妇科癌症患者化疗致周围神经病变与平衡功能及生活质量的相关性研究

目的探讨妇科癌症患者化疗致周围神经病病变(CIPN)、平衡功能和生活质量的的相关性,为患者化疗期间护理干预提供参考。方法采用便利抽样法选取妇科癌症患者219例,应用一般资料调查表、化疗致周围神经病变评估量表、Berg平衡量表、癌症患者生活质量量表进行横断面调查。结果妇科癌症患者化疗致周围神经病变的症状体验得分为(83.08±47.74)分、化疗所致周围神经病变对日常生活影响得分为(41.35±20.59)分;68.49%患者有跌倒风险,癌症患者生活质量量表得分为(50.65±17.74)分;有跌倒风险的妇科癌症患者CIPN症状得分、CIPN对日常生活的影响得分较高(均P0.01)。相关性分析显示妇科癌症患者整体生活质量与CIPN症状得分、CIPN对日常生活的影响得分呈负相关(均P0.01)。结论 CIPN在妇科癌症患者中比较常见,影响患者的日常活动,增加跌倒风险,在一定程度上导致其生活质量下降。医务人员应及时采取有效措施减轻化疗致周围神经病变,以提高患者生活质量。     

化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者多模式运动干预

目的 探讨多模式运动在化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者中的应用效果。方法 便利抽取82例结直肠癌化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者,按病区分为对照组和干预组各41例。对照组采用步行运动,每次30 min,每周至少3次;干预组采用多模式运动干预,每次30~40 min,每周至少3次。干预前及干预12周,采用化疗诱导的周围神经病变评估工具、Berg平衡量表、修正版跌倒效能量表、起立-行走计时测试 进行效果评价。结果 对照组38例、干预组36例完成研究。干预12周后,干预组患者化疗诱导的周围神经病变得分、Berg平衡得分<45分发生率、起立-行走计时测试结果显著低于对照组,跌倒自我效能得分显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。结论 多模式运动有利于改善结直肠癌患者化疗诱导的周围神经病变症状体验及对日常生活能力的影响,提高患者的平衡功能、跌倒自我效能和移动能力。     

步行运动锻炼干预对乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍的影响

目的 探讨步行运动锻炼干预对乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍及睡眠质量的影响。方法 采用整群随机法将2个科室首次进行化疗的乳腺癌患者分为两组，各28例。对照组接受化疗期常规护理，干预组在对照组基础上接受步行运动锻炼干预。干预前及干预12周后采用癌症治疗功能评估-认知功能量表、蒙特利尔认知评估量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表进行效果评定。结果 两组各有26例患者完成全程研究，干预后干预组患者主观认知得分、客观认知得分显著高于对照组，睡眠质量得分显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 步行运动锻炼干预可一定程度改善乳腺癌化疗患者认知功能及睡眠质量。     

柔韧性训练对老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者平衡功能的影响

目的 探讨柔韧性训练对老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者平衡功能的影响。方法 在上海市两家社区卫生服务中心招募老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者88例，采用抽签法分为干预组(45例)和对照组(43例)。对照组接受社区糖尿病健康教育和常规运动干预，干预组接受社区糖尿病健康教育和柔韧性训练，均干预3个月，观察两组踝关节活动度、平衡功能及步态稳定性。结果 干预组43例、对照组42例完成研究。干预3个月后，干预组闭眼单足站立测试时间、起立-行走计时测试时间、足底压力中心轨迹曲线异常比例及全足压力变化曲线比例显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 柔韧性训练可改善老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者的平衡功能及步态稳定性。     

尿毒症性周围神经病诊治进展

尿毒症性周围神经病好发于慢性肾衰竭期,是尿毒症患者最常见的并发症之一,对患者生活质量影响巨大,是以肢体远端对称性感觉障碍为主的多发性周围神经病变,尤以下肢病变较上肢严重,起病隐袭,病情进展数月,若无有效的医疗干预,进一步发展为肢体无力、麻痹与运动功能丧失。     

认知行为干预对膀胱肿瘤术后灌注化疗患者负性情绪的影响

目的探讨认知行为干预对膀胱肿瘤术后化疗患者负性情绪、生活质量的影响。方法将符合纳入标准的198例膀胱肿瘤术后化疗患者随机分为观察组(100例)和对照组(98例)。对照组行常规化疗与护理;观察组行认知行为干预,由心理咨询师以面授形式行认知重建、行为强化训练。结果干预后观察组患者焦虑抑郁得分显著低于对照组(均P0.05),生活质量各维度得分显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论认知行为干预能够降低膀胱肿瘤化疗患者的负性情绪、提高患者自我效能和生活质量。     

肢体功能锻炼八步操在脑卒中患者早期康复训练中的应用

目的探讨肢体功能锻炼八步操对脑卒中患者运动功能及生活自理能力的影响。方法将212例脑卒中患者按住院单双日分为干预组(110例)和对照组(102例)。对照组给予脑卒中常规护理,干预组在此基础上采用肢体功能锻炼八步操进行康复锻炼。结果两组患者干预28d后运动功能(Fugl-Meyer评分)、生活自理能力(Barthel指数)和神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分较干预前显著改善(均P0.01);干预组干预后3项评分显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论肢体功能锻炼八步操对脑卒中患者肢体运动功能、生活自理能力及神经功能的的恢复有良好的促进作用。     

认知行为干预对乳腺癌化疗患者生活质量的探讨

目的探讨认知行为干预对乳腺癌术后化疗患者生活质量的影响。方法随机将60例女性乳腺癌术后患者分为2组,各30例。对照组采用常规治疗和健康康复指导教育。干预组在对照组基础上给予认知行为干预。采用乳腺癌患者生活质量量表(QLQ-BR53)检测比较患者化疗前、后各期的生活质量。结果化疗前2组患者的生活质量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。化疗结束后1周内(T2)及6个月(T3)干预组患者的生活质量功能维度得分均高于对照组,其中认知功能、情绪功能、总体健康状况、角色功能、未来看法评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。干预组患者T2、T3期症状维度得分均低于对照组,其中烦恼、疲倦、睡眠评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对乳腺癌术后化疗患者给予行为干预,有利于提高患者的生活质量。     

有氧联合抗阻运动对老年维持性血液透析肥胖型肌少症患者的影响

目的 探讨有氧联合抗阻运动对老年维持性血液透析肥胖型肌少症患者的影响,为制订有效的运动干预措施提供参考。方法 采用便利抽样法,选取行维持性血液透析的肥胖型肌少症患者随机分配为干预组(n=30)和对照组(n=30)。对照组给予常规护理,干预组在对照组基础上,给予上肢弹力球、下肢弹力带加空中踩脚踏车的有氧联合抗阻运动。干预12周,对两组重要肌肉、肥胖、实验室指标及生活质量得分进行比较。结果 干预组29例、对照组30例完成研究。6周后干预组内脏脂肪面积显著低于对照组;12周后干预组握力、血清白蛋白及生活质量得分显著高于对照组,体脂率、内脏脂肪面积显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 有氧联合抗阻运动可有效改善老年维持性血液透析肥胖型肌少症患者的肌肉力量及营养状况,提高生活质量。     

放松训练对肺癌化疗患者疲乏症状及睡眠功能的影响

目的探讨放松训练对肺癌化疗患者疲乏症状及睡眠功能的改善效果。方法将肺癌化疗患者随机分为放松组和常规组,常规组(66例)采用常规的化疗护理,放松组(68例)在常规护理的基础上采用放松训练进行干预,分别在干预前及干预1、2、3周后应用修订版疲乏量表(RPFS)及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)进行评估。结果两组疲乏症状总分及各维度得分比较,组间效应、时间效应以及交互效应有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。在睡眠质量方面,放松组干预1~3周后的主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、日间功能得分和总分均显著低于对照组,干预3周后的催眠药物得分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论放松训练能有效缓解肺癌化疗患者的疲乏症状,并提高其睡眠质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.