70岁以上老年肺癌手术并发症及相关因素分析

目的 探讨70岁以上老年肺癌病人手术治疗特点及影响术后并发症发生的危险因素.方法 回顾总结222例年龄≥70岁接受肺切除手术的老年肺癌病人临床资料.将术后出现严重并发症的病人纳入Ⅰ组,仅出现一般并发症的病人则纳入Ⅱ组,无并发症发生的病人纳入Ⅲ组.定义A1组=Ⅰ组+Ⅱ组,B1组=Ⅲ组,A2组=Ⅰ组、B2组=Ⅱ组+Ⅲ组.对可能影响术后并发症发生的危险因素分别在A1组与B1组间、A2组与B2组间进行单因素分析和二项logistic多因素回归分析.结果 术前161例病人合并其他疾病(72.5%).手术方式以单肺叶切除为主(64.9%),中位淋巴结清扫数为14个(0～57个).术后并发症总发生率63.5%,严重并发症发生率13.5%,围手术期死亡1.8%(4例).Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响术后总体并发症发生的独立危险因素为术前体重下降(P=0.020)、ASA分级(P＜0.001)、MVV(%预测值)(P=0.020)和淋巴结清扫数(P=0.004);影响术后严重并发症发生的独立危险因素为ASA分级(P=0.003)、MVV(%预测值)(P=0.018)和肿瘤位置(P=0.007).结论 重视术前体重下降及术中淋巴结清扫对70岁以上老年肺癌病人手术安全性的影响;对术前高ASA分级、低MVV(%预测值)水平以及肿瘤为中心型的70岁以上老年肺癌病人应特别加强围手术期管理以降低手术风险.

Abstract：

Objective This study is to analyse the clinical feature and risk factors of morbidity after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients older than 70 years. Methods The clinical records of 222 patients older than 70 years who had undergone pulmonary resection for their lung cancer was reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group Ⅰ including the patients who had severe postoperative complications, group Ⅱ including the patients who had mild complications and group Ⅲ including the patients who had no complications. Moreover, the definitions were made that group A1 = group Ⅰ+ Ⅱ , group B1 = group Ⅲ, group A2 = group Ⅰ and group B2 = group Ⅱ + Ⅲ. Univariate analyses and multivariate binary logistic regressions relating postoperative morbidity to risk factors were performed between the group Al and Bl, A2 and B2, resulting in the identification of the independent risk factors for overall morbidity and major morbidity. Results Preoperative comorbidity was recorded in 161 patients (72.5%). Lobectomy (64.9% ) was the predominant surgical procedure. The median number of dissected LN was 14, with the range of 0 to 57. The overall morbidity was 63.5% , including major morbidity of 13.5%. Perioperative mortality was 1.8% (4 cases). The results of binary logistic regression analyses indicated that the independent risk factors for overall morbidity were preoperative weight loss (P =0.020), ASA score (P＜0.001), MVV (% predicted) (P=0. 020 ) and the number of dissected LN ( P = 0.004 ). The independent risk factors for major morbidity were ASA score ( P =0.003), MVV (% predicted) (P= 0.018) and the location of tumor (P=0.007). Conclusion Preoperative weight loss and numbers of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes were risk factor for lung cancer patients older than 70 years, Proper perioperative management for the elderly patients with high ASA score, low MVV (% predicted) or central tumor, could reduce the major postoperative morbidity.     

Risk analysis of pulmonary resection for elderly patients with lung cancer

Purpose

The indications for pulmonary resection in elderly patients with lung cancer concomitant with another disease are unclear. We conducted this retrospective study to establish the risk factors of complications and survival to improve patient selection.

Methods

The subjects were 295 patients aged ≥75 years, who underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer. We assessed comorbidity according to the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and examined risk factors for morbidity and the prognostic factors.

Results

Postoperative complications developed in 55 patients (morbidity 18.6 %). The median survival time was 59.3 months and the 5-year survival rate was 69.7 %. Multivariate logistic regression analyses selected smoking and thoracotomy as risk factors for complications, and a history of cerebrovascular disease, cancer stage, and thoracotomy as risk factors for a prolonged hospital stay (PHS). Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) decreased the risk of morbidity and PHS, and influenced survival. Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazard model identified CCI ≥ 2, morbidity, and PHS as unfavorable survival factors, in addition to age ≥80 and cancers that were non-adenocarcinoma or advanced.

Conclusions

Although CCI ≥ 2 was associated with poorer survival, it was not necessarily a risk factor of postoperative complications or PHS. Performing VATS when possible could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and PHS in elderly patients.     

Long-term results after pulmonary resection in elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The number of elder by patients with lung cancer is expected to increase. But, there was no report that 10 years completely passed in surgically treated elderly patients (E-pts). This study assesses late results of surgery. METHODS: From 1981 to 1987, 160 patients with non-small cell lung cancer underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection. Of these, 37 (23%) were 70 years of age or older. The outcome of this group was compared with that of 123 non-elderly patients (NE-pts). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the background between E-pts and NE-pts. Five- and 10-year survivals in the E-pts were 35.1%, and 24.3%, respectively. In outcome more than 5 years from operation, E-pts had a significantly poorer prognosis than NE-pts (p=0.04) by any causes of death, but a similar prognosis by primary death. E-pts died of nontumor-related death significantly more than NE-pts (p=0.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that E-pts could consummate their lives completely. Additionally, when long-term prognosis of the postoperative E-pts was discussed, we should contemplate that E-pts had more deaths from nontumor-related causes.     

Lactate dehydrodgenase levels predict pulmonary morbidity after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The prevention of pulmonary complication after pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer may minimize postoperative mortality rates and hospitalization period. The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative factors associated with the development of pulmonary complications after lung resections to help predict which patients are at increased risk for morbidity. METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2003, 108 consecutive pulmonary resections were performed for non-small cell lung cancer in our institution. The following information was recorded: demographic, clinical, functional, and surgical variables. We evaluated all complications, which arose after pulmonary resection during hospitalization. The risk of complication was evaluated using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratio. RESULTS: Sixty-six lobectomies, 31 pneumonectomies, 11 bilobectomies and four wedge resections were done. Forty-nine complications were realized in all patients. A logistic regression analysis on relevant variables showed that only the increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (>320 U/l) was a significant predictor of a pulmonary complication (P=0.03). Age, side of resection, low FEV(1), stage of the disease, low partial arterial oxygen pressure, low partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure, cigarette smoking and concomitant disease were not significant predictors of morbidity. CONCLUSION: Patients who have higher serum LDH levels are at increased risk for developing postoperative morbidity. Postoperative physical therapy and medical care might be intensified in those patients at high risk.     

Risk factors for major morbidity after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background:

Bile leakage, and organ and/or space surgical‐site infection (SSI) are common causes of major morbidity after partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to analyse risk factors for major morbidity and to explore strategies for its reduction after partial hepatectomy for HCC.

Methods:

Risk factors for bile leakage and organ/space SSI were analysed in patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for HCC between 2001 and 2010. The causes, management and outcomes of intractable bile leakage requiring endoscopic therapy or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage were analysed. In addition, causative bacteria, outcomes and characteristics of organ/space SSI were investigated. Risk factors were identified using multivariable analysis.

Results:

Some 359 patients were included in the analysis. The prevalence of bile leakage and organ/space SSI was 12·8 and 8·6 per cent respectively. Repeat hepatectomy and an operating time of at least 300 min were identified as independent risk factors for bile leakage. The main causes of intractable bile leakage were latent strictures of the biliary system caused by previous treatments for HCC and intraoperative injury of the hepatic duct during repeat hepatectomy. Independent risk factors for organ/space SSI were repeat hepatectomy and bile leakage. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected more frequently in organ/space SSI after repeat hepatectomy than after initial partial hepatectomy.

Conclusion:

Repeat hepatectomy and prolonged surgery were identified as risk factors for bile leakage after liver resection for HCC. Bile leakage and repeat hepatectomy increased the risk of organ/space SSI. Copyright © 2012 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lobar torsion after pulmonary resection for lung cancer

We reviewed our experience on postoperative lobar torsion. From January 1994 to December 2003, 1002 patients underwent lobectomy for lung cancer. Two (0.2%) patients with postoperative lobar torsion required surgical reintervention. The first case was that of a 79-year-old man who underwent left lower lobectomy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Based on the postoperative course, lobar torsion was highly suspected with progressive respiratory dysfunction and the chest X-ray showed complete opacification of the residual lobe. Rethoracotomy was performed on postoperative day 4. The left upper lobe was rotated clockwise, and completion pneumonectomy was carried out. The patient died 16 days after the second surgery because of respiratory failure due to severe pneumonia. The second case was that of a 24-year-old man with a diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer in the right upper lobe arising from pharyngeal cancer. The patient underwent right upper lobectomy and developed hemoptysis and persistent high fever. A chest computed tomography (CT) and bronchoscopy findings revealed lobar torsion of the middle lobe, and a reoperation was performed. The middle lobe was resected and the patient was discharged 8 days after the rethoracotomy. Pulmonary lobar torsion poses a difficult diagnostic dilemma in the early postoperative period after the pulmonary resection. Since late reoperation for postoperative lobar torsion sometimes results in poor prognosis, careful observation with bronchial fiberscopy as well as chest radiography is necessary for accurate diagnosis. Rethoracotomy should be carried out without any delay in cases of lobar torsion following pulmonary resection.     

Late-onset chylothorax after pulmonary resection for lung cancer

Chylothorax is a relatively rare complication of thoracic surgery. Most instances of chylothorax after pulmonary resection are diagnosed within 3 days after surgery. Hence, late-onset chylothorax is rare. A 68-year-old woman underwent right lower lobectomy and mediastinal dissection for lung cancer. After discharge, the patient developed a dry cough, and chest radiography more than 3 months after surgery revealed a right-sided pleural effusion occupying more than half of the right hemithorax, which we diagnosed as late-onset chylothorax. Treatment comprised chest drainage, subcutaneous octreotide, and pleurodesis by injecting a preparation of OK-432. Follow-up chest radiography confirmed no reaccumulation of fluid. Three months later no recurrence of pleural effusion was detected. We report a rare case of postoperative late-onset chylothorax that proved difficult to treat.     

胸腔镜部分肺切除术后肺部并发症的危险因素

目的探讨胸腔镜部分肺切除术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1—12月首次行胸腔镜解剖性部分肺切除手术患者896例,年龄18～79岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级,术前所有患者肺功能正常。收集患者性别、年龄、BMI、合并症、术中出入量及PPCs等围术期资料。采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析法筛选胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的危险因素。结果有220例(24.6%)患者发生PPCs(并发症组),其中最常见的肺炎有135例(15.1%)。单因素分析显示,并发症组患者术前白蛋白35 g/L、右肺手术、多肺叶肺段手术的比例明显高于无并发症组(P0.05),单肺通气时间明显长于无并发症组(P0.05),液体入量明显少于无并发症组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,单肺通气时间2 h(OR=1.605,95%CI 1.113～2.314,P=0.011)、白蛋白35 g/L(OR=1.806,95%CI 1.094～2.981,P=0.021)、右肺手术(OR=1.443,95%CI 1.043～1.998,P=0.027)、多肺叶肺段手术(OR=1.998,95%CI 1.348～2.932,P=0.001)是胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的独立危险因素。结论单肺通气时间延长(2 h)、低白蛋白血症(白蛋白35 g/L)、右肺手术及接受多肺叶肺段手术可作为胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的独立危险因素。     

胸腔镜肺切除术患儿术后肺部并发症的危险因素

目的 分析患儿胸腔镜下肺切除术后肺部并发症（PPCs）的危险因素。
方法 回顾性分析行胸腔镜肺切除术566例患儿的临床资料，男334例，女232例，年龄≤6岁，ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。根据患者术后7 d内是否发生PPCs分为两组：PPCs组和非PPCs组。将单因素分析中P≤0.2以及临床认为可能有意义的协变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线并计算曲线下面积（AUC）。
结果有123例（21.7%）发生PPCs。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，单肺通气时间长、单肺通气时呼吸频率快、手术医师经验不足是PPCs的独立危险因素，术中最大PEEP升高（最大为7 cmH₂O）是保护因素。预测模型为Logit（P）=-4.410+0.006×单肺通气时间+0.063×单肺通气呼吸频率+0.569×手术医师经验不足（赋值为1）-0.160×最大PEEP值，该模型预测患儿胸腔镜肺切除术PPCs发生率的AUC为0.682（95%CI 0.631～0.734），敏感性76.4%，特异性69.6%。
结论单肺通气时间长、单肺通气时呼吸频率快、手术医师经验不足是患儿胸腔镜肺切除术PPCs的危险因素，术中最大PEEP升高是PPCs的保护因素。     

Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in resection of cancer of the cardia

Operations were performed on 166 patients for adenocarcinoma of the cardia, between 1970 and 1986, with resections being applied to 102 of them (6.1 per cent), including 87 curative approaches with complete removal of tumours and no macroscopic evidence of metastases. Total gastrectomy with oesophagectomy was performed on 36 patients and proximal oesophagogastrectomy on 66, in 43 of these via left thoracic incision. Regional lymph nodes were free of tumour in 29 patients (28 per cent). The other approaches to proximal resection were thoracoabdominal in eight cases, abdominal in 13, and transmediastinal in two. Leakage of oesophageal anastomosis occurred in 19 cases and was followed by septicaemia and death in 13. Overall mortality during hospitalisation amounted to 22.5 per cent, including two patients who died on the 30th postoperative day as a result of dehiscence and septicaemia. Mortality figures were 17 per cent following total gastrectomy and 19 per cent in the wake of proximal gastrectomy by thoracic incision. Mortality amounted to 48 per cent in the 23 cases on which abdominal, thoraco-abdominal, and transmediastinal operations had been performed. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine age, ECG, spread of lymph nodes, and surgical techniques as potential risk factors. Emphasis in the context of surgical techniques was laid on proximal versus total gastrectomy, incision on both sides of the diaphragm, palliative resection, and anastomotic suturing (using one-layer or two-layer techniques or mechanical staples). Tumour spread to lymph nodes and proximal resection were the only independent variables associated with dehiscence. Electrocardiogram (ECG), lymph node involvement, and palliative resection proved to be of relevance to prognostication of lethality. No statistical correlations were found to exist between lethality, on the one hand, and surgical approach, age of patient, incision on either side of the diaphragm or suturing, on the other. The conclusion was drawn that in cases of cardia carcinoma total gastrectomy does not aggravate the risk of lethality, as compared to cardia resection.     

老年患者肺癌根治术后谵妄的危险因素及列线图预测模型的建立

目的 探讨老年患者肺癌根治术后谵妄(POD)的危险因素,并在此基础上构建与验证预测POD发生风险的列线图模型。方法 选择择期全麻下行肺癌根治术老年患者580例,男349例,女231例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。根据术后3 d内是否发生POD将患者分为两组：POD组与非POD组。通过Lasso回归筛选与POD发生相关的临床变量,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素,以此建立预测POD发生风险的列线图模型。分别通过C-index、校准曲线和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线验证模型的区分度、一致性和准确性,并采用决策曲线分析(DCA)确定模型的临床实用性。结果 有46例(7.93%)患者发生POD。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥75岁、术前简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分≤25分、术前预后营养指数(PNI)<45、查尔森合并症指数(CCI)评分≥2分、鳞癌、术中低血压和手术时间≥3 h为POD的独立危险因素。以此构建的列线图模型经内部验证,该模型的C-index为0.864(95%CI 0.811～0.917);校准曲线显示,该模型预测POD发生风险与实际P...     

A review of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary resection

The morbidity and 30-day operative mortality were reviewed in the 43 patients 70 years of age or older who underwent pulmonary resection between June 1976 and May 1981. In addition to their surgical illness, many of these patients had pre-existing medical conditions including: coronary artery disease (8), hypertension (14), diabetes (4), and congestive heart failure (5). The mean preoperative 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) was 1.7 liters and 17 patients had an FEV1 of less than 1.5 liters. The operative mortality was 2.3% (one patient), the average duration of postoperative hospital confinement was 9 days, and 39 of 42 (93%) of the patients were discharged within 2 weeks of their operation. There were 38 postoperative complications in 25 of the 42 survivors, most of which were minor and all of which were resolved. Problems included: air leak (13), atrial fibrillation or flutter (3), myocardial infarction (1), respiratory difficulties (9), hemorrhage (2), mental confusion (3), hyperpyrexia (3), difficult-to-manage diabetes (1), and social problems (3). Only two patients required prolonged mechanical ventilation. The low operative mortality, the short postoperative stay, and the minimal number of serious complications is contrasted with other published reports describing a high-operative mortality in elderly patients. The improvement may be related to recent advances in postoperative management and anesthetic techniques. These data suggest that advanced age is not a contraindication to curative pulmonary resection.     

Analysis of risk factors in bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the advances in surgical technology, bronchopleural fistulas (BPFs) still occur and are often fatal. We studied the risk factors for BPF formation after lung cancer operation to clarify the indication of preventive bronchial stump coverage. In addition, the reliability of our methods of bronchial closure was evaluated. METHODS: We reviewed 557 consecutive bronchial stumps, corresponding to 547 patients without any coverage in pulmonary resection for lung cancer between 1989 and 1998. According to nine variables, stumps that made dehiscence were compared with uneventful ones using contingency table analysis. The incidence of BPFs according to each method of bronchial closure was calculated. RESULTS: BPFs developed in ten patients (1.8%). Compared with the lobar bronchus (LB), the main bronchus (MB; P<0.01; odds ratio, 23.0) and the intermediate bronchus (IB; P=0.03; odds ratio, 10.7) carried a high risk. Previous ipsilateral thoracotomy (P<0.01; odds ratio, 37.9) and preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (P=0.02; odds ratio, 13.2) increased the risk. The incidence of BPFs with manual suture, stapling devices only, reinforcement suture at the distal side of staplers, or reinforcement suture at the proximal side of staplers was 1.8, 5.0, 1.9 and 1.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The main and intermediate bronchial stumps, and the stumps in cases with previous ipsilateral thoracotomy or receiving induction therapy are prone to BPFs. Preventive coverage should be considered for these stumps. Our methods for reinforcement of stapled stumps are thought to be reliable.     

Quality of life in the elderly after major lung resection for lung cancer

The objective of this study was to assess the residual quality of life (QoL) in elderly patients submitted to major lung resection for lung cancer. From July 2004 through August 2007 a total of 218 patients, 85 of whom were elderly (70 years), had complete preoperative and postoperative (3 months) quality of life measures assessed by the Short Form 36v2 health survey. QoL scales were compared between elderly and younger patients. Furthermore, limited to the elderly group, we compared the preoperative with the postoperative SF36v2 measures and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores between high-risk patients and low-risk counterparts. The postoperative SF36 PCS (50.3 vs. 50, P=0.7) and MCS (50.6 vs. 49, P=0.2) and all SF36 domains did not differ between elderly and younger patients. Within the elderly, the QoL returns to the preoperative values three months after the operation. Moreover, we did not find any significant differences between elderly higher-risk patients and their lower-risk counterparts postoperatively. The information that residual QoL in elderly patients will be similar to the one experienced by younger and fitter individuals may help them in their decision to proceed with surgery.     

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after resection for rectal cancer

Background

Controversy still exists concerning the impact of patient and tumor characteristics on anastomotic dehiscence after resection for rectal cancer.

Methods

Between January 1986 and July 2006, 472 patients underwent curative rectal resection. Patient and tumor characteristics, details of treatment, and postoperative results were recorded prospectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to identify risk factors for anastomotic leakage.

Results

In our patients, the anastomotic leak rate was 10.4% (49 of 472 patients), and mortality was 2.2% (1 of 49 patients). In univariate analysis, tumor diameter and absence of a protective stoma were associated with increased anastomotic leak rate, whereas American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and tumor localization showed borderline significance. In multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, tumor localization, and absence of a protective stoma were significantly associated with anastomotic leakage.

Conclusions

Patients with large and low lying rectal tumors are at high risk for anastomotic leakage. A protective stoma significantly decreases the rate of clinical leaks and subsequent reoperation after low anterior resection.