyl was used for analgesia in both the groups. Intubating conditions, haemodynamic changes, neuromuscular transmission along with postoperative intensive care unit stay were evaluated. Data were evaluated using ANOVA, Chi-square test and Student'st test. Results Intubating conditions were good in all patients. There were no significant haemodynamic changes. All patients were extubated in the operating room and none had to be re-intubated for postoperative respiratory depression. Neuromuscular transmission showed minimal changes and at the end of the procedure the recovery was complete in all the patients. There were no other significant differences between the two groups studied. Conclusion These two anesthetic techniques allow early extubation of myasthenic patients in the operating room.     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力(附2例报告)

目的:探讨胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的可行性。方法:2例重症肌无力合并胸腺增生(胸腺瘤)的患者行胸腔镜胸腺切除术。结果:2例患者胸腺均在胸腔镜下完整切除,无中转开胸及并发症。术后通过4个月电话随访,症状都有明显改善。结论:胸腔镜胸腺切除术具有创伤小,术后疼痛轻,并发症少,住院时间短,恢复快等优点,是一种非常有前途的技术。