The seasonality of rhinovirus infections and its implications for clinical recognition

BACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections. Isolation of rhinoviruses occurs in a distinct and consistent seasonal pattern that can be used to help determine whether an acute respiratory illness is caused by a rhinovirus. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews information on the seasonality of rhinovirus infection derived from early and recent studies of rhinovirus occurrence and treatment. METHODS: PubMed was searched from 1965 to the present to identify all potentially relevant papers. The search terms used were rhinovirus and seasonality. A total of 1998 papers were screened. RESULTS: Rhinoviruses comprise more than three quarters of viruses circulating in early autumn. In some years and perhaps some geographic areas, spring is an even more important time for rhinovirus transmission. Although overall rates of respiratory illness are lower in summer, rhinoviruses are the most frequently isolated virus at this time of year. Other viral agents, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (particularly with parainfluenza virus), predominate in the winter. Thus, for most of the year, rhinoviruses are the cause of the majority of acute viral respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Understanding the seasonal incidence of rhinovirus infection may help determine how best to employ currently available antirhinoviral agents in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute viral respiratory infection.     

2018年2月中国大陆需关注的突发公共卫生事件风险评估

目的 评估2018年2月在我国大陆地区发生或者可能由境外输入的突发公共卫生事件风险。方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请省（自治区、直辖市）疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据,结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点,预计2月主要以流行性感冒、人感染禽流感、其他感染性腹泻病等传染病事件为主。流行性感冒活动仍处于季节性流行高峰期,但已开始出现下降趋势。我国内地可能将继续出现人感染H7N9及其他亚型禽流感或动物流感散发病例。病毒性感染性腹泻病暴发可能会继续发生。非职业性一氧化碳中毒正处于高发季节。结论 预计2018年2月我国的突发公共卫生事件数将有所下降;需重点关注流行性感冒、人感染禽流感;一般关注其他感染性腹泻病和非职业性一氧化碳中毒。     

Herpes Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Patients: Problems and Therapeutic Interventions

Herpes virus infections are reponsible for morbidity and mortality among immuno-suppressed patients. During the last decade substantial advances have been achieved through improvement of diagnostic techniques, development of effective antiviral agents and the use of different strategies for prophylaxis and treatment. Cytomegalovirus infection and disease can today be prevented and treated effectively; however, antiviral resistance is beginning to emerge as a potential major clinical problem. Similarly, infections with herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus can be effectively treated, but antiviral resistance has also emerged for these viruses. Two new herpes viruses, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, have been discovered, and it is possible that these viruses can also cause significant problems in immunosuppressed individuals. New antiviral agents will be needed during the next decade to allow further advances in the treatment of herpes virus infections.     

应用圆形分布法探讨脑卒中的发病季节和时间规律

目的 用圆形分布法分析浙江省桐乡市脑卒中发病季节和时间规律。方法 通过浙江省慢性病监测系统共收集桐乡市2010-2014年缺血性和出血性脑卒中患者10 565例, 运用圆形分布法分析脑卒中的发病季节和时间规律。结果 两类脑卒中发病均有季节性差异, 缺血性脑卒中夏季高发, 出血性脑卒中冬季高发。缺血性脑卒中2010-2013年各年发病无明显集中趋势, 2014年及5年合计发病有明显集中趋势, 且存在平均角, 合计平均角160.949(Z=7.061, P0.001), 相当于6月12日;出血性脑卒中相反, 2010-2013年各年及5年合计发病均有明显集中趋势, 5年合计平均角为17.708(Z=44.998, P0.001), 相当于1月18日, 2014年出血性脑卒中发病无集中趋势。结论 桐乡市脑卒中发病有明显季节性, 冬季好发出血性脑卒中, 夏季好发缺血性脑卒中, 在脑卒中防治工作中要充分考虑其发病的季节特点, 并采取相应措施, 降低脑卒中发病率和致残率。     

2010-2014年安庆市流行性感冒监测结果分析

目的 通过对2010-2014年安庆市流行性感冒（流感）监测结果进行分析,为防控流感提供科学依据。方法 登录国家流感监测系统,对2010-2014年安庆市哨点医院和网络实验室流感监测数据进行统计学分析, 2检验用于数据分析。结果 2010-2014年安庆市流感样病例（ILI）就诊比例（ILI%）为3.73%,不同年份ILI%差异有统计学意义（2=187.18,P0.05）,ILI集中在0～岁组和5～岁组,分别占54.45%和28.86%。ILI核酸检测阳性率为6.92%,略低于安徽省平均水平,以季H3和B型为主,不同年份阳性率差异有统计学意义（2=70.21,P0.05）,男女不同性别阳性率差异无统计学意义（2=0.45,P0.05）。ILI与ILI%呈正相关关系（r=0.55,P0.05）,ILI%与阳性率呈正相关关系（r=0.43,P0.05）。结论 2010-2014年安庆市流感活动维持在较低水平。流感流行呈现明显的季节性,有冬季和夏季2个高峰,但高峰月出现偏移,尤其是夏季高峰。不同亚型呈现交替或并存流行,B型流感主要在冬季流行,且侵犯人群以小年龄组为主。ILI流行特征与病毒活动趋势基本一致。     

2016年4月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的 评估2016年4月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注传染病的风险。方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息, 采用专家会商法, 并通过视频会议形式邀请省(直辖市、自治区)疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据, 结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点分析, 预计4月全国报告事件数和病例数较3月将有所增加。近期我国仍有可能出现黄热病、寨卡病毒病、登革热、基孔肯雅热等蚊媒传播传染病的输入性病例, 广东、云南、海南、福建、广西和浙江等重点省(自治区)存在输入后发生本地传播或小规模聚集性病例的可能, 应加强蚊媒监测和控制。近期流感活动仍将处于高水平, 但随着气温升高, 暴发疫情数量会逐步回落。人感染H7N9禽流感疫情仍将呈散发态势, 不排除继续出现其他亚型动物流感病例的可能。全国手足口病流行强度将逐渐增强, 重症和死亡病例将陆续增多。我国持续存在埃博拉出血热和中东呼吸综合征等的输入风险, 但输入后导致大规模疫情的可能性极低。结论 2016年4月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势与往年相似, 较3月将有所增加;需关注寨卡病毒病、黄热病、流行性感冒、人禽流感、手足口病等传染病疫情引发的公共卫生风险。     

2015年1月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的 评估2015年1月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注传染病的风险. 方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请省(直辖市、自治区)疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估. 结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据,结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点分析,预计1月将是全年突发公共卫生事件报告数较少的月份之一,预计全国总报告事件数和病例数将较去年12月有所下降.2015年1月,埃博拉出血热病例输入我国的风险依然存在,在我国发生较大规模扩散的可能性极低;我国内地将继续出现人感染H7N9禽流感散发病例,不排除其他可感染人类的禽流感散发病例报告;流行性感冒等呼吸道传染病将出现季节性升高;目前正值诺如病毒等病毒性腹泻病发病高峰期,1-2月可能仍将出现暴发疫情;猩红热疫情已达冬季最高峰,随着学校和托幼机构放假,预计病例数将会有所减少;因燃煤取暖导致的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件仍将持续一段时间. 结论 2015年1月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势与往年相似,处于全年较低水平;需关注埃博拉出血热、人禽流感、流行性感冒、诺如病毒感染性腹泻病、猩红热等传染病疫情以及非职业性一氧化碳中毒引发的公共卫生风险.     

Directed evolution of retroviruses activatable by tumour-associated matrix metalloproteases

Protease-activatable retroviral vectors offer the possibility of targeted gene transfer into cancer cells expressing a unique set of proteases as, for example, the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). However, it is difficult to predict which substrate sequence will be optimally cleaved by a given tumour cell type. Therefore, we developed a novel approach that allows the selection of MMP-activatable retroviruses from libraries of viruses displaying combinatorially diversified protease substrates. Starting from a virus harbouring a standard MMP-2 substrate motif, after only two consecutive cycles of diversification and in vivo selection, MMP-activatable viruses were recovered. Biochemical characterization of the selected viruses revealed that their linker peptides showed a considerably increased sensitivity for MMP-2 cleavage, and interestingly also improved the particle incorporation rate of the Env protein. Owing to the optimized linker peptide, the selected viruses exhibited a greatly enhanced spreading efficiency through human fibrosarcoma cells, while having retained the dependency on MMP activation. Moreover, cell entry efficiency and virus titres were considerably improved as compared to the parental virus displaying the standard MMP-2 substrate. The results presented imply that retroviral protease substrate libraries allow the definition of MMP substrate specificities under in vivo conditions as well as the generation of optimally adapted tumour-specific viruses.     

2016年10月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的 评估2016年10月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注传染病的风险。方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请省（直辖市、自治区）疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据,结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点分析,预计10月全国总报告事件数和病例数将与9月相当。登革热仍将维持较高水平,部分南方重点省份将继续发生本地疫情。寨卡病毒病输入我国的风险加大,输入后引发本地传播的风险增加。黄热病输入风险较前期有所下降。同时,需继续关注中东地区中东呼吸综合征的疫情动态和输入风险。近期我国内地仍可能出现人感染H7N9禽流感散发病例,其他可感染人类的禽流感也可能有散发病例报告。病毒性腹泻等肠道传染病的发生风险仍较高。流行性感冒、流行性腮腺炎、水痘等呼吸道传染病将出现季节性升高。结论 2016年10月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势与往年相似,将与9月相当;需关注登革热、寨卡病毒病、黄热病等媒介伊蚊传染病、以及人感染禽流感、感染性腹泻、流行性感冒等传染病疫情引发的公共卫生风险。     

2010—2013年浙江省台州市监测哨点医院流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的了解浙江省台州市2010—2013年流行性感冒(流感)流行趋势及其病原学变化特点,为本地区防控流感提供参考依据。方法收集2010—2013年台州市流感监测哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)监测资料和流感网络实验室病原学监测结果资料,进行综合分析。结果 2010—2013年台州市流感流行大致呈1—3月、6—8月和11—12月三峰型,平均ILI就诊百分比(ILI%)为3.42%;ILI以15岁以下少年和儿童为主,占76.86%,构成比逐年上升。优势流感病毒2010年为B型;2011年为新型H1和B型流感病毒;2012年为H3型和B型流感病毒,2013年为新型H1。结论台州市流感流行呈现春、夏、冬三峰型,ILI的高峰与流感病毒检测阳性情况基本一致;暴发疫情主要发生在学校;H3型、新型H1型、B型流感病毒交替成为年检测、分离优势病毒。     

2009-2011年江西省流行性感冒监测分析

目的 了解江西省流行性感冒(流感)流行特征,探讨流感病毒流行亚型的变化,为流感防制提供参考依据。 方法 采用2009年9月至2011年9月江西省流感监测哨点医院监测的流感样病例(ILI)以及网络实验室对哨点医院采集标本的核酸检测结果,从中国流感监测信息系统导出相关数据,通过统计ILI就诊百分比(ILI%)、ILI年龄构成、ILI采样标本检测的阳性率及亚型构成等指标来进行分析。 结果 哨点医院共监测ILI 167 346例,ILI%平均为3.74%,并且在春秋季分别出现峰值;网络实验室共检测哨点医院采集的标本12 778份,阳性率为25.76%,其中A(H1N1)占53.24%,A未分型占23.46%,B型占21.45%,季节性H3型占1.82%,季节性H1型占0.24%,混合型占0.09%。 结论 在近3年的监测中,流感存在明显的春秋季流行的周期性特点,且在流行峰值出现的时候,存在某些亚型会成为流行亚型,新甲型H1N1在流行后期的偶尔活跃可能会导致季节性流感的流行优势株构成发生一些微弱的变化,但是B型流感无论是在流行季节还是非流行季节都存在一定的阳性比例。     

2011-2012年度辽宁省流行性感冒监测分析

目的 了解2011-2012年度辽宁省流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征及流感流行优势毒株的分布,为预防控制流感提供参考依据。 方法 对2011-2012年度流感样病例(influenza-like illness,ILI)监测哨点医院的ILI和病原学监测结果进行流行病学分析。 结果 辽宁省2011-2012年度流感监测哨点医院ILI就诊百分比(ILI%)平均为3.34%, 较上年度有所下降,呈现冬春季流行高峰。全年共分离到流感毒株540株,总阳性率为6.38%,B型为流行株,病原学监测结果呈现多种流感病毒交替流行或混合流行的特点,分布有明显的季节性。流行株在流行后期发生了变化,由B(Yamagata)亚型流行株逐渐转为季节性H3N2型和B(Victoria)亚型。对ILI%与流感病毒分离率进行秩相关分析,相关系数为0.648(P结论 辽宁省流感流行呈现冬春季高峰,流行优势毒株随季节变化而出现差异,2012年的下半年辽宁省的流行株可能转变为H3N2型和B(Victoria)亚型。     

Methods to assess seasonal effects in epidemiological studies of infectious diseases-exemplified by application to the occurrence of meningococcal disease

Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 963-969 ABSTRACT: Seasonal variation in occurrence is a common feature of many diseases, especially those of infectious origin. Studies of seasonal variation contribute to healthcare planning and to the understanding of the aetiology of infections. In this article, we provide an overview of statistical methods for the assessment and quantification of seasonality of infectious diseases, as exemplified by their application to meningococcal disease in Denmark in 1995-2011. Additionally, we discuss the conditions under which seasonality should be considered as a covariate in studies of infectious diseases. The methods considered range from the simplest comparison of disease occurrence between the extremes of summer and winter, through modelling of the intensity of seasonal patterns by use of a sine curve, to more advanced generalized linear models. All three classes of method have advantages and disadvantages. The choice among analytical approaches should ideally reflect the research question of interest. Simple methods are compelling, but may overlook important seasonal peaks that would have been identified if more advanced methods had been applied. For most studies, we suggest the use of methods that allow estimation of the magnitude and timing of seasonal peaks and valleys, ideally with a measure of the intensity of seasonality, such as the peak-to-low ratio. Seasonality may be a confounder in studies of infectious disease occurrence when it fulfils the three primary criteria for being a confounder, i.e. when both the disease occurrence and the exposure vary seasonally without seasonality being a step in the causal pathway. In these situations, confounding by seasonality should be controlled as for any confounder.     

2017年1月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的 评估2017年1月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注传染病的风险。方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请省（直辖市、自治区）疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据,结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点分析,预计2017年1月全国总报告事件数和病例数将较2016年12月有所下降,事件类别主要以发生在学校的水痘、流行性感冒、流行性腮腺炎、其他感染性腹泻等传染病事件为主。近期我国内地将继续出现人感染H7N9禽流感散发病例,不排除出现H7N9禽流感聚集性病例以及人感染其他亚型动物流感病毒病例的可能。流行性感冒、水痘、流行性腮腺炎等呼吸道传染病将出现季节性升高。病毒性腹泻暴发疫情将持续发生,且诺如病毒仍将为主要致病原。寨卡病毒病输入我国的风险持续存在,输入后在南方蚊媒条件适宜的地区仍有引发本地传播的风险,但导致大规模本地传播的风险极低。中东呼吸综合征从沙特等中东国家输入我国的风险持续存在,但导致大规模疫情的风险低。因燃煤取暖导致的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件正处于高发时段。结论 2017年1月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势与往年相似,将是全年突发公共卫生事件报告数较少的月份之一;需关注人感染禽流感、流行性感冒、病毒性腹泻、寨卡病毒病、中东呼吸综合征等传染病疫情引发的公共卫生风险。     

Hepatitis and transfusions.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causes of liver disease. Chronic infection with these viruses often leads to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis or primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Concern is growing among patients and health care workers about possible transmission of bloodborne pathogens during medical procedures. This fear has primarily been focused on nosocomial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but other bloodborne infectious agents may also be transmitted during procedures. Chief among these are the hepatitis viruses, particularly HBVand HCV, both of which are significantly more widespread than HIV Circumstantial evidence suggests that hemodialysis, per se, is an important risk factor for infection with HCV.     

2014-2020年广东省不同型别流感病毒季节性流行特征及变化趋势

目的 探讨广东省不同型别流行性感冒(流感)季节性流行特征差异及动态变化趋势,为该省流感的精准防控提供依据.方法 收集广东省2014年第36周至2020年第35周6个监测年度每周流感病原学监测数据,采用移动流行区间法(MEM)确定每个年度流行季,分析流感病毒流行季节性特征;采用,检验比较分析不同型别流感季节性流行特征及变...     

Alkylated porphyrins have broad antiviral activity against hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses, and arenaviruses

We screened ～2,200 compounds known to be safe in people for the ability to reduce the amount of virion-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the culture medium of producer cells. These efforts led to the discovery of an alkylated porphyrin, chlorophyllide, as the compound that achieved the greatest reduction in signal. Here we report that chlorophyllide directly and quantitatively disrupted HBV virions at micromolar concentrations, resulting in the loss of all detectable virion DNA, without detectably affecting cell viability or intracellular viral gene products. Chemophores of chlorophyllide were also tested. Chlorin e6, a metal-free chlorophyllide-like molecule, showed the strongest antiviral activity against HBV as well as profound antiviral effects on other enveloped viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), Marburg virus (MARV), Tacaribe virus (TCRV), and Junin viruses (JUNV). Remarkably, chlorin e6 inactivated DENV at subnanomolar-level concentrations. However, the compound had no antiviral effect against encephalomyocarditis virus and adenovirus, suggesting that chlorin e6 may be less active or inactive against nonenveloped viruses. Although other porphyrin derivatives have been previously reported to possess antiviral activity, this is the first analysis of the biochemical impact of chlorophyllide and chlorin e6 against HBV and of the dramatic anti-infectivity impact upon DENV. The possible application of this family of compounds as antiviral agents, as microbicides and systemic virus neutralizing agents, is discussed.     

Virology,pathogenetic mechanisms,and associated diseases of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8)

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a recently discovered and characterized member of the herpesvirus family. It is one of a few viruses proved to be associated with tumorigenesis in humans. Its causal association with 4 clinical and epidemiologic variants of Kaposi sarcoma (classic, endemic, iatrogenic, and acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated) as well as with several lymphoproliferative disorders (notably primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease) is reviewed critically. Issues related to the epidemiology, transmission, and molecular and serologic diagnosis are discussed. Several intriguing oncogenic mechanisms of KSHV infection have been identified. These are often dependent on the interaction of KSHV with other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, or both. However, important problems remain and once resolved will substantially enhance our understanding of oncogenesis in general and viral-induced oncogenesis in particular. This may also translate into improved treatment and perhaps prevention of this common and intriguing viral infection.     

An endemiological study of enteric virus infections: poliomyelitis,coxsackie, and orphan (ECHO) viruses isolated from normal children in two socioeconomic groups

An endemiological study of enteric viruses was conducted among 136 normal children, living in households in two socio-economic groups, over a 29 month period in Charleston, West Virginia. A repeatable seasonal incidence of enteric virus excretion was noted with over 90 per cent of isolations occurring in the months of June to October. Of 592 stools examined in District I, a lower socio-economic group, 8.3 per cent yielded virus as compared to 3.1 per cent of 966 stools examined in District IV, an upper middle class district with good environmental sanitation. Among the 77 viruses isolated in tissue cultures of monkey kidneys, 44 per cent were ECHO or orphan viruses, 37 per cent Coxsackie viruses, and 19 per cent poliomyelitis viruses. Among poliovirus carriers, and 15 family contacts, 10 individuals had simultaneous heterotypic and type-specific antibody responses. The heterotypic ones were usually present at low levels and were transient in nature. Family infection with certain orphan viruses was also evident from antibody development which occurred following isolation of virus in the sentinel child.     

2017年12月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的 评估2017年12月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注传染病的风险。方法 根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请省（直辖市、自治区）疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果 根据近期传染病和突发公共卫生事件监测数据,结合既往突发公共卫生事件发生情况及传染病流行特点分析,预计12月全国总报告事件数和病例数将与11月相当,主要以发生在学校的水痘、流行性感冒、流行性腮腺炎、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻病等传染病暴发事件为主。我国内地将继续出现人感染H7N9及其他亚型禽流感或动物流感散发病例。流行性感冒活动水平将继续上升。病毒性腹泻暴发可能会持续增加。仍可能出现学校结核病聚集性疫情。非职业性一氧化碳中毒和重污染天气（雾霾）相关健康事件均处于冬季高发季节。结论 2017年12月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势将与11月相当;需关注人感染禽流感、流行性感冒、病毒性腹泻、结核病等传染病疫情和非职业性一氧化碳中毒、重污染天气（雾霾）相关事件引发的公共卫生风险。